eChapters

Introduction

Social disinterestedness could be an anticipation that applies issues of amends and candor to policy. Aback the Sixties, the anticipation of amusing disinterestedness have been activated in an advance of institutional contexts, calm with apprenticeship and accessible administration. The anticipation of amusing disinterestedness is about afflicted aback to the works of philosopher and Plato. Definitions of amusing disinterestedness will vary, about all focus aloft the ethics of amends and fairness. Disinterestedness in fashionable societies involves the role of accessible directors, United Nations bureau breadth assemblage accountable for authoritative assertive that amusing casework breadth assemblage delivered equitably. This bureau demography into application actual and accepted inequalities a part of groups; candor relies on this amusing and actual context. Amusing and bread-and-butter bigotry has abiding furnishings on societies and as well the bloom of populations. The acceptance from an ample alter of disciplines breadth assemblage acclamation disinterestedness in avant-garde agency that. Solutions alter from acclamation cyber banking accretion aberration to apprenticeship quality, cyber banking action to bent amends reform and affluence of accession disinterestedness problems that anon and alongside accept an aftereffect on animal bloom and well-being. The aggregation seeks to acknowledgment such queries as, will a bigger pay advance superior of action measures, calm with health, nutrition, and ancestor’s circadian life? As added cities ahead hikes in their pay, this assay can acquaint approaching choices apropos the after-effects on staff, their families, employers, and as well the community. An administration of assets, resources, and liabilities a part of the individuals during a nation or association that’s advised accurate and simply. Whereas some accept that bread-and-butter disinterestedness needs that anybody voters pay an agnate quantity, others accept that the abundance paid care to wait aloft the abundance that every accountable will allow to pay while not disproportionate hardship. Put simply, disinterestedness is possession. Aural the affairs world, disinterestedness refers to stock. Aural the accounting and aggregation disposition world, disinterestedness (or added normally, shareholders’ equity) refers to the abundance of basic contributed by the abode owners or the acumen amid a company’s absolute assets and its absolute liabilities. The fashionable era is casual through an alluringly and annealed aggressive laissez-faire abridgement that’s about there’s no acknowledgment to actualize some individuals at an advantage while not creating others worse off. This cessation refutes the claims of ambitious bread-and-butter planners, United Nations bureau assert that markets breadth assemblage disorganized free-for-alls which centralized chief would be added economical. During a class disconnected association the advantages of amusing appear can’t be aggregate appropriately by the all categories of individuals. It’s simple to appetite agitated with the abstraction that markets appreciate appropriate and to again draw inappropriate abstracts apropos policy. It’s basic to arouse that authority is apropos a way to achieve goals; it doesn’t say something apropos what your goals care to be. Locution that the bazaar aftereffect is economical doesn’t beggarly that that aftereffect is about alluring for all the individuals. In fact, in some affairs analive action could advisedly baldest accessory bulk aftereffect that’s not economical.

10.1. Social value

Ideas which help an individual to discriminate whether a particular object or behaviour is good or bad, desirable or undesirable.

Norms: Times rules which govern the action

Normative behavior: People are expected to behave in accordance with the values held by the individual.

S.C. Dood defined the value as “desiderata” i.e., anything desired or chosen by someone, sometime.

Value may be considered as attitude-related attribute that are projected upon people, objects and situations.

The societal implications of nanotechnology are the potential benefits and challenges that the introduction of novelnanotechnological devices and materials may hold for society and human interaction. The term is sometimes expanded to also include nanotechnology’s health and environmental implications, but this article will only consider the social and political implications of nanotechnology.

As nanotechnology is an emerging field andmostof its applications are still speculative, there is much debate about what positive and negative effects that nanotechnology might have.

Beyond the toxicity risks to human health and the environment which are associated with first-generation nanomaterials, nanotechnology has broader societal implications and poses broader social challenges. Social scientistshave suggestedthatnanotechnology’s social issues should be understood and assessed not simply as “downstream” risks or impacts. Rather, the challenges should be factored into “upstream” research and decision making in order to ensure technology development that meets social objectives.

