eChapters

Acute tympany, commonly referred to as bloat, is a serious digestive disorder in ruminants characterized by the rapid accumulation of gas in the rumen,, leading to ruminal distension. If untreated, this condition can cause severe discomfort, respiratory distress, and even death due to circulatory failure or suffocation. Tympany is categorized into two types: frothy bloat and free-gas bloat, each requiring distinct management approaches. Nutritional management is central to preventing and treating acute tympany. This chaper provides an indepth discussion on the causes, pathophysiology, clinical signs, and nutritional
strategies to manage and prevent acute tympany in ruminants.
Types of tympany
1. Frothy bloat: Occurs when gas produced during fermentation becomes trapped in a stable foam, preventing its release through eructation (belching). It is associated with diets high in lush legumes (e.g., alfalfa, clover) or finely ground grains.
2. Free-gas bloat: It results from physical or functional obstruction of the esophagus or impaired eructation mechanisms. Common causes include esophageal obstruction, hypocalcemia, or damage to rumen motility.

Plum weevil : Amblyrrhinus poricollis, Myllocerus laetivirens, M. sabulosus, M. undecimpustulatus : Curculionidae

Adult beetles feed on the epidermis of fresh and tender leaves leaving behind only the network of veins and affected leaves dry up and fall. They cause serious damage in young plantations.

Defoliating beetles
 
Adoretus duvauceli, A. versutus, Anomala dimidiata, A. flavipes, A. lineatopennis, A. rufiventris, Holotrichia longipennis, Hilyotrogus holosericeous, Lachnosterna coriacea, L. crinicollis, L. longipennis, Mimela passerine, M. pectoralis.

Abstract

Data pertaining to 1761 records on daily milk yield and 1416 milk samples for estimation of fat and SNF percent in Banni buffalo during the year 2008-10 were collected from the breeding tract under In-situ conservation project on Banni buffalo and utilized for present study. The overall means ± SE for daily milk yield was 09.86 ± 0.07 lit. The month-wise daily milk yield was observed highest in second month, followed by 1st (12.96 ± 0.19 lit), 3rd (12.73 ± 0.19 lit), 4th (11.66 ± 0.20 lit), 5th (10.81 ± 0.25 lit), 6th (09.77 ± 0.23 lit), 7th (08.58 ± 0.18 lit), 8th (07.26 ± 0.17 lit), 9th (06.15 ± 0.11 lit), 11th  (05.70 ± 0.10 lit), 10th (05.41 ± 0.09 lit), 12th (05.78 ± 0.08 lit) and 13th  (05.48 ± 0.63 lit) months of lactation. The data on milk constituents’ viz. fat and SNF percent was grouped according to the seasons of the year and morning – evening milking.

Origin and history: Jackfruit is a common and popular fruit crop of the low land tropics of eastern and southern parts of India. This fruit tree grows well without much care. It is the largest edible fruit (20-40kg), in Srilanka a fruit of about 120 kg was harvested and created the world record. The fruit is also called as poor man’s food in eastern and southern part. The tree has considerable potential, but it is yet to receive due attention in India it is not generally cultivated in regular plantations and is mainly grown in homestead for domestic uses and as a shade tree in coffee or cardamom plantations. The largest area of jack fruit is in Assam, jack fruit can grow in a wide variety of soil but in grow well in rich, deep alluvial soil.

For the accurate identification and diagnosis of plant disease and plant problems a foundational knowledge of terms and definitions is vital for developing concepts, doing research, discussing and communicating issues and providing clarity to your work. The following terms and definitions are basic to the study of plant pathology. They are, however, just a brief introduction to the vocabulary of the science. If you have limited or no background in the subject and you are just getting started, the concepts and terminology of plant problems can seem somewhat daunting. However, your vocabulary and skill will develop through exposure to diagnostics, experience and correct use of the appropriate terms.

Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases and the abnormal conditions that constitute plant disorders. Etiology is the determination and study of the cause of disease. A pathogen can be living or non-living, but usually refers to a live agent. A pathogen is an organism which causes a disease. Pathological is a condition of being diseased. Pathogenic is having the characteristics of a pathogen and pathogenicity is the capability of a pathogen to cause a disease.

A plant disease is an abnormality in the structure and/or function of the host plant cells and/or tissue as a result of a continuous irritation caused by a pathogenic agent or an environmental factor. A disease is not static; it is a series of changes in the plant. All plants, to some extent, are subject to disease. Plant disease is the result of an infectious, or biotic agent or a noninfectious, abiotic factor. Plant injury is an abrupt alteration of form or function caused by a discontinuous irritant. Plant injury includes insect, animal, physical, chemical or environmental agents.

A causal agent is a general term used to describe an animate or inanimate factor which incites and governs disease and injury. A causal organism is a pathogen of biotic origin. When a pathogenic agent is virulent it can cause disease and if the agent is avirulent it is a variant of a pathogen that does not cause severe disease.

Earlier, it was a general perception that frost is something like snow that falls from the sky onto the Earth and causes cooling of the plant surface leading to freezing and lethal damage. But, with advancement in knowledge, it is now well understood that it is the cooling of a surface to a subzero temperature which leads to solidification of the water vapours present in the air onto it resulting in the formation of a white crystalline layer of ice molecules. The ice so formed further grows into the plant system causing damage to it through intracellular or intercellular freezing.

