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There has been a surge of data in every field of research due to advancements in information technology. Data collection and storage has become much easier and cheaper in recent years. This voluminous data needs to be systematically stored for quick retrieval, process and to find useful patterns. Data mining techniques help in deriving useful patterns from data. These techniques which are also called as machine learning techniques majorly categorized as classification, clustering and association rule mining methods. Classification is a supervised learning method which needs labeled dataset for model building and prediction purposes. Clustering and association rule mining methods do not require labeled dataset and hence they are referred as unsupervised learning methods.

Clustering aims at grouping the objects based on a set of measured variables where similar objects are assigned to one group. For example, let us say, if we have collected information on 50 fish pond parameters (50 variables) and we wish to find the groups in terms of pond management (like well managed to poorly managed), with cluster analysis, we can group the ponds based on pond variables. In the process of clustering, each pond is assigned to one of the groups made. The question is how many natural clusters present in the data as in many cases we would not be getting perfect clusters of disjoint sets. We can achieve better accuracies in cluster formation only by trial and error. Good clustering criteria are to see that there is minimum with-in cluster variations and maximum between cluster variations.

Cluster analysis has several applications in fisheries research. It could be used to group fish stocks from different regions, categorise ponds based on their technical efficiencies, identify the farm clusters with high disease risk, group farmers based on their preferences, agro zoning based on climatic variables and culture practices. Cluster analysis is also applied in fish bioinformatics to group the similar sequences.

? Dioscorides- Classified Toxicants on the basis of their origin into Plant, Animal, and Mineral Sources.

? Ibn Hazer- Differentiated between a drug or a poison on the basis of matter of dose.

? Dementhes – died by swallowing an unknown poison in his pen.

? Socrates- was poisoned by a cup of Hemlock (Greek State Poison) obtained from Conium maculatum having active principle coniine causes paralysis, coma followed by death.

? Cleopatra- Egyptian lady use strychinine poisoning and she died of Egyptian Asp.

? Lady Toffana- Arsenic containing perfumes known as Aqua Toffana.

Getting familiarized with a video camera involves several steps. Here’s a guide to help you get started:

1. Read the Manual: Start by reading the camera’s user manual. It provides detailed information about the camera’s functions, features, and settings.

2. Identify the Parts: Physically handle the camera and familiarize yourself with its various parts, such as the lens, viewfinder, controls, and ports.

3. Basic Operations: Learn how to power the camera on and off. Practice adjusting basic settings such as aperture, shutter speed, and ISO if your camera allows manual control.

4. Practice Recording: Start by recording simple videos. Experiment with different settings and angles to understand how they affect the footage.

5. Explore the Menus: Navigate through the camera’s menu system to explore and adjust various settings like resolution, frame rate, and audio levels.

6. Use the Viewfinder/Screen: Get used to composing shots using the viewfinder or LCD screen. Practice framing your subject and adjusting focus.

7. Experiment with Lenses: If your camera allows, try using different lenses to see how they impact your footage. Learn how to change lenses and understand the effects of zoom and focus.

8. Check the Audio: Test the built-in microphone and, if possible, use an external microphone to see the difference in audio quality. Adjust audio levels as needed.

There are stages in seed supply chain where seed losses happen at harvesting and post harvest stage. These losses may occur due to higher moisture at harvest, due to harvesting methods, processing methods, at seed storage, during transport etc. Estimation of these losses is an important function of seed inventory management. Estimating seed losses help to improve processing and seed distribution efficiency. These simple statistical tools will help to measure quantitative post harvest seed losses. Seed testing can be used for measuring qualitative post harvest seed losses.