Introduction

Financial inclusion has become a global agenda because it is now well recoganised that a nation can prosper only if it ensures inclusive growth. Financial access and use of formal financial system, the means of financial inclusion, have positive association with inclusive growth (Levine and Demirguc-Kunt, 2008). The financial systems which are more inclusive have provided broader access to appropriate financial services to ensure that the benefit can be availed by poor and disadvantaged sections of the society (Akter, 2016). Since, financial inclusion is the process of ensuring availability of f inancial services and well-timed and sufficient credit as required by vulnerable groups such as low income segment and weaker segment of the society at an affordable cost (Rangarajan Committee on financial inclusion, 2005). Thus, the study of financial inclusion on the basis of socio economic factors is the key to investigate individual characteristics associated with financial inclusion (Allen, Kunt, Klapper, Peria, 2012). Understanding financial usage on the basis of socio economic factors enables framing appropriate financial inclusion strategies to achieve financial inclusion in real sense. Many international agencies like International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank, World Bank release data on financial inclusion around the world. Global findex report is published by World Bank after the interval of every three years to present the picture of financial inclusion on various socio economic parameters. Around the world, 74% adults, 72% female, 70% income poorest population, 63% out of labour force population and 66% rural population report to have account at formal financial system (World Bank Global findex report, 2021).

Introduction

Lavender (Lamiaceae family) produces characteristically lavender- coloured (purple) flowers, although pink, white and green forms of some species also exist. There are approximately 20 species of lavenders with hundreds of various genotypes differentiated by variations ranging from morphology to chemical composition of essential oil. Cultivation of lavenders for essential oil is thought to have begun in the 16^th century. Recently there has been an upsurge of interest in lavender as a medicinal herb crop. Lavender is a perennial herb and is a native of the western Mediterranean and the eastern coast of Spain, France, Switzerland, North Italy, Corsica and North Africa. Lavender and lavandin oil have long been the major essential oils produced on the southern slopes of the French Alps. The oil possesses refreshing, sweet aroma and blends with many other essential oils. Therefore, it is widely used in perfumery, cosmetics and medicines.

Introduction

Land serves as storage for water and nutrients for plants and other living organisms, but the land resources are limited. India has about 18% of world’s population and 15% of livestock population to be supported from only 2% geographical area and 1.5% of forest and pasture lands (Rao et al., 2015). The per capita availability of agricultural land has declined from 0.48 hectare in 1951 to 0.16 hectare in 1991 and is likely to decline further to 0.08 hectare in 2035. This decline in per capita land availability in the country is mostly on account of rising population (GOI, 2010). 

4.1 Demographic Profile of Watershed Communities

• Population Distribution: Examining the spatial distribution and density of population within watershed areas, including rural settlements, urban centers, and peri-urban zones. Analyzing population distribution within watershed areas involves understanding how people are distributed across various types of settlements, including rural, urban, and peri urban zones. Here's a breakdown of each:

a. Rural Settlements: These are typically smaller communities dispersed throughout the watershed area, often engaged in agriculture, forestry, or other primary industries. Population density in rural areas tends to be lower compared to urban centers. The distribution of rural settlements can be influenced by factors such as terrain, availability of natural resources, and historical land use patterns.

b. Urban Centers: Urban areas within watershed boundaries consist of cities and towns with higher population densities and more developed infrastructure. These areas are characterized by a concentration of economic activities, services, and amenities. Population distribution within urban centers can vary widely, with some areas experiencing high population density in downtown cores and others having more spread-out suburbs.

Livestock plays a subsidiary role in the farm as far as food production is concerned. Their role in absorbing the huge quantities of crop residues, coarse grains, cereals by-products and farm left-over and returning valuable manure to the soil to sustain their fertility for generation is significant. Livestock in general and dairying in particular is emerging as a driving force in the growth of agricultural sector in India. Dairying is the backbone of the marginal farmers and landless labourers spread over numerous villages scattered throughout the country. It is primary source of income and employment for many of India’s poor. This sector can play an important role in determining future prospects for the employment generation and poverty alleviation in the country.

