eChapters

Privatization of Agricultural Extension

Process of funding and delivering the extension services by private individual or organization is called Private Extension. Privatization is the act of reducing the role of Government or increasing the role of private sector in an activity or in the ownership of assets. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the public sector (Government) to the private sector (business). Private Extension is solely the act of private individuals or organizations where the decision of privatization solely rests with Government implemented in liaison with private extension service provider.

Principle

The majority of cell lines are cultivated as monolayer adherent cells, meaning they only grow on the surfaces of culture vessels. However, there are particular cells that are non-adhesive and do not rely on external support for their growth, referred to as suspension cells. A suspension culture, is a cell culture where individual cells or small cell clusters grow and multiply in a stirred growth medium, forming a suspension. Subculturing, also known as passaging cells, involves transferring cells from a previous culture into fresh growth medium to allow the cell line to continue growing. Suspension cultures involve the suspension of cells in a liquid medium and agitation at a specific speed to ensure that the cells are uniformly exposed to nutrient media from every angle. This method prevents cell aggregation and enhances nutrient absorption, thereby promoting cell growth. The maintenance of these cultures is achieved by transferring the cells from the early stationary phase to a fresh medium through subculturing. During the incubation period, there is an increase in both cell division and cell enlargement, leading to rapid cellular growth. The viability of cells in the suspension decreases after the stationary phase due to the exhaustion of certain factors or the accumulation of toxic substances in the medium. This decrease in the viability of the cells further reduces the growth rate of the entire culture. Next, a portion of the cell suspension is added to the freshly prepared medium with the same composition.

In today's sedentary lifestyle, ensuring adequate exercise for pet dogs is crucial for their physical health, mental well-being and preventing obesity. To help pet owners understand the importance of exercise in maintaining the overall health and happiness their canine companions and how much exercise is adequate to different pet breeds are incorporated in this text.

Physical Health Benefits

Regular physical activity is essential for controlling weight and preventing obesity, which are common concerns among dogs. Obesity in dogs is associated with various health issues such as diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis. Engaging in activities like walking, running, and playing not only burns calories but also improves cardiovascular health, strengthens muscles, and enhances flexibility.

Objective: Production of Chocolate.
The major ingredient of chocolate is cocoa mass, which is mixed with sugar, and in case of milk chocolate, also with milk powder. The conching process then follows, which is important for the development of full chocolate flavour. Melted cocoa butter is added, the chocolate mass becomes liquid and is cooled, tempered and poured into moulds to form chocolate products.
Mixing of ingredients
Sugar, cocoa mass and milk powder are intensively mixed forming a dry powder. This powder is pre-ground in various types of mills and then finely ground in a 5-roll refiner. The size of particles in chocolate is between 15- 70 mm (average 25 mm). Small operators use vertical ball mills. Optimum flow properties are required for further processing. The yield value required differs according to the potential use (e.g. hollow moulding or enrobing). The particle size affects both the yield value and the plastic viscosity. In order to reduce recipe costs, the most expensive major constituent (i.e. fat) should be used in the smallest possible proportion which will give correct flow characteristics.

Mangosteen named after the French priest and explorer Laurentiers Garcin is thought to have originated in Southeast Asia. It was said to be Queen Victoria’s favourite fruit. The correlation of Queen Victoria with the mangosteen is probably related to the fact that numerous people have referred to it as the “Queen of Fruits”. It is one of the most praised tropical fruits and certainly the most esteemed fruit. Most people enjoy mangosteen and the fruit now categorized as a “super fruit” has a ready market in western countries where it is considered a tropical delicacy. Mangosteen is primarily consumed as a fresh fruit.

Sodium and potassium are the most important electrolytes of the body fluid. The sodium as sodium chloride is contained in body fluids. The potassium is also essential in body fluids and its concentration is controlled by the kidneys. The estimation of sodium-potassium balance makes an important contribution as component of metabolic profile test. Low level of Na occurs in early lactation of low grazing on summer pasture and also increasing age, depraved appetite, polydipsia and polyurea.

Reproduction is one of the most serious biological problems that markedly influence the efficiency of livestock production. Immunology is a powerful tool for studying both normal fertility and infertility of farm animals. Reproductive immunology is in turn is an important tool for unlocking normal fertility problems and various forms of infertility or reproductive disorders. Although the immune and reproduction systems have been considered independent of each other, the cooperation of both the systems is crucial for initiation and maintenance of mammalian pregnancy. Therefore, reproductive immunology has now become a mature discipline and a major theme during advances in the field of reproductive immunology is to explain the successful gestation of the histcompatable mammalian embryos within the uterus of its immunologically competent mother.
 