Youth are the creative force potential and a strength symbol for every community. One of the hallmarks of the positive youth development movement is that it is built on a foundation of scientific research. In addition, youth development programs typically work through existing social organizations rather than focusing on individual counseling. The rural youth work of FAO over the years has made significant contributions to make the lives of young people from rural areas more productive and meaningful by strengthening the organizations which serve them. The needs and challenges of rural young people today are greater than they have ever been in the past. In most developing countries, youth make up well over one-half of the total rural population. Because of their number and potential impact, rural youth must be a major part of any equation dealing with immediate and long-term solutions to solving problems of food security and sustainable development. Rural youth living in rural areas get limited opportunities for educational attainment in village areas. Opportunities for vocational guidance are also limited causing them diverting towards non creative activities and for merely wastage of time. An investigation was undertaken to study the socio-economic characteristics  and leisure time activities of rural youth. The study was conducted in College Development Block comprising Hatkanangle, Radhanagari & Bhudargad Tahsils of Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. From the Tahsil, 10 villages were selected randomly.  From each village, nine rural youths were selected randomly. Thus in all 90 rural youth were finally selected for the study. 

Abstract

Historically, the tiny island katchatheevu located in between Rameshwaram and Srilanka belongs to Ramnad Kingdom and it was handed over to Britishers and during the British’s rule. During that time both Indian and Srilankan fishermen communities were using this for their fishing related activities. On a goodwill, in 1994, the Government of India donated this island to Srilanka. Since then it has become a major issue and a perpetual problem to Indian fishermen that they could neither do fishing around nor berth their boats for drying their fishing nets. Under this scenario, an attempt was made to evaluate the geological setting of Katchatheevu island using E-Topo data which provides the sea bottom topography/morphology. The study revealed that the Katchatheevu island is the north eastern extension of the Pisasumunai of the Rameshwaram island and such arcuate nature of the land between the Pisasumunai and Katchatheevu is attributed to anticlockwisly spiralling littoral currents which would have dumped the sands and developed the island. Thus the study brings some newer information that the Katchatheevu is geologically a part of Indian land mass.

Studies and Findings

The boundary problems within the nations and amongst the nations, especially amongst the territorial nations, have started emerging as major issues of global concern. Katchatheevu Theevu located between India and Sri Lanka is one such a major issue, as the said island which originally belonged to Ramnad kingdom was handed over to Sri Lanka by India in 1974 and since then, the Indian fishermen community is facing untold miseries in the hands of Sri Lankans and hence it warrents immediate attention.

In crop production mostly basic inputs are seeds or seedlings/planting material, irrigation water, fertilizers, weedicides and pesticides. Site specific input application means providing plant input requirement at right time, in right amount and at right place. Site specific is a term that refers to treating the smallest possible area as a single unit. A site is simply the smallest unit the farmer can manage with the tools available. The treatment of each site is specific to the needs of each site as determined by soil test data and crop scouting reports. There are technology tools for using site-specific management more effectively. In precision agriculture site specific application tools and technologies are as under:

Defintion

Management of plant diseases using physical means is called physical management.

Also called physical therapy or thermotherapy.

It is mostly curative in nature.

11.1 Principle

In situ hybridization techniques involve detection of specific nucleic acid sequences to in morphologically preserved chromosomes, cells or tissue sections. Along with immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization can correlate microscopic topological information to gene activity at the level of DNA, mRNA or protein. The FISH protocol involves 1) denaturation and hybridisation performed on Day 1 and 2) washing and detection performed on Day 2. DNA of the chromosomes and the probes are denatured and allowed to hybridize overnight on the first day. On day 2, slides are washed to remove unbound DNA sequences followed by detection, counterstaining and mounting of the slides.

Crop breeders are continuously engaged in the improvement and development of crop varieties, in search of a genotype which will prove superior to the existence cultivars. A strain is duly released by appropriate duly empowered legal organization. Only when it is officially released, it is called variety, Before release, it is said to be strain or line. The release of new crop varieties consists of the following major steps:

1. Development of new strains

The new strains are developed by ICAR Crop Research Institutes and State Agricultural Universities for specific purposes. Various breeding methods are used for development of new strains. Some varieties are developed by selection without hybridization such as pure-line variety, mass selected variety and clonal variety. Development of some varieties involves hybridization and selection. This includes varieties that are developed by pedigree, bulk and backcross methods including multiline cultivars and population improvement methods.

