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Site of incision: Make a mid-lateral and mid-medial longitudinal incision on hind-limb from stifle joint to 3rd digit. Joins, the above incisions transversally on cranial aspect at stifle joint and 3rd phalanx, respectively. Remove the skin on dorsolateral aspect of limb.

Managing the care of a pregnant dog and supporting her through the whelping process requires careful attention, preparation, and understanding. Ensuring the health and safety of both the mother and her puppies is paramount. This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to care for a dog during pregnancy and whelping, including nutritional needs, veterinary care, creating a whelping area, and post-birth care.

Understanding Canine Pregnancy

Gestation Period

• The gestation period for dogs is approximately 63 days, though it can range from 58 to 68 days.

Signs of Pregnancy

• Early signs include increased appetite, slight weight gain, and changes in behavior such as increased affection.

• Around the fourth week, the abdomen may start to swell, and by the sixth week, noticeable weight gain and enlarged nipples are common.

Introduction
Public speaking is a powerful skill that enables individuals to convey ideas, influence others, and build lasting connections. Whether in a formal or informal setting, effective public speaking has the potential to enhance credibility, improve career prospects, and even inspire social change. In today’s interconnected world, public speaking has gained significance as more people are required to present ideas, deliver information, and interact with diverse audiences. This chapter will explore the importance of public speaking, its impact on various aspects of life, and the benefits it offers for personal and professional growth.
The Role of Public Speaking in Modern Society
Public speaking has been central to social and political discourse for centuries. Orators like Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, and Winston Churchill used powerful rhetoric to shape public opinion and inspire action. In modern society, public speaking remains crucial in diverse fields such as business, education, media, and politics, where individuals use their voice to influence, inform, and connect with others. Research has shown that effective public speaking contributes significantly to leadership abilities, enhancing both personal influence and team performance (O’Hair et al., 2018).
Professional Growth and Career Advancement
Public speaking skills are highly valued in professional settings. Leaders, managers, and employees alike are often required to present ideas, provide feedback, and motivate teams. According to a survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE), communication skills are among the top qualities employers look for in job candidates. Professionals with strong public speaking skills are often perceived as more competent, confident, and credible, qualities that are advantageous for career progression (Andrews & Bodey, 2017).

Digital Transformation in Agricultural Extension
Digital transformation in agricultural extension involves leveraging modern digital technologies to enhance the reach, efficiency, and impact of extension services. This transformation aims to address the challenges of traditional systems and make agricultural knowledge, tools, and support accessible to all stakeholders.
Key Components of Digital Transformation in Agricultural Extension
1. Digital Tools and Platforms
• Mobile Apps: Provide real-time information on weather, crop management, pest control, and market prices (e.g., Kisan Suvidha, IFFCO Kisan).
• Web Portals: Offer online resources for farmers, including e-governance services and advisory content.
• Decision Support Systems (DSS): Help in farm-level decision-making using predictive analytics and data-driven insights.
2. Communication Technologies
• SMS and IVR Services: Deliver critical farming updates to farmers in local languages.
• Social Media Platforms: Share knowledge, success stories, and best practices among farming communities.
• Video Conferencing and Webinars: Enable virtual training and farmer–scientist interactions.
3. Data-Driven Solutions
• Remote Sensing and GIS: Assist in land use planning, pest forecasting, and disaster management.

The word persica, along with the “peach” itself and its cognates in many European languages, derives from an early European belief that peaches were native to Persia. Alexander the Great and his armies found the peaches in Persia and brought them to Greece. Most of the peaches grown in commercial orchards today are fruits that are harvested while too firm with a seed that clings to the pulp called a “clingstone” peach. The best flavoured peaches ripen soft and the seed easily separates from the edible portion, and these are called “freestone” peaches.

Information and Communication Technology is ruling the world in all walks of life and access to mobile phones and internet facility is growing in India at a rapid rate in recent years. However, the access to internet based technologies have confined primarily to the urban areas. Rural communities have not been able to gain to the same extent from IT. As a means of agricultural technology transfer to farmers, information technology has had a limited impact.

The objective of seed pelleting is to provide an opportunity to package effective quantities of materials such that they can influence the micro-environment of each seed.
 