Immune responses play an important role in various reproductive processes, including ovulation, menstruation and parturition. Clearly, during pregnancy, when the mother must accept a semi-allogeneic foetus, immune responses also play a very important role which  was first recognized by Medawar in 1953, when the concept of the foetal allograft was presented in order to explain the immunological relationship between mother and foetus. Since then, the immunology of pregnancy has been the leading subject within reproductive immunology research.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ crop is known as the Queen of cereals.
2. Maize is a _____ pollinated crop.
3. Male inflorescence of maize is known as_____.
4. Female inflorescence of maize is known as_____.
5. Pollen viability in maize crop is_____.
6. Silk receptivity in maize crop is _____.
7. Isolation distance for maize certified seed production is_____.

ABSTRACT

Cultivated turmeric consists of fertile short duration types with a chromosome number of 2n=84. In vivo crossing was done between two short duration types VK 70 and VK76 to develop a high yielding variety with high curcumin and curing percentage. Seed set and seed development was obtained by in vivo stigmatic pollination. Hybrid seed germination was obtained under in vitro in dark on moist filter paper and the seedlings were micropropagated to establish a population of six plantlets /seedling with in a period of 10 months. The multiple shoots were obtained in the medium of half strength MS + 3 per cent sucrose+ BA 2.5 mg l^-1+ NAA 0.5 mgl^-1. Coupling conventional breeding with tissue culture reduces the breeding time.

Disease is worldwide in distribution

Etiology

Pasteurella multocida, a gram negative non spore forming, non motile rods which stain bipolar.

Epizootiology

Most species of birds are infected. Turkeys are more susceptible than chickens, and older chickens are more vulnerable than young chickens. Geese and ducks of all ages are highly susceptible to fowl cholera. Survivors of fowl cholera outbreaks become carriers and are the reservoir of infection. P. multocida isolates of pigs are pathogenic to fowls. Spread of P. multocida in a flock is by feed and water contaminated with excretions. Crates, feed bags and utensils serve as a mechanical carrier of the organism.

The Internet of things connects the devices over Internet. The devices can communicate with each other and can be monitored and controlled remotely. The IoT is a system with interrelated computing devices, digital and mechanical machines, objects, animals or people each with an unique identifiers (UIDs ). It has the ability to transfer data over a network without human intervention. The Internet of Things is simply a network with Internet connecting the objects to collect and exchange the data. This chapter covers the basics of Internet of Things and its components.

2.1 Characteristics of IoT

Internet of Things can be used to design products for businesses. The added value to the businesses over IoT is created by the information which is collected by connected devices. The process has five phases of lifecycle, first phase is ‘create phase’, where sensors collects the data from environment. This data can generate the information. Second is ‘communicate phase’ where data generated in first phase is communicated to the required destination. Third is ‘aggregate phase’ where collected data over network is aggregated by device itself. Fourth is ‘analyse phase’ where aggregated data is used to generate patterns and use it to control and optimize the process. Fifth is ‘act phase’ where actions are taken on the basis of information extracted from the aggregated data.

The characteristics of IoT may vary from one domain to other. Few characteristics are listed as follows-

Once a pest, pathogen or a weed has been detected in the introduced planting material, quarantine officials must make all efforts to disinfect/decontaminate the material and make it available for further exploitation in the country without undue delay. However, it may be kept in mind that treatments, which only reduce the inoculum, may be acceptable for general agricultural practices, but they are not acceptable in plant quarantine. For quarantine purposes, tolerances are zero and, therefore, no residual inoculum of exotic pests/pathogens must remain. Fullproof eradicative treatments are required to be employed before release of the planting material from quarantine.

16.1. Fumigation

Fumigation of the material under atmospheric or under reduced pressure has been found acceptable as a quarantine treatment against insects and mites. Fumigants like methyl bromide, HCN, phosphine and EDCT (ethylene dichloride + carbon tetrachloride mixture) are commonly used.

In general, fumigation with Methyl bromide at 48g/cubic metre for 24 hours at 21ºC or above or 32g/cubic metre for 2 hours at 21ºC or above is used based on the kind of infected material and the pest to be salvaged.

Soil testing identifies various constraints in soil that limit crop production. Fertilizer recommendation and soil management practices to be adopted are based on the soil test report. Soil testing starts with collection of soil samples from the field
and ends with interpretation of soil test results leading to necessary recommendations for increasing crop production.

The genus Dioscorea comprises of approximately 600 species and sustains livelihood around the globe. Air yam, aerial yam, bitter yam, cheeky yam, potato yam, and parsnip yam are all names for Dioscorea bulbifera L., a traditional medicinal plant native to Asia, Northern Australia, America, and tropical Africa. It’s been used in traditional medicine for a long time and has a lot of potential.