2. Evaluation of performance

This trial is conducted at the research station, where new strains has breed. The object is to make sure that new strains are better in performance than the existence variety, so that it can be promoted to the trials where new strains has to be compete with other strains, developed by other scientists/researchers.

The per capita consumption of fish has been 3.2kg on an average up to 1992 as against estimated requirement of 11.0 kg pisciculture has the potentiality of popularity. Fish is rightly considered as the “Poor man’s diet”. It is almost zero carbohydrate food, good for diabetics and other such patients. Fish is a rich source of protein, vitamins and minerals. A special feature of fish flesh food is content of vitamin B12, which is almost absent in plant food and also a good source of calcium and vitamin A. Fish also contains polyunsaturated fatty acids which are known to provide protection against cardio-vascular diseases. This has got advantages over the other meat food.

Planktophagus fishes have higher protein contents then do fish with other feeding habits.

When flesh of fish is put to an analysis the following major components are observed.

To assess the quality of the seed is necessary before it is shipped for packaging and made available to the farming community. To assess certain routine seed quality parameters which are statutory for labelling seed sampling and testing are very critical. Seed testing is not only a mandatory trade requirement but also decides the market potential of a particular product in the market and safeguard the brand image of the company. Seed sampling for labelling and other trade requirements is done at processing plant. The reliability of seed testing is depends on the accuracy with which the sample represents the lot and precision of the laboratory test. In many cases variations in the test results are due to variation in the sampling. Hence, seed sampling is one of the important activities of the shop floor or processing unit.

A. Precision irrigation

The prevalent flood irrigation in crops would be the thing of past because of limited water resources, waste of water in leaching and evaporation and cumbersome management resulting in considerable loss of water. The micro irrigation (sprinkler and drip- irrigation) are preferred depending on the field topography. Undulated fields are better irrigated by sprinkler and laser levelled field by drip irrigation. There are precise tools to deliver only required amount of water at different stages of growth of crops with the help of sensors. Irrigation water volume release is mechanised and automated. Efforts of using microirrigation methods such as sprinkler and drip irrigation have been made in last three decades in many parts of the world. There is no ideal irrigation method available which may be suitable for all weather conditions, soil structure and variety of crops cultures.

Precision irrigation is worldwide accepted concept in irrigation. Precision irrigation involves the accurate and precise application of water to meet the specific requirements of individual plants or management units and minimize adverse environmental impact. Commonly accepted definition of precision irrigation is sustainable management of water resources which involves application of water to the crop at the right time, right amount, right place and right manner thereby helping to manage the field variability of water in turn increasing the crop productivity and water use efficiency along with reduction in energy cost on irrigation. It utilizes a systems approach to achieve ’differential irrigation’ treatment of field variation (spatial and temporal) as opposed to the ’uniform irrigation’ treatment that underlies traditional management systems. Precise and regulated application of irrigation water and plant nutrients at low pressure and frequent intervals through drippers/emitters directly into the root zone of plant with the help of close network of pipes is known as drip irrigation system.

Morphological characteristics

Tecomella undulata is a slow growing small deciduous tree with drooping branches and grey-tomentose innovations which are otherwise glabrous. Leaves are usually opposite, 5- 10 cm long, simple, narrowly oblong, obtuse and entire with undulate margins.

Floral characteristics

Flowers are pale-yellow to deep orange, arranged in few flowered corymbose racemes on short lateral branches. Calyx is campanulate, lobes broadly ovate, obtuse and mucronate. Corolla is companulate, veined, stamens exserted, flaments glabrous, stigma 2-lamillate. Capsules are slightly curved, smooth and seeds are winged.

Distribution

Plant is distributed in drier parts of North-West and Western India extending eastwards to the river Yamuna and ascending to an altitude of 1200 meter in the outer Himalaya.

Climate and Soil The plant prefers subtropical climate having medium to light soil.

Data Analysis: In the process of data analysis, connections or differences supporting or clashing with unique or new hypotheses should be subjected to statistical tests of significance to decide to what validity data can be said to show any conclusions.

Project Planning Matrix

• Generally, a project represents a single, focused effort. Programs are collections of projects together that constitute a complete package of work. The program's overall objectives are achieved through the complementarily of the various projects.
• The PPM is a matrix of four columns and four rows providing sixteen squares for a comprehensive description of a project.
• PPM shows both the project's logical structure (the links between the inputs/activities and the objectives to be achieved under certain Assumptions), and its major quantitative data.

Environmental agents (xenobiotics) that are injurious to cells trigger a spectrum of responses that can range from cell death to adaptation, repair, and proliferation. Cell death, in turn, can take the form of apoptosis (a programmed form of cell death). Xenobiotics have been implicated in toxic cell injury, among them free radicals (nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon derivatives) are known to interact with cellular constituents including membrane lipids and chromagen materials.

Cytotoxicity

Cytotoxic: Toxic to cells, cell-toxic, cell-killing. Any agent or process that kills cells. The prefix cyto- denotes a cell. It comes from the Greek “kytos” meaning hollow, as a cell or container. Toxic is from the Greek “toxikon” = arrow poison.

In nutshell, cell cytotoxicity refers to the ability of certain chemicals or mediator cells to destroy living cells. By using a cytotoxic compound, healthy living cells can either be induced to undergo necrosis (accidental cell death) or apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Measuring cytotoxicity can prove to be very valuable tool in identifying compounds that might pose certain health risks in humans and animals. Cytotoxicity assays are widely used by pharmaceutical industry to screen for cytotoxicity in compound libraries from initial high-throughput drug screens for unwanted cytotoxicity. This can be of vital importance and prove to be quite indispensable during research phase of developing therapeutic new pharmaceutical products to ensure the safety of end-users. Additionally, understanding the mechanisms involved in cytotoxicity can likewise give researchers a more in-depth knowledge on the biological processes (both normal and abnormal) governing cell growth, cell proliferation and death. Compounds that have cytotoxic effects often compromise cell membrane integrity. Therefore, assessing cell membrane integrity is one of the most common ways to measure cell viability and cytotoxic effects. There are three commonly used methods which can be employed to assess in vitro cytotoxicity (disruption of cell integrity) in cell cultures:

Any perturbation and chaos in ecological setting and its functioning will lead to serious disruptions disruption in both resilience and livelihood. This is exactly what is being confronted by Indian Agriculture upfront. Our soils are brutally extorted to accept the harsh reality that close to 70 per cent of our cultivable land is starving of organic carbon. The ground water depletion in the name of modern agriculture has been another testimony of our ruthlessly prodigal agriculture amounting to serious water crisis. Every five seconds equivalent to a football ground, the golden acres, are vanishing with fertile soil from the chest of the planet. Thus, soil erosion amounting to almost 15 tons per hectare per year in Indian agriculture is not only alarming but also humongous. The losses of biodiversities including floral and faunal counts are adding blistering blistering barrier for our food production system. In the name of green revolution, we turned wrongly illusioned with the ability of so called high yielding varieties and have driven out our valuable landraces to invite gene myopia and gene erosion. This has got a catastrophic consequence. The stagnation of production and productivity in food sector is going to be the bleak indicator of our fragile and frail ecological resilience in the entire production system. But the down to earth reality is that apart from experts, most of our farmers are not aware of this threat, sensitized either. The book has assimilated the data in a delving manner, and real time fact of ground reality that reveals an interesting interpretation of farmers' perception on the rhetoric’s of ecological resilience in India.

Objective: To understand the taxonomic characters and classification of the order Coleoptera, which includes beetles and weevils.

Order: Coleoptera (Coleos = sheath, Pteron = wing) Beetles and Weevils

Taxonomic Characteristics

1. Two pairs of wings, with the forewings thickened and hardened, forming protective covers called elytra, while the hind wings are membranous and protected by the elytra.

2. Both larvae and adults possess biting and chewing mouthparts.

3. Metamorphosis is complete.

4. Beetle larvae are commonly known as grubs. Snout beetle (weevil) grubs are legless (apodous).