Introduction

In recent years, women have made remarkable strides in the veterinary field, bringing a wealth of skill and dedication to various sectors, including clinical practice, research, academia, and industry. Today, women comprise a significant portion of the veterinary workforce. However, the path to leadership and career advancement still presents unique challenges. Gender biases, limited representation in senior roles, and the constant balancing act between personal and professional life often stand in the way. As a woman in this field, I understand the significance of leadership development and the impact it has on creating a meaningful, rewarding career. This session aims to equip women veterinarians with actionable strategies and essential leadership skills to advance their careers meaningfully. Leadership is not merely a title; it’s about creating positive change, setting examples, and inspiring those around us. For women in veterinary medicine, it means breaking barriers, making a difference, and contributing to animal welfare and public health. By cultivating confidence and a focused approach, women can rise to leadership roles that truly make an impact.

Video titles play a critical role in grabbing viewers’ attention and establishing the tone and theme of the video. Adobe Photoshop, known for its robust text and graphic design capabilities, is an ideal tool for creating custom, professional video titles. In this chapter, we will explore the basics of title design, step-bystep instructions for using Photoshop to design titles, and tips to make text visually appealing and engaging for video content.
Introduction to Video Title Design
Video titles are the first visual cue that sets the audience’s expectations. An effective title is visually appealing, represents the video’s theme, and provides essential information, like the video’s name or segment titles. Adobe Photoshop allows designers to combine typography, graphics, and special effects, creating dynamic title sequences that draw viewers in.
Key Elements of Effective Title Design
• Font Choice: Selecting a font that suits the video’s theme is crucial. Serif fonts often suggest a formal tone, while sans-serif fonts are more modern and clean.

New varieties of bougainvillea have been developed in India at different research institutions, nurseries, botanical societies and also by individual efforts. Details have been mentioned above. New varieties developed at CSIR-NBRI need special mention. 

CSIR-NBRI has developed a number of new varieties by using various available breeding tools viz. through spontaneous mutation, classical breeding, chromosome manipulation and induced mutation (Banerji 2007, 2008, Banerji and Datta 1986, 1988, 1993, 1996, Banerji et al., 1987, Data and Banerji 1990, 1994a,b, Datta 1992b, 2004, Nath et al., 1983, Ohri 1995, Sharma 1996, Zadoo et al., 1975b, Jayanti et al., 2007, Roy et al., 2015).

Fruit borer (Anar butterfly): Deudorix(Virachola) isocrates; D. epijarbas: :Lycaenidae

This is a pest distributed all over India and adjoining countries .It has a host range covering apple, gooseberry ber, citrus, guava, litchi, loquat, peach, mulberry, pear, sapota and  tamarind. Adult is a beautiful glossy bluish to brownish violet butterfly with an orange patch on forewings and a tail in the hind wing.

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to analyse factors contributing to participation of rural women in Self Help Groups (SHGs), constraints faced by them and to elicit their opinion to strengthen the role of SHGs. The finding has revealed that, majority of the respondents has suggested that they should be provided with loans and the rate of interest on loans should be less.  Further, they also suggested that instead of existing loan structure from the bank and saving amount within the group must be increased which can be invested on other activities. It was also reasoned that the provision of low interest loan from the banks and purchase of raw materials at cheaper rate can improve the financial status of farm women.

Common names:  Sessile joyweed, Joyweed, Dwarf copperleaf (English), Geluti (Hindi), Ponnanganni green (Tamil) Latin names: Alternanthera sessilis (L) Syn: Alternanthera nodiflora R. Br., Gomphrena sessilis (L), llecebrum sessile (L) Linnaeus belongs to family Amaramlnaceaes.

Habit and Habitat
 
Perennial herbs, pantropical, damp shady areas, swamps, pond margins, shallow ditches, road sides, low-lying waste lands, damp pastures, cultivated areas. In New Guinea, «a plant of damp places; ditches, wet headlands, roadsides; sometimes a weed of plantations, particularly at altitudes of 1500 m or higher. From near sea level to over 2000m» (Henty & Pritchard, 1975). In Tonga, «occasional as a waste area weed» (Yuncker, 1959).

The review deals with 151 species of plants covering 138 genera and 66 families used by the tribes for curing women diseases involving 172 practices. Fabaceae is the dominant family with 13 species followed by Caesalpiniaceae (9 spp) and others curing a variety of ailments. The useful plants be subjected to phytochemical and pharmacological tests to determine the effective constituents and characteristic biological activity.

1. Introduction

Primitive man gets much enthusiasm towards green plants and started to examine the property of using plants by trial and error and obtained different beneficial properties. India is one of the 12 megadiversity countries and comprises of two hot spots. The World Health Organization (WHO) has compiled a list of 20,000 medicinal plants used in different parts of the globe. In India the scheduled tribe population is 104,545,716 constituting 8.6% of country total population of 1,210,726,932 (Census 2011) belonging to over 550 tribal communities and 227 ethnic groups. They inhabit about 5000 forested villages and occupying about 15% of country’s geographical area.

There are thousands of diseases, which attack crop plants. Classification can be made based on several criteria. The various ways of classifying diseases of plants are given below.

A. Based on Type of Infection

1. Localized disease- affecting only a part of the plant; leaf spots and anthracnoses caused by different fungi.

2. Systemic disease- affecting the entire plant.

B. Based on Symptoms

Rusts, smuts, wilts, blights, cankers, mildews, rots, damping-off, die-back, scab etc.

Purpose-