Morphological characteristics

It is a perennial herbaceous climber that can reach a height of 10-20 metres and has multiple fibrous roots. The leaves are alternating, broadly cordate, and bright green in colour, with rounded basal lobes arising from one of them. Aerial tubers (bulbils) are circular, smooth-surfaced tubers that grow freely in leaf axils. Annual stems emerge from a tuberous, woody rootstock. These stems either creep along the ground or climb up the surrounding vegetation. Dioscoreaceae subfamilies are distinguished by the presence of bisexual and unisexual blooms. Seeds are trilocular, dark brown, and somewhat winged (1.2-1.6 by 0.5 cm).

Floral characteristics

Flowers are grouped in spikes that are hanging, axillary, solitary, or fascicled. The seeds are winged at the base, while the capsules are oblong and winged. The fruit has three valves and the perianth is tubular. From September to November, the plant blooms and bears fruit.

e-Extension

E-extension can be defined simply as the use of electronic technologies (especially ICT) to enhance face-to-face and paper-based transactions. These technologies can be as simple as teleconferences or as complex as wikis and blogs.

Cyber extension (also known as e-extension) may be defined as extension over the cyber space, the imaginary space created by the interconnected telecommunication and computer networks.

7.1. Pepper

7.1.1. Pollu beetle: Longitarsus nigripennis

Symptoms

• Grub feeds on growing tip, tender stem, leaf petiole, spikes and berry.

• Tunneling of tender stem causes drying up of shoot.

• Spikes tunneled by grubs turn black and cause dropping of spikes due to rotting.

• Grubs bore into the berries and feed on entire internal contents.

• Exit holes could be seen on dry berries and turn dark - called ’Pollu’ berries.

Site of incision: Make a transverse incision below the anus between lateral margins of tuber ischia. Then from each end of this incision make an oblique incision caudo-cranially so that these join midventrally each other between the thighs. Remove the triangular flap of skin to expose the region.

Principle

Adenoviral, oncoretroviral, and lentiviral vectors are commonly utilised for gene delivery in mammalian cell culture and in vivo. Additional important examples of viral gene transfer involve baculovirus and vaccinia virus vectors. Stable cell lines produced with lentivirus technology provide consistent, long-term protein expression compared to the short-term expression achieved through transient transfection. This chapter focuses on cell transformation by lentiviruses.

Equipment

a) Biosafety cabinet level 2 (B2)

b) Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Incubator (set to 37°C with a 5% CO2 in air atmosphere)

c) Refrigerated centrifuge

d) Refrigerator

e) Inverted Microscope

f) Micro pipettes (1-10 μl, 10-200 μl, 100-1000 μl)

g) -86°C/-80°C deep freezer h) Autoclave

i) Hot air oven

j) Filtration Assembly

Maintaining your dog’s oral hygiene is crucial for their overall health and happiness. Dental issues can lead to pain, infection and even systemic health problems affecting vital organs. This comprehensive guide delves deeper into the importance of oral care, step-by-step techniques for cleaning your dog’s teeth, signs of dental issues and tips for maintaining optimal oral health.

Importance of Oral Care

1. Preventing Periodontal Disease

Stages of Periodontal Disease: This common dental issue progresses through stages, starting with gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) and advancing to periodontitis, where the supporting structures of the teeth are damaged. Untreated periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss and infections that can spread to different tissues including gastrointestinal tract, liver, heart and kidneys.

2. Avoiding Bad Breath (Halitosis)

Causes: Bad breath is primarily caused by microbial buildup in the mouth due to poor oral hygiene. Persistent bad breath can be a sign of more serious dental problems.

Public speaking is an invaluable skill for anyone who wants to make an impact, inspire, and influence others. Whether presenting in a boardroom, at a conference, or during a class lecture, being able to communicate effectively is crucial. This chapter explores key techniques in public speaking that can help anyone enhance their effectiveness as a speaker, overcome the fear of public speaking, and connect with their audience in meaningful ways.
Understanding the Basics of Public Speaking
Public speaking isn’t merely about speaking loudly or confidently. It’s an art that combines clear communication, audience connection, and impactful delivery. The best speakers understand the needs of their audience, the purpose of their message, and the way to structure their talk to achieve the desired outcome.
1. Knowing Your Purpose: Before preparing your speech, define what you want to achieve. Is it to inform, inspire, persuade, or entertain? Having a clear objective provides direction and helps focus your content on what truly matters.
2. Audience Analysis: Effective speakers tailor their message to their audience. Analyze your audience’s demographics, interests, and level of knowledge on the topic. This insight will guide your tone, examples, and vocabulary, ensuring you address the audience in a way they find relatable and engaging.
3. Structure Your Speech: The classic structure includes an introduction, body, and conclusion: