eChapters

Key Points

• Fluid therapy is crucial for saving dehydrated animals.

• Fluid therapy should be administered within the first 4-6 hours of treatment.

• Ringer lactate is the recommended fluid for diarrhea and enteritis.

• Fluid loss of 4–6 % does not require therapy and does not show any clinical indications.

Introduction

Dehydration is defined as an excessive loss of water and electrolytes from the body (usually due to vomiting and/or diarrhea) or an insufficient intake of water. The body loses water through respiration; however, the skin, face, and/or urine can also cause dehydration. Diarrhea (the loss of fluid and electrolytes from the gastrointestinal tract) is invariably accompanied by dehydration. Chapter 13 provides a brief overview of diarrhea and how it is managed. Dehydration causes lethargy in the patient and, if handled, can have catastrophic consequences for the kidneys and/or other internal organs. Death may occur if the body loses 40% of its water.

Homoeopathy is a different system of health care with a holistic, logical and philosophical tailor made approach in the treatment of an individual. The principles of management of diseases or treatment of diseases using homeopathy in animals are in no way different from that of human homeopathy. Homeopathy has potential to cure both human and animal diseases.

Homeopathic Philosophy or Principles

Management of diseases of humans or animals using homeopathy is based on eight basic principles or philosophies.

1. Similia Similibus Curentur- The basic philosophy of homeopathy is based on the ‘Similia Similibus Curentur’ (Latin) or Law of similars (like cures like) , natural law of healing. Which states that a disease can be cured by a drug or substance which is capable of producing similar symptoms in healthy subject when given in minute doses. The treatment in homeopathy is based on the similarity of symptoms of the patient to those of a drug described in Homoeopathic Materia Medica. Drug selection is based not only on the similarity of the presenting symptom, but also on modalities, constitution and temperament of the patient and exciting and fundamental causes.

The yak is a bovine species that provides livelihoods for people in high altitude conditions of extreme harshness and deprivation. Yaks live predominantly on the “roof of the world”, as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is often called, and provide milk, meat, hair and down fibre, hides, draught power and dung (principally used as fuel). The yak has physical and physiological characteristics that allow it to thrive at high altitudes (low oxygen) and in extreme cold (at temperatures as low as -40 °C) and to survive feed shortages in the winter (FAO).

The milk yield of the yak cow is often no more than the amount suckled by the calf and is not comparable to the milk yield of dairy cattle. However, although milk offtake for human consumption may be at the expense of the calf, yak milk is important for households. In economic terms, milk is often the most important yak product. Yak milk is generally produced by small-scale farmers in traditional systems where management is highly influenced by climate and seasons. Lactation is seasonal and yak cows produce between 150 and 500 litres; yields vary by breed and location. Lactation can generally continue into a second year without another calving. During the winter, yak cows do not go dry and continue to produce a small amount of milk, with milk yields as low as 2 to 4 litres/month. During the second year of lactation, milk yields are between half and two-thirds of those in the first year. Currently, there are no specialized dairy yak breeds (FAO).

The fundamental idea behind integrated nutrient management, or INM, is to optimize plant nutrient supply in order to maintain the targeted crop yield. It entails using chemical fertilizers, organic manure, and biofertilizers in the right amounts according to the land use system and the environmental, social, and economic circumstances. Vermicomposting is a natural fertilizer that is devoid of chemicals and made from organic wastes that decompose. It is an environmentally benign process. Beneficial microflora, including those that fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus, and break down cellulose, are abundant in vermicompost. In addition to having earthworm cocoons, which boost the number and activity of earthworms in the soil, it also has important vitamins, enzymes, and hormones like auxin and gibberellins, which improve the soil’s structure, texture, aeration, and ability to hold water while preventing soil erosion. Additionally, because of its high organic matter content, it increases the soil’s capacity to retain water, improves the macro- and micronutrient quality of the soil, and encourages greater root development and nutrient absorption. Porosity, aeration, drainage, and water-holding capacity are all extremely high in vermicompost (Sinha, 2009). Profile of Nutrients in Vermicompost: C:N ratio of 15.5. N = 1.6%, P = 0.7%, K = 0.8%, Ca = 0.5%, Mg = 0.2%, Fe 175.0 ppm, Mn 96.5 ppm, Zn 24.5 ppm, Cu 5.0 ppm, T = 0.5%. Biofertilizers are substances that include living microbes that, when added to soil, colonize the plant’s interior, or rhizosphere, and increase the host plant’s availability or supply of primary nutrients, so promoting growth. Biofertilizers provide soil with nutrients by utilizing the body’s natural mechanisms of fixing nitrogen, phosphorus solubilization, and growth-promoting material production. It can symbiotically link with plant roots because it is a living entity. Complex organic material could be simply and safely converted into a simple chemical by the involved microorganisms, making it easier for plants to absorb them. Long-term microorganism function leads to an increase in soil fertility. It preserves the soil’s natural habitat. In addition to increasing plant development, it substitutes artificial nitrogen and phosphate by 25% and enhances crop output by 20% to 30%. According to Hazarika and Ansari (2007), biofertilizers have the capacity to fix 20–200 kg N/ha/year, solubilize

Based on the nature and purpose of the content, there are numerous classes of scientific communications. Theses represent the class of research communications that are of great importance to the students. Thesis is part and parcel of the master’s and doctoral programme in almost every academic institution. In some institutions, even the bachelor students are expected to submit their brief report on project.