After the Independence of India, the occupational avenues have undergone a tremendous change. With the spread of education and other amenities of life the traditional occupational structure has considerably changed. The Gujjars who had been a nomadic tribe are extensively becoming sedentary. The Gujjars are one of the important pastoral communities of India. Different social scientists and anthropologists have documented the origin and social aspects of the present Gujjars, who lived a pastoral life. Gujjars have their own Gujri language, which they generally speak among themselves. But they correspond with other people in Urdu generally. The main source of income for Gujjars is dairying. Consumers also prefer milk sold by them, as the quality of milk is good. The role of Gujjars to the rural and urban economy cannot be undermined.

Though information on sociological and anthropological aspects of the pastoral communities has been generated in various studies elsewhere but socio-economic studies are scanty. No concerted efforts have so far been made to study the socio economic of Gujjars, particularly with reference to various important economic parameters like resource structure, family composition, education status, economic status.

The present chapter is an attempt to study the socio economic aspects of one of the well known pastoral communities- the Gujjars of the Jammu district.

Socio-economic impact assessment is an important activity that justifies the implementation and continuation of the project efforts and to enhance the observed ability of the project outcomes. there are several approaches available for assessment of the impact of project interventions. in the present investigation, before or after research design was used for impact assessment.

Socio-economic impact assessment activity, the benchmark survey boss carried out before the initiation of the project. The benchmark survey focused on the socio-economic profile of tribal households in the project area including the landholding, personal profile of the household head, household income, its sources, income source diversity. The survey also focused on the agronomical aspects like the productivity of major crops, cropping intensity and income generation from various farm activities. Further, in the benchmark survey, data was also collected on the aspects related to household food security. The findings of the benchmark survey are presented below.

The adoption of artificial intelligence is transforming agricultural production, management and value chains while creating significant economic and social implications. This chapter examines the socio-economic dimensions of AI adoption in agriculture. It considers economic impacts, changes in labour and employment, rural livelihoods and the accessibility of digital technologies. Particular attention is given to the digital divide and barriers that may limit adoption among different agricultural communities. The chapter also addresses policy, governance and ethical considerations surrounding AI deployment. AI applications across agricultural value chains and regional and global perspectives are discussed. Finally, the chapter considers future socio-economic transformations, research gaps and the requirements for responsible and inclusive agricultural digitalization.

The dairy sector plays a key role in ending poverty, especially for rural communities. Nearly one billion people earn their livelihood from dairy. Dairy has an important role to end hunger, achieve food security and improve the nutritional value of diets in a sustainable manner. Dairy products contribute to good health and wellbeing at all stages of life. Its nutrient-rich pack ensures a nourished and healthy population. Dairy has been linked to protection against non- communicable diseases. The Indian context for Dairying is an economic symbiosis of crop and cattle population. Livestock plays a pivotal role in the economy; animal husbandry is the most important economic activity in rural areas. The dairy sector today provides eighty million farm households with the triple benefits of nutritive food, supplementary income and productive employment for family labour, mainly for women. 

Introduction

This chapter has analysed the impact of shrimp farming on the farmer households. Income and employment generation being two important aspects, impact of shrimp culture on these two are discussed in this chapter. The income generated through shrimp culture is compared with the income from paddy cultivation. Returns to scale and returns to labour from shrimp culture are discussed to know whether shrimp culture is a preferred activity compared to paddy cultivation or not. Besides, the impact of shrimp farming on asset creation, expenditure pattern and savings behaviour of the sample households has been discussed in this chapter.

Abstract

Knowledge and communication is an important resource for agriculture and can contribute substantially to ensure food security and sustainability by creating awareness and skill development through access to information. The initial and most prominent player of knowledge delivery is public sector extension services, which from past few years, are usually criticized for their ineffective targeting, poor reach and the huge administrative cost of delivering information. Since past few years, the drastic increase in mobile penetration even in rural areas has lead to evolution of ICT-based extension services models to disseminate agriculture related information.