Process of Pelleting

Seeds are introduced into a coating drum or pan that resembles a cement mixer. An amalgam of pelleting materials (clays, limestone, calcium carbonate, talc, vermiculite) and cementing adhesives (gum Arabic, gelatine, methyl cellulose polyvinyl alchol) are used to form the pellet and other compounds such as inoculants, fungicides, etc. May be added to enhance seed performance.

The integument is composed of the cuticle and under lying epidermal cells that secrete the cuticle. The integument is a complex vulnerable organ system of diverse function. The insect outer body covering is called integument. The integument is a central subject intimately related to a variety of applied - Problems such as the mode of action, insecticides, ecology, cuticle and endocrine glands present in the body of insects. The insect integument consists of 3 parts and plays crucial role in locomotion, breathing and respiration, feeding, excretion, protection from desication behaviour of insect.

1. Epidermis Layers
2. Basement Layers
3. Cuticle Membrane

ABSTRACT

Plants as a source of medicine are of special importance in the countries like India which has well developed traditional system of medicine which derive more than 90 per cent of medicaments from higher plants. Several of these also constitute important ingredients of Allopathic medicines. Most of the requirements for the medicinal plants are met from wild sources. But due to the changing ecological factors in the forests and unserupulous collection of medicinal plants, the wealth of medicinal plants is getting depleted and some types have already become extinct. The collection of these plants from the forests cannot cope up with the ever increasing and changing demand from the pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic industry. In order to provide regular and sustained supply of medicinal plants, it is essential now to domesticate and systematically cultivate these plants for which large scale availability of planting material has to be ensured. In this context, in vitro multiplication protocols were standardised for rare, valuable and endangered medicinal plants such as Holostemma ada-kodien, Trichopus zylanicus, Aristolichia indica and Terminalia chebula. The study indicates the feasiblity of rapid multiplication of these plant species using in vitro techniques and the standardised protocols could be used to generate large number of true to type protocols within a short time.

Etiology

There are 18 species in genus Campylobacter. Campylobacter species in poultry include C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari. The most predominant species is C. jejuni.

Epizootiology

The infection has been reported in chicken, but the organisms have been isolated from ducks, turkeys, black birds, sparrow and pigeons.

Transmission

Possibly through faeces, as organisms are in the intestinal tract. Egg transmission of bacteria on or in the egg through hatchery is strongly suggested.

The parasitic flowering plants are also important pathogens. There are few seed plants, which are parasitic on living plants and are called parasitic higher plants or Phanerogamic parasites. These parasitic higher plants attack some valuable crops and trees causing considerable losses. They produce flowers and seeds and belongs to several widely separated botanical families they differ to each other on their dependency on host plants. These parasites have haustoria as absorbing organ, which sent deep into the vascular bundle of the host to draw water and nutrients. More than 2500 species of higher plants are known to live parasitically on other plants.

Inula racemosa is an Asian plant in the daisy family native to the temperate and alpine western Himalayas of Xinjiang, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan. Inula racemosa Hook. f., is a critically endangered perennial herb distributed throughout the Himalaya; commercially useful in pharmaceutical products.

Morphological characteristics

The species is a perennial herb that grows up to 1.5 metres tall & has a scented root and rootstock. Large number of stems ascend from the rootstock’s base. Leaves are leathery, rough above and densely hairy below, 25-50 cm long and 10-12 cm wide, and elliptic-lanceolate in shape, 25-50 cm long and 10-12 cm wide.

Floral biology

Flower heads are yellow with bisexual florets and arise in terminal racemes. Flowering takes place from January to July, while fruiting takes place from October to November. Fruits (achenes) are slender and about 0.5 cm long.

An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is known as entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and business/or procedures.

Entrepreneurship is an act of being an entrepreneur, or “the owner or manager of a business enterprise who, by risk and initiative, attempts to make profits”. Entrepreneurs act as managers and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise. Entrepreneurship is the process by which either an individual or a team identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation.

An entrepreneur uses their time, energy, and resources into creating value for others. They are rewarded for this effort monetarily and therefore both the consumer of the value created and the entrepreneur are benefitted.

Training

Training represents activities that teach employees how to better perform their jobs. Training is a powerful tool in the hands of development professional to catalyze human resources. Training is a process of acquiring specific skills to perform ajob better.