Genus : Pistachia 
Species : vera L.
Family : Anacardiaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 30

Among the nut crops Pistachio nut (Pistacia vera L.) occupies a significant place for its delectable and nutty flavoured kernels which in large quantity is imported to India mainly from Iran and Afghanistan. On account of its demand for very exacting climatic requirements the crop has failed to establish successfully in number of new regions where efforts were made to introduce this crop, despite the fact that it resists drought and adverse soil conditions much better than more important fruits of the family Anacardiaceae. Pistachio trees are long lived but grow very slowly in early years of its plantation compared to many of the deciduous fruit trees. Alternate bearing is also a wide spread phenomena in this crop. Pista is a fruit of temperate region and can withstand wide fluctuation in temperature. The exact place of its origin though not definite, is often regarded to be indigenous to central Asia, where large stands of wild pistachio trees are found growing in abundance.

Water Requirements

Dairy plant requires large quantities of water on a daily basis for processing and cleaning purposes. Normally the specific water consumption ranges from 1000-5000 litres per 1000 litres of milk processed. The actual requirement can vary between dairies and is a function of 
    a)    Manufacturing process or manufacturing profile.
    b)    Auxiliary processes such as steam generation, design of the refrigeration processes and extent of social services.
    c)    Multiple use/reuse.
Water is a very valuable basic natural resource  and needs careful consumption. The water supply system in a dairy plant should be designed in such a way that consumption for each manufacturing department and auxiliary processes can be determined. This makes it possible to influence water consumption directly, and major losses can be determined very rapidly.

Soil is formed by disintegration and decomposition of rocks, minerals and organic matter, Soil is a habitant for plant growth and serves as a storehouse of water and food nutrients for plants, Soil is not same everywhere and varies morphologically, physically, chemically and mineralogically from one point to another both in horizontal and vertical directions. Development of soil informatics is necessary to classify the soils, to assess the productivity of soils for various crop productions and to use the soil for various purposes such as land capability classification, soil irrigability classification, soil rating and soil mapping.

Morphologically soil may appear red, yellow, black, brown or ashy in colour. Soil may vary from sandy to clayey in texture. Depending upon the nutrient reserve capacity, the soil may be fertile or infertile. On the basis of climate, a soil may be classified as laterite soil. Red earth and red loam soil, podzol soil or desert soil.

Different kinds of soil contain minerals of various types and amounts and so exhibit distinct physio co-chemical properties. Although various methods have been used in the past to classify the soils, the most modern and scientific methods is based on dominants pedogenic processes acting on a place to from a soil. The new method of soil classification has two important characteristics-Firstly soil classification is based on certain diagnostic parameters which could be estimated quantatively, and secondly depending on diagnostic parameters, a scientific method is being followed to classify a soil from higher to lower levels such as order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family and series.

I. FILL UPS

1. The seed act was passed in the year_____.
2. _____ advise the central and state government regarding suitability of seed testing laboratories.
3. _____deals with all the problems related seed certification and to coordinate the work of state seed certification agencies.
4. _____ agencies take sample to inspect seed lot and certify seeds of any notified kind of varieties.
5. _____ initiate testing program and collaborate with state seed laboratory and designed to promote uniformity in test results between all seed laboratories in India.
6. _____ look into the grievances of certified seed producers against a seed certification officials.

Introduction

This is a disease mainly of the respiratory system affecting domestic poultry, wild birds and zoo birds. Systemic aspergillosis affecting visceral organs and other tissues of the bird’s body is also reported. Reports are also available on eye and brain infections.

Horse

The brachial plexus in horse is formed by ventral branches of the last three thoracic and first two thoracic spinal nerves similar to that in ox. The disposition and distribution of nerve branches extending from the plexus is almost similar to that of the ox except the following two.

The radial nerve after reaching the musculospiral groove gives out a cutaneous branch that passes through the lateral head of triceps and is distributed to the skin on the lateral aspect of forearm.

The main trunk of the radial nerve after crossing the carpus descends along the medial aspect of the palmer surface of metacarpus as palmer medial metacarpal nerve and further down on the medial digit as palmer medial digital nerve.

The ulnar nerve descends the carpus and after reaching the metacarpal region joins the lateral branch of the median nerve, descends first along the lateral aspect of the palmer surface of metacarpus as palmer lateral metacarpal nerve and then along the lateral (abaxial) aspect of the lateral digit as palmer lateral digital nerve.

5.1. Seed village

Compact area approach in which the whole village is involved in seed production.

Concept is a win-win model (Deepak Mullick)

1.1. Origin and distribution

• Native to South East Asia especially India

• In India, it is cultivated in MP, Maharashtra and AP

1.2. Economic importance

• Oil of palmarosa - rusa or rusha or rosha

• Oil obtained from C. martini var. sofia - ginger grass oil.

• Essential oil - Geraniol- East Indian Geranium.

• Motia grass - fine yellow stem with dark green leaves and height 1.80-2.40 m.

• Sofia grass - purple stem, shorter (90-120 cm)

• Used as base for fine perfumery

• Avocado is a dense and evergreen tree can grow about 80 feet height
  • Single seeded berry - Fat – 24-26%
  • Recalibrate seeds - Sugar – 1% Rich in K, Fe, Vitamins – B
• Its energy value is twice as much as Banana fruit.
• Most leading avocado cultivar in the world – Fuertes.
• Avocado is classified into 3 distinct horticultural races.
  1. Mexican – Coli fried Duke Pernod
  2. West Indian – Pollock, Simmonds, Black Prince Fuchsia, Peterson, Waldin.
  3. Guatemalan – Taylor, Linda, Queen, Benit
• Duke seedlings are resistant to root rot and cold hardiness.
• Important to salad fruit

Key Points

• Vomiting is a common sign of various conditions, including irritants and toxins, kidney or liver failure, pancreatitis, neurological disorders, and digestive issues. Common in dogs and cats.

• Can be fatal in horses with acute stomach dilatation.

• Ruminants (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats) vomit by regurgitating ruminal material through their mouths.

Introduction

Vomiting is the violent ejection of stomach and, on occasion, proximal small intestine contents through the mouth caused by fierce contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles. It is the most prevalent protective disruption in the gastrointestinal system. Vomiting has three distinct phases: nausea, retching, and vomiting. A sense of nausea may or may not cause vomiting. Nausea is scientifically defined as sadness, salivation, lip-licking, and increased swallowing motions in animals. Retching is caused by a series of spasmodic respiratory movements involving the closed glottis. Vomiting is characterized by repeated thoracic invaginations of the abdominal esophagus and cardia. Projectile vomiting often occurs when an animal begins to vomit without going through three stages.

Some have described Mithun as domesticated Gaur others as a hybrid descent from the crossing of gaur bulls and common cows. Considered to have originated along the Assam and Myanmar border. • Mithun, also known as ‘Cattle of Mountain” is an important bovine species of north-eastern hill region of India and also of China, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh. This magnificent massive bovine is presently reared under free-range condition in the hill forests at an altitude of 1000 to 3000 m above mean sea level.

• Mithun plays an important role in the socio-economic and cultural life of the local tribal population.

• Presently, this animal is mainly reared for meat, which is considered to be more tender and superior over the meat of any other species.

• Mithun milk, though produced less in quantity, is of high quality and can be used for preparation of various milk products.

• Leather obtained from this species has been found to be superior to cattle.

12.1 Introduction
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important tropical and subtropical fruit crop, valued for its high nutritive content, processing potential, and adaptability to diverse agro-climatic conditions. In recent years, there has been a growing shift from conventional chemical-intensive farming towards eco-friendly and sustainable production systems. Organic farming in guava has gained importance due to its ability to enhance soil fertility, improve fruit quality, and reduce environmental degradation. The integrated use of organic manures, biofertilizers, and reduced chemical fertilizers has been shown to optimize yield while maintaining ecological balance.
12.2 Role of Organic Manures
Farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, and neem cake are commonly used organic amendments in guava cultivation. These materials improve soil physical properties, enhance microbial activity, and release nutrients gradually. Muhammad et al. (2000) reported that a combined application of FYM with NPK fertilizers significantly increased fruit size, weight, and total yield in guava. Similarly, Ebrahiem and Mohamed (2000) observed that FYM application in ‘Balady’ mandarin improved fruit set and yield, demonstrating the broad utility of organic amendments across citrus crops.

Structure of matter: every structure is made up of elements. Elements can join together to make compounds. The smallest particle of a compound is a molecule. The periodic table gives details of all elements.

Nucleus: the center of atom containing protons and neutrons and hence almost whole mass of the atom. 

Atom: the smallest units of matter composed of electrons are negatively charged, protons have a positive charged and neutrons are neutral. If there are more electrons atom will be negatively charged, if there are more protons it will be positively charged. The total charge of electrons is equal to protons and hence the atom is electrically neutral.

Genus   : Macadamia
Species : integrifolia Maiden and Betch
Family : Protaceae 
Chromosome No. : 2n =28

Macadamia nut is known as ‘Australian Nut’ or ‘Queensland Nut’ because of its origin in the rainforests of New South Wales and Queensland. The crop is sensitive to frost hence the site which suits orange and lemon tree cultivation is also good for macadamia. Macadamia through cultivated commercially in Australia it is in Hawaii that maximum improvement and advancement in terms of selection of superior cultivars has taken place and in short time of about 100 years macadamia culture has become a very fruitful entrepreneur. Presently there is huge gap between the macadamia nut demand and supply therefore efforts are being made to introduce macadamia into other tropical and subtropical parts of the world.