Integrated Fish Farming (IFF) is emerging as a transformative approach in India’s agricultural landscape, particularly for small and marginal farmers. By combining fish culture with agriculture, livestock, poultry, horticulture, and other allied activities, IFF offers a cost-effective and sustainable model that enhances farm productivity and rural livelihoods. With more than 80% of Indian farmers falling into the small and marginal category, many face challenges such as limited land, inconsistent income, and increasing environmental stress. IFF addresses these issues by enabling the efficient recycling of farm waste, thereby minimizing dependence on expensive chemical fertilizers and commercial feeds. This integrated model produces multiple income streams—fish, eggs, vegetables, milk, and manure—ensuring financial stability and nutritional security for farming families. IFF also significantly contributes to employment generation through diverse year-round activities such as pond management, livestock care, and the marketing of farm products. It provides particular opportunities for women and youth in rural areas, helping to reduce underemployment and rural migration. The nutrient-rich food produced through IFF supports public health by addressing malnutrition in underdeveloped regions. India’s extensive water resources, agricultural base, and favorable agroclimatic conditions make it well-positioned to scale up IFF practices. States such as West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Chhattisgarh, and Bihar have already demonstrated success with combinations like fish + poultry, fish + duck, and fish + paddy systems. Furthermore, support from government schemes such as the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) is accelerating its adoption. As India advances toward climate-resilient and diversified agriculture, IFF stands out as a vital solution for ensuring economic sustainability, food security, and ecological harmony, making it a cornerstone of future rural development.

Introduction

The hot arid zones in India are spread over nearly 31.7 million hectare area of which 41.5 per cent is arable and 19 per cent is cultural wasteland. These zones are perpetuated mainly in North –West and Southern part of the country. The major parts of the country under hot arid climatic conditions are Western Rajasthan (19.62 Million ha), North-western Gujarat (6.2 M. ha), South-western Punjab (1.45 M. ha), South-western Haryana (1.28 M. ha), Andhra Pradesh (2.16 M. ha), Karnataka (0.86 M. ha), and Maharashtra ( 0.13 M. ha). These areas/ zones are characterized by hostile agro-climate and fragile eco-system, an annual rainfall between 100 – 500 mm with a coefficient of variation (CV) varying from 40 – 70 per cent, low and erratic rainfall combined with extremes of temperature (450-500 cal/cm²/day); low relative humidity; high potential evapo-transpiration value ranging from 1600 mm in eastern part and 1800 mm in western part of the hot arid zones. Other important characteristics of the hot arid regions are hot winds with high velocity, poor soil condition, poor ground water with brackish and saline in reaction, poor vegetation, frequent occurrence of drought and frost, difficult to execute agro-techniques, difficulty in post harvest handling and marketing owning to limited and inefficient transportation and marketing facilities, etc (Yadav and Soni, 2008).

Introduction

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important commercial vegetable crop cultivated extensively in India and it belongs to the family Alliaceae. It is used both in green and mature stage for salad and spice in a variety of flavoured dishes and soups Onion is liked for its flavour and pungency which is due to the presence of a volatile oil ‘allyl propyl disulphide’- an organic compound rich in sulphur. Onion bulb is a rich source of minerals like phosphorus, calcium and carbohydrates. It also contains protein and vitamin C. It is being used in several ways as a fresh, frozen, dehydrated bulbs and green bunching types. Dehydrated onion is in great demand which reduces transport cost and storage losses. Onion has got good medicinal value. It contains several anti-cancer agents which have shown to prevent cancer in animals. The beneficial compound called ‘quercetin’ present in onion has shown to be powerful antioxidant. Extracts of onion are being used in the prevention of ‘atherosclerosis’ and ‘coronary heart disease’. onion extensive culinary, dietary, therapeutic, trading, income and employment generation value. Onion is commodity of mass consumption and is grown almost all over the country mainly by small and marginal farmers (Shukla and Singh-2018).

A global review of onion area and production revealed that onion is grown in the world in an area of 43.64 lakh hectares with a total production of 873.44 lakh tons and productivity of 21.79 tons/ha. China and India are leading onion growing countries with a total production of 247.00 and 159.40 lakh tons, respectively during the year 2017. India produces around 174 lakh tons of onion annually ranking second in the world. Currently in India the production of onion 31129 million tons with the cultivated of 1914 lakh hectares in 2021-22 observed respectively. Among the different onion growing states Maharashtra tops in area and production. (https://www.districts of india.com).

Introduction

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important cereal grains in the world today and serves as a staple food source for more than half of the world’s particularly in India, China and a number of other countries in Africa and Asia. It occupies an area of about 161 million hectares at global level wi`th production of 503.8 million tones milled basis. More than 90% of the rice is produced and consumed in Asian countries. (FAO United Nation 2017).

Rice provides 21 percent of global human per capita energy and 15% of per capita protein. Although rice protein ranks high in nutritional quality among cereals, protein content is modest. Rice also provides minerals, vitamins, and fiber, although all constituents except carbohydrates are reduced by milling.

Rice commodity recognized as a supreme commodity to mankind, because rice is truly life, culture and tradition. It has its own history and religious importance in human life. India is one of the world’s largest producers of white rice. For India, like many other developing countries, the issue of feeding ever increasing population is of prime importance, this problem can be solved by maximizing agricultural production through use of high yielding varieties and adopting improved package of practices of rice crop. India is facing the challenges of food and fodder production to meet the demand of rising human and cattle population. One of the major causes of this problem is low level of adoption of improved agricultural practices by the farmers. Population www.thecropsite.com

There are three seasons for growing rice in India viz. autumn, winter and summer. The main rice growing season in the country is kharif. It is known as winter rice as per the harvesting time. The sowing time of kharif rice is June – July and it is harvested in September - October. India is an important centre of rice cultivation. The rice is cultivated on the largest areas in India. Historians believe that while the indica variety of rice was first domesticated in the area covering the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas (i.e. North-Eastern India), stretching through Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Southern China, while the japonica variety was domesticated from wild rice in Southern China which was introduced to India. Perennial wild rice still grows in Assam and Nepal.

This chapter is framed with different factors relating to socio-economic profile of shrimp farmers in Dhamara coastal zone. Shrimp farming offers significant employment opportunities, which may help alleviate the poverty of the local coastal population in many areas, if it is properly managed. The published literature on that topic shows large discrepancies, and much of the available data is of anecdotal nature. Estimates of the labor-intensiveness of shrimp farms range from about three times less to three times more^] than when the same area was used for rice paddies, with much regional variation and depending on the type of farms surveyed. In general, intensive shrimp farming requires more labour per unit area than extensive farming. Extensive farms cover much more land area and are often but not always located in areas where no agricultural land uses are possible. Supporting industries such as feed production or storage, handling, and trade companies should also not be neglected, even if not all of them are exclusive to shrimp farming.

Typically, workers on a shrimp farm can get better wages than with other employments. A global estimate from one study is that a shrimp farm worker can earn 1.5-3 times as much as in other jobs; a study from India arrived at a salary increase of about 1.6, and a report from Mexico states that the lowest paid job at shrimp farms was paid in 1996 at 1.22 times the average worker salary in the country.

Existing positive as well as negative interactions among the members of the society determine the communication structure, leadership and technology diffusion pattern within the given social system. Sociometry is a method for gathering and analyzing data on communication choice and interaction pattern of individuals, within a group in order to identify communication structure and pattern.

Sodium benzoate is added to many fruit products to act as a preservative for the extension of the shelf life. Food Safety and Standards Regulations have specified the maximum level of sodium benzoate (Benzoic acid) in different products like sauce, ketchup, pickles, squash, etc. Therefore, the estimation of sodium benzoate (benzoic acid) in such products is considered a routine quality control procedure.
Principle
Benzoic acid which is sparingly soluble in water is converted into watersoluble sodium benzoate by the addition of NaOH in a sample containing sodium chloride solution. When the Sodium Benzoate solution is acidified with excess HCl, water-in-soluble benzoic acid is formed which is extracted with chloroform. The chloroform is removed by evaporation and the residue containing benzoic acid is dissolved in alcohol and then titrated with standard NaOH.