Training as the act of increasing the skills of an employee for doing a particular job

Training always aim at lasting improvement on the job. It is primarily organized not for learning more but to behave differently in own endeavors

Site of incision: Make a mid-lateral and mid-medial longitudinal incision on hindlimb from stiffle joint to 3rd digit. Joins the above incisions transversally on caudal aspect at stiffle joint above and 3rd phalanx below, respectively. Remove the skin on plantero-medial aspect of limb.

Proper grooming and hygiene are essential for maintaining the health and well-being of pet dogs. Regular grooming not only keeps your dog looking and smelling good but also helps prevent various health issues such as skin infections, parasites, and dental problems. This article explores the key aspects of grooming and hygiene for pet dogs, including brushing, bathing, nail care, ear and eye care, dental hygiene, and general tips for maintaining a clean and healthy canine companion.

Brushing Benefits

• Reduces Shedding: Regular brushing helps remove loose hair, reducing shedding and keeping your home cleaner.

• Prevents Matting: For dogs with longer coats, brushing prevents mats and tangles, which can cause discomfort and lead to skin issues.

• Stimulates Skin: Brushing stimulates the skin and distributes natural oils, promoting a healthy coat.

Introduction
Listening is a vital communication skill that underpins effective interpersonal and professional interactions. It goes beyond merely hearing sounds; listening involves understanding, interpreting, and responding to messages accurately. This chapter explores learning activities designed to assess and enhance listening skills, offering theoretical insights and practical strategies for educators, trainers, and learners.
Understanding Listening Skills
Listening is a complex process that includes the following components:
1. Receiving: The physiological aspect of hearing sounds.
2. Understanding: Making sense of the words and context.
3. Evaluating: Assessing the content’s relevance and accuracy.
4. Responding: Providing feedback or action based on understanding.
5. Retention: Storing the information for future use.
Listening skills can be classified into
• Active Listening: Focused attention and engagement with the speaker.
• Reflective Listening: Paraphrasing and reflecting to confirm understanding.
• Critical Listening: Evaluating the message’s content critically.

Abstract

During inspection of several lily plantations under cover in different districts of Himachal Pradesh plants with severe disease symptoms were observed. The affected plants showed a progressive loss of vigor, were stunted and had a severely malformed leaves. These symptoms were observed on large scale mainly in oriental lily hybrids ‘Acapulaco’. The plants were suspected to be infected with phytoplasma, the presence of which was demonstrated with fluorescent microscopy (DAPI stain). The phytoplasma etiology was further confirmed by conducting nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays using universal primer pairs P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2, which amplified a fragment of phytoplasma 16SrDNA. This is the first report of phytoplasma infection in lilies identified by molecular assays from India.

Kerala State receives an average annual rainfall of about 3000 mm but with high variability. The demand for water in Kerala is mainly for drinking, agriculture, power generation and aquaculture as well as for prevention of salt-water intrusion. Currently 71 per cent is used for irrigation , 18 per cent for domestic use and the rest is for other purposes. However, Kerala is one of the States with lowest per capita water availability among the Indian states. Basak (1998) reported the per capita water availability in Kerala was only 69 per cent of that of the country in 1981 though the general perception is contrary to this.

India is one of the countries where 90% of the small, marginal and medium land holding farm families are depending on agriculture. The average annual income of the each farm family isvery less from the agril sector. At present farmwomen play an important role in managing different kinds of farm and home activities. The entrepreneurial behaviour development among the farm family is very essential to earn the additional income to manage their family. Farmwomen not only are involved in home activities but also play a significant role in farm production. In India farmwomen take decisions in their day-to-day life in agricultural sector. However, farmwomen are greatly aided by the amount of information available to them about their felt needs.  The World Bank Report(1992) states that keeping the role of farmwomen in mind, there is a need for training of farmwomen regarding necessary dairy technologies, so that they can perform these activities with more competence.
 
The advances in information technology have brought an explosion in information flow like Radio, T.V, Internet etc in agriculture.  There is large quantity of information through various sources, channels and Website on the Internet, but the information tends to be one sided, as it is gathered from Research stations. Farmwomen seek information sources.  Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the information seeking behaviour of dairy farmwomen.
 
The study was conducted in Manvi and Deodurga taluks of Raicur district in Karnataka state to know the information seeking behaviour of farmwomen regarding dairy farming and allied sector.