eChapters

Zerovalent (nZVI) Ionic Compounds

Although Ag⁺ contains a filled d¹⁰ shell, the structures of Ag compounds can in many instances be understood only if one assumes the existence of weak attractive Ag⁺ - Ag⁺ interactions. Similar attractive forces have been shown to be responsible for the formation of gold cluster compounds. In Ag⁺ solid state compounds the unoccupied 5s and 5p orbitals give rise to empty bands which may be partially occupied thus resulting in subvalent Ag compounds; examples are Ag₃O and Ag₂F. The compound Ag₅SiO₄ prepared from Ag and Si0₂ at 350 °C under a high pressure of oxygen, contains [Ag₆]⁴⁺ clusters (average oxidation state 2/3) and should be formulated at [Ag₆]⁴⁺ (Ag⁺)₄ (SiO₄ ^{4 -})₂.

Ag and Au forms numerous cluster compounds in which the metals are zero valent or subvalent. Examples are Ag₆ Fe₃ (CO)₁₂ {HC(PPh₂)₃} and paramagnetic cluster ions [Ag₁₃ Fe₈ (CO)₃ ²]^4-.

Word manure derived from French word ‘Manoeuvrer, means to manipulate, to work, to produce crop.

2.1. Sources of organic wastes

Cattle shed wastes-dung, urine and slurry from biogas plants.

Human habitation wastes-night soil, human urine, town refuse, sewage, sludge and sullage.

Poultry litter, droppings of sheep and goat.

Slaughter house wastes-bone meal, meat meal, blood meal, horn and hoof meal, fish wastes.

Byproducts of agroindustries-oil cakes, bagasse and press mud, fruit and vegetable processing wastes.

Principle of construction of poster making
A poster is to be bold in design, simple to understand and attractive in colour. Poster is displayed in a public place with the purpose of creating awareness amongst the people. A poster is generally seen from a distance and the person glancing at to get first idea about it. Construction of poster making should be based on following components.
1. Pictures 2. Words 3. Space 4. Colors 5. Layout

a) Picture or illustration
1. Picture should be drawn in such a way that produce message clearly.

4.1 Dry Flower Garden

Contrary to popular assumptions, the area required for producing large quantity of dried flower material need not also be large. However, the garden should be planned so as to harvest dry flowers all year round by planting evergreens, deciduous plants, annuals and perennials. Rows of flowering plants should be planted in the dry flower garden. Herbs are easy to grow, and can be planted in pots and window boxes. They are useful in transforming simple cooking into gourmet dishes, while also lending their delicate scents to a room when dried and for use in wreaths, pot pourri and arrangements. Gardens for dry flower production should include a wide selection of weeds, grains, seed-heads and pods. Flowers such as hydrangeas, zinnias, roses, dahlias and sunflowers and a selection of line flowers such as golden rods, statice, gladiolus, larkspur and delphinium can also be grown as these will provide a greater variety of flowers needed in flower arrangements.

Restraining means use of strong force or chemical agents to prevent or suppress or to control the action of animal for clinical examination or for prevention of self-injury and for performing surgical interventions.
 
Restraining can be performed by:
    1.    Psychic persuasion 
    2.    Physical restraint 
    3.    Chemical restraint

The World is a home to more than one billion young people aged between 15 and 24 years.  Many are unable to fulfil their potentional because of poverty, hunger, poor health and lack of education. As a result, they lack the skills needed to gain employment, with rural youth typically, but often fruitlessly migration in search of economic opportunities. However, given support and opportunities for gainful employment, young people have the potential to play a significant role in agriculture.

India has a big advantage as more than half of its population is below 30 years of age.  Indian agriculture will receive a big boost if the country takes advantage of its young population and encourage them into farm sector by making it lucrative.  It is necessary to launch a Youth for Agricultural Transformation Movement in rural India. Youth can provide demand driven services such as farm health monitoring and marketing of biological software essential for sustainable agriculture, climate-risk management, organization  of bio-parks, food parks, bio-village, bio-industrial watersheds and improved post-harvesting technology. Educated rural youth can establish Village Knowledge Centres (VKVs) to provide information at right time to farmers. Home Science graduates can establish nutrition clinics to help hidden hunger through appropriate local grains and vegetables (Swaminathan, M.S.). Why Youth in Agriculture?

8.1 Moisture extraction pattern

The moisture extraction pattern reveals about how the moisture is extracted and how much quantity is extracted at different depth level in the root zone. The moisture extraction patter shows the relative amount of moisture extracted from different depths within the crop root zone. The moisture extraction pattern of plant growing in a uniform soil without a restrictive layer and with adequate supply of available soil moisture throughout the zone is shown in Figure. 8.1.

ABSTRACT

In vitro clonal propagation of Smilax zeylanica Linn was attempted. Axillary buds from shoot tip and single node explants were induced to proliferate on half strength MS basal medium supplemented with BA (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg l^-1) and IAA (1.0 and 2.0 mg l^-1). Multiple shoots (6.0 - 10.0 per explant) developed from the axillary buds in about four weeks time in all the treatments tried. However, the highest rate of multiple shoot production was in the medium containing BA 1.0 mg l^-1 and IAA 1.0 mg l^-1. Maximum shoot length was also observed in the same medium. Rooting (83.3 per cent) of micro shoots could be induced on MS supplemented with NAA 0.5 mg l^-1. Individual rooted plantlets could be successfully transferred to soil and established in the field with 80 per cent survival.

Polymer Clay Nanocomposites

Polymer clay nanocomposites has been used as to affect permeability of the maternal to gases and vapours. Majority of papers on nanocomposites have been focused on the use of smectitic type clays as nanoparticles. They are a group of swelling type of clay minerals including montmorilonite, nontronite, saponite, sauconite and hectorite.

A number of polymer-layered silicates (PLS) preparation methods has been reported in literature. The three most common methods to synthesize PLS nanocomposite are intercalation of suitable monomer and subsequent in situ polymerization, intercalation of polymer from solution and polymer melt intercalation.

In general, layered silicates have layer thickness on the order of 1 nm and a very high aspect ratio (e.g. 10–1000). A few weight percent of layered silicates that are properly dispersed throughout the polymer matrix thus create much higher surface area for polymer/filler interaction as compared to conventional composites. Depending on the strength of interfacial interactions between the polymer matrix and layered silicate (modified or not), three different types of PLS nanocomposites are thermodynamically achievable (Fig. 1 and 2 ) as outlined by Sinha Ray and Okamoto (2003). They are as follows:

This practical assignment deals with preparation of village improvement plan by analyzing the facts such as farming system, infrastructure, communication etc., facilities available at that particular village through participatory extension tools and methods. This assignment also helps students in designing a blueprint for developing the village into a model village.

PURPOSE

To develop the village in every aspect like agriculture, education, infrastructure, communication.

To prepare a comprehensive, realistic and practical blueprint for development of the village into a model village.

To improve the socio-economic condition of the farmer

Organic farming in India started receiving focused attention from the year 2004-2005 when National Project on Organic farming (NPOF) was launched during 2004, the area under organic farming was 42,000 hectares (Srimathi and Jency, 2014). By March, 2010, it was reached to 1.08 million hectares. In addition to these, 3.40 million hectares was wild forest harvest collection area. Thus, total area under organic certification process by March,2010 was 4.48 million hectares which was increased by 25 folds during last 6 years. In cultivated organic land 7.56 lakh hectares was certified while 3.2 lakh hectares was under conversion. In India, States such as Orissa, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh have been categorized as low or negligible fertilizers consuming states of the country.

Avocado is a pear-shaped berry, which is otherwise known as alligator pear or butter fruit. The term alligator pear is due to the scaly appearance of some varieties of avocado, especially, the Hass avocados, which possesses black leathery skin. The edible portion of avocado is its flesh, which is yellowish green in colour. This flesh has a slightly nutty flavour with the consistency of butter. Avocado contains vitamins A, C, and B complex that sustain accurate performance of neurotransmitter which makes it as a superior food for the nervous system. Avocados have the highest energy value (245 cal/100 g) of any fruit besides being a reservoir of several vitamins and minerals (calcium and magnesium) that can calm and aid restorative sleep which is essential for nervous system to perform efficiently. Avocado is mainly used fresh, in sandwich filling or in salads. It can also be used in ice creams and milk shakes and the pulp may be preserved by freezing. The end quality of avocado determines its nutritional value. 

General anaesthesia can be induced by parentral anaesthetics or by gaseous or inhalation anaesthetics. 

Apparatuses

    1.    Syringes : Disposable plastic syringes of different capacities e.g. 1ml, 2ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml and 50 ml.
 
    2.    Hypodermic needles : They are of different sizes e.g. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 gauze. They must be sharp with short bevel to reduce risk of transfixing the vein.
 
    3.    Catheters : They are used for constant infusion of drug or for administration of intermittent small doses of drug. 

Biological synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles

Aim

To synthesize nano ZnO particles using fungal isolates.

Introduction

The ZnO nanoparticle are effective anti-bacterial and antiodur agent. Biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle is a new approach for environmentally benign protocol in context to green nanotechnology, (Raliya and Tarafdar, 2013).

In order to get maximum benefit from manures and fertilizers, they should not only be applied in proper time and in right manner but any other aspects should also be given careful consideration. Different soils react differently with fertilizer application. Similarly, the N, P, K requirements of different crops are different and even for a single a crop the nutrient requirements are not the same at different stages of growth. The aspects that require consideration in fertilizer application are listed below:

4.1. Physiological disorders in field crops

Identification of physiological disorders in agricultural crops

Q. 1 Annual depreciation of a machine is included in
(A) Fixed cost         (B) Variable cost
(C) Hiring cost         (D) None of the above