eChapters

Introduction

Dr. C.L. Fortescue presented a paper in 1918 in which he proved that a system of several vectors or quantities may be resolved into equal different symmetrical groups or systems.

The method of symmetrical components is a general one applicable to any polyphase system.

Because of the widespread use of 3-phase systems and the greater familiarity which electrical engineers have with them, symmetrical component equations will be developed for three phases.

In the Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults, the following assumptions will be made:

1. The generated emf system is of positive sequence only.

2. No current flows in the network other than due to fault i.e. load currents are neglected.

3. The impedance of the fault is zero.

4. Phase R shall be taken as the reference phase.

Introduction

Dr. C.L. Fortescue presented a paper in 1918 in which he proved that a system of several vectors or quantities may be resolved into equal different symmetrical groups or systems. The method of symmetrical components is a general one applicable to any poly-phase system. Because of the widespread use of 3-phase systems and the greater familiarity which electrical engineers have with them, symmetrical component equations will be developed for three phases.

The useful expression showing relationship between unsymmetrical and symmetrical component:

Social Control

Social control denotes the influence wielded by the public or society aimed at fostering the collective welfare of the group. It entails mechanisms that induce individuals to adhere to societal norms and moral standards, thereby guiding their behavior towards socially acceptable actions. The imperative role of social control lies in upholding societal stability, which is indispensable given the inherent variability of human nature and the pervasive impact of environmental factors.

Various scholars have offered insights into the concept of social control:

According to Mannheim, social control encompasses the array of methods employed by a society to shape human behavior, thereby preserving a predetermined social order.

Introduction

Plant pathogens induce diverse reactions in the body of their hosts. This result in creation of abnormalities which become visible on the plants. A visible or otherwise detectable expression of abnormal physiology, development, or behaviour in a plant resulting from disease is called symptoms. Normally, a distinction is made between symptoms and signs A symptom of disease is expressed as a reaction of the host to a causal agent, whereas, a sign is evidence of disease other than that expressed by the host. Signs are usually the structures of the pathogen. A disease is first noticed by the presence of symptoms and /or signs, and recognition of specific type of symptoms or sign aid in the eventual diagnosis of the disease.

Introduction
In the era of digital media consumption, smartphones have emerged as powerful tools for video creation and editing making it accessible to everyone, from casual users to professional creators. With advancements in mobile technology, users can capture high-quality video and audio and edit them seamlessly within mobile applications. However, one of the significant challenges in video production is achieving proper synchronization between audio and video tracks. This chapter explores the principles of audio synchronization, the importance of this process in video editing, and practical techniques for
achieving perfect alignment using smartphone applications.
Understanding Audio Synchronization in Mobile Video Editing
Audio synchronization, or “lip-syncing,” is particularly vital in videos where
dialogue, music, or sound effects are synchronized with visual cues. Accurate synchronization can help convey emotions, emphasize actions, and create an immersive experience. On smartphones, achieving perfect synchronization requires both intuitive tools and practical techniques to account for various factors, such as audio drift, frame rates, and video quality.
Smartphone applications for video editing typically support audio synchronization through visual audio waveform displays, alignment tools, and timing adjustments. These features empower users to manually or automatically adjust and align audio with visual footage.

Syncope can be aptly defined as sudden transient loss of consciousness and postural tone due to an abrupt cerebral hypoperfusion leading to a decreased availability of essential nutrients like glucose. Recovery from syncope is mostly spontaneous without any medical intervention. 

Abstract

Tsunami (2004), that struck the Tamil Nadu coast has left deep marks in the minds of the affected society. The interview conducted in the coastal villages of the tsunami affected Nagapattinam has brought out many salient societal issues like, loss of leadership, widow hood, debt grip, psychological depression etc, which warrant deeper look to bring them out from the syndrome.

Keywords: Tsunami (2004), Social issues, Nagapattinam, India

INTRODUCTION

The damages caused by tsunami (2004) along the coastlines of most of the South Asian countries are indelible not only from the minds of the coastal population but also from the heart of the entire humanity. The worst affected in the disaster are the fishing community. Many of their mechanized and un-mechanized boats and catamarans were converted to useless debris and garbages by the heartless tsunami. When their settlements themselves were swallowed even with out chewing, nothing to talk about their fishing nets which were just blown off by the ferocious tsunami. In addition, the infrastructure facilities like roads, communication systems, water and power supply were also incalculably damaged. Next to fishermen community, the affected souls were the farmers whose cultivable lands were turned into marine wet lands with swimming and tossing fishes. The Indian subcontinent was facing such onslaughts of various natural disasters periodically but our morale always stood by our side prohibiting us declaring them as national calamities for getting international aids. Specifically in this case, the central and state governments, NGOs and Voluntary Organizations have risen phenomenally to help the affected who were in need. Despite best efforts taken to provide relief and rehabilitation to the affected people, the tsunami has seedled some societal issues / syndrome, which may take long years to settle; it may not settle too. The paper discusses some of such issues gulled out through the interview conducted amongst various cross sections of the affected community.

Synergists are chemicals that significantly increase the toxicity of an insecticide while being nearly non-toxic on their own. Thus, non-toxic chemicals that contribute to the increased toxicity of insecticides are referred to as synergists. Many chemical substances have the potential to synergize with poisons. Some enzyme inhibitors work well synergistically by inhibiting enzymes that metabolize pesticides, particularly in insecticide-resistant strains. When mixed with other insecticides, some insecticides increase the toxicity of the latter at non-toxic dosages. When a mixture is more harmful than expected based on the sum of its separate efficacies when administered alone, the interaction between substances is known as synergy. Antagonistic interactions among components reduce a mixture’s efficacy.

Synergism can also develop between two or more poisons. Several statistical methods have been proposed to quantify the synergy of both non-toxic and hazardous substances. Toxin interactions are assessed using bioassays, which involve mixing toxicants (two or more) in a specific ratio. The combination is then used to prepare serial dilutions. Alternatively, the poisons can be supplied sequentially in the same amounts as in the mixture. Bioassays are also used to determine the dose-mortality response of each toxin on the same insect strain. The data are subjected to probit analysis, and the toxin interactions can be evaluated using the statistical methods listed below.

Introduction
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rapidly becoming one of the most critical challenges in global health, with profound implications for both human and veterinary medicine. The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections has eroded the effectiveness of many frontline antibiotics, making even routine treatments more complex and less predictable. Surveillance data from the World Health Organization’s GLASS initiative highlights the scale of the problem: resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli and methicillin in Staphylococcus aureus has reached alarming levels in dozens of countries, complicating the management of common infections and raising the stakes for therapeutic innovation. In veterinary settings, the crisis is equally urgent. Resistance has emerged across nearly all major antibiotic classes used in livestock, poultry, and companion animals. Contributing factors include widespread antibiotic use in agriculture, limited diagnostic stewardship, and the ease with which resistance genes spread within and between microbial communities. These trends not only threaten animal health and productivity but also increase the risk of zoonotic transmission, blurring the boundaries between veterinary and human public health. Global health authorities have long warned of a “post-antibiotic era” - a time when conventional antibiotics may no longer offer reliable protection against bacterial pathogens. Recent reports suggest that this era is no longer hypothetical. If current trajectories continue, drug-resistant infections could account for up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050, with staggering economic consequences. To address this escalating threat, researchers are exploring alternative therapeutic strategies that go beyond traditional antibiotics. Among the most promising are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and bacteriophage therapy. AMPs are naturally occurring molecules found in animals and other organisms, known for their broad-spectrum activity and rapid bactericidal effects. Their ability to disrupt bacterial membranes through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions makes them less susceptible to resistance mechanisms that target conventional antibiotics. Bacteriophages - viruses that specifically infect and lyse bacteria - offer a complementary approach. Phage therapy is highly targeted, capable of eliminating specific bacterial strains while sparing beneficial microbiota. Phage’s can also evolve alongside bacterial populations, potentially outpacing resistance development. In veterinary medicine, phage-based treatments have shown promise in managing infections in poultry, swine, cattle, and companion animals, particularly where antibiotic options are limited or ineffective. The combined use of AMPs and bacteriophages represents a novel and potentially synergistic strategy for tackling AMR. By leveraging distinct mechanisms of action and delivery profiles, these agents may enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce resistance selection pressure, and improve outcomes across a range of veterinary applications. This chapter explores the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic challenges associated with delivering such combination therapies, with a focus on optimizing their use in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

Modern agriculture faces the challenge of increasing food production while minimizing environmental impacts like soil degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. To address these issues, integrating microbial biotechnology with nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach. Nanoparticles (NPs) with plants and microbes, enhances nutrient uptake, plant growth, and stress tolerance. Bioinoculants, which contain beneficial microorganisms, promote plant health, but are limited by stability and environmental factors. The synergistic use of nanoparticles and bioinoculant offers a novel solution, improving crop yield, nutrient uptake, and resilience to stress, reducing dependence on chemical inputs. This integration supports the development of more resilient, resource-efficient, and environment-friendly agricultural systems.

Introduction
In the twenty-first century, the importance of the fisheries and aquaculture sectors to global food security and nutrition has become more and more evident. The global population is anticipated that there will be roughly 10 billion people (by 2050) on the planet, which will lead to an increase in food demand. Over the past few decades, the aquaculture sector acted as the most promising food-producing sector (FAO, 2022). According to reports, the aquaculture sector in India has suffered significant harm from the recurrent occurrence of infectious diseases with bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, which has hindered sustainable development. Reports have surfaced regarding the emergence and reappearance of diseases in aquaculture (Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2005). Over the past twenty years, there has been a major increase in the occurrence of pathogens and disease emergence and reemergence. In addition, it has become clear that diseases transcend the boundaries of land and water when they first appear or reappear. This means that the transfer of germs and the dissemination of diseases are closely associated with fish movement, particularly with live fish intended for aquaculture or ornamental seafood sector. Therefore, biosecurity measures are essential for safeguarding our food supply, the environment, and both human and animal populations from the introduction and spread of various diseases (Austin et al., 2022; Austin, 2023).

The communication system provides the forecaster with a large mass of figures; the next step is to put them into a suitable form for study. This is done by plotting the observations on a large outline map which in popular term is called a “Weather map” technically a “Synoptic chart” simplified synoptic charts appear in some newspaper.

A chart or map on which meteorological data presented and analysed is called a synoptic chart. Synoptic means having the same view point. The representation of the meteorological data in synoptic chart are atmospheric wind, temperature, pressure, cloud, precipitation, dew point etc., over a long area at a given local standard times.

ABSTRACT

Nature provides a wealth of information on natural products with novel architectur and very high medical potential. Given the enormous medical and economic impac of natural product pharmaceuticals we have obvious reasons to improve the activitie of the existing compounds and to discover new metabolites. Although natural product are a proven source of drug candidates they exert powerful physiological effects in one form or other. Only a small proportion of these compounds satisfy the rigorou criteria set by the pharmaceutical company. Also the amount of active compound isolated from the natural products is so small that it is difficult to exploit it in an industrial level. So there arises a need to synthesise synthetic compounds which ma be tested for bioactivity from the easily available starting materials by a simpl methodology. The quest for finding new drugs against various diseases such as AIDS cancer etc. act as a motivating factor in designing synthesis of new materials. In thi way most of the compounds synthesized can be tested for bioactivity to be effectivel used to fi ht a ainst certain dreadful diseases.

We have synthesised some polycyclic heterocycles through cycloaddition methodology and explored the bioactivity of the products. These molecules have basic skeleton of the natural products and possess the biological properties of the natural products. Thus they may be termed as pseudo natural products. These compounds are screened for antifungal and antibacterial activities and are found to possess bioactivity.

Keywords : Heterocyclic compounds, antifungal activity, DMSO, pathogens, inhibition zone.

3.1 Introduction

The concept of nanoscience was first described in 1959 by physicist Richard P. Feynman in a lecture to the American Physical Society and it was Japanese researcher Norio Taniguchi who coined the term nanotechnology in 1974 to describe precision engineering with tolerances of a micron or less. Eric Drexler in 1986 in his book Engines of Creation, brought nanotechnology into the public domain.

Techniques have been developed to produce nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, high pressure carbon monoxide (HiPCO),andchemicalvapor deposition (CVD).Mostof these processes take place in vacuum or with process gases. CVD growth of CNTs can occur in vacuum or at atmospheric pressure. Large quantities of nanotubes can be synthesized by these methods; advances incatalysis and continuous growthprocessesare making CNTs more commercially viable.

Aim

To synthesize chitosan/nanosilica coating solution for fruit coating aiming at increasing shelf life.

Introduction

Application of edible coatings is promising to improve the quality and extend shelf life of fruits and vegetables (Lin et al., 2011). Chitosan, a versatile biopolymer derived from deacetylation of chitin had been widely applied in the fresh-keep field owing to its good biocompatibility, biodegradability, antibacterial activity and capacities to form film (Lin et al., 2011).

The most commonly used technique has been discussed and we have tried to generalize the type of particle that can be synthesized by each of these methods. Though it is not a rule that is applicable to all cases but it can be applied to most cases.

Polymerization Radical Polymerization

The polymerization could be a free radical polymerization or an atom transfer radical polymerization. The process of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is better than the free radical polymerization as control of molecular weight and size of the particle can be achieved. The coating of polymer on silica nanoparticles is generally done by ATRP. The surface of the silica particle is modified with a suitable initiator.

Aim

To synthesize iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles

Introduction

Iron oxide nanoparticles have a number of applications in catalysis, sensors and high sensitive biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. They can be synthesize by the bottom-up approaches including the sol-gel technique.

Aim

To synthesize silver (Ag) nanoparticle.

Introduction

The Ag nanoparticles easily interact with other particles and increases their antibacterial efficiency. The Ag nanoparticles can be synthesized using various methods: biological, chemical electrochemical, γ-radiation, photochemical, laser ablation etc (Udapudi et al., 2012). The most popular preparation of Ag colloids is chemical reduction of Ag salts by sodium borohydride or sodium citrate (Udapudi et al., 2012).

16.1 Introduction

The stabilization of ultra fine as nano-particles in suspension is very important for both controlling the particle size and for developing process based application of these suspensions to achieve a desired result. Generally, two approaches, namely, Top Down and Bottom-Up approaches are followed for the preparation of ultra fine or nano particles. In the Top-Down method, production starts from the micro-scale and the particles size is reduced to nano-size through repeated impact and collision in high-energy ball mills. However, controlling of size, morphology, surface properties and electrostatic charge is often difficult. In the Bottom-up approach, production of nano-particles starts with the individual atoms and building up to a nano-structure by chemical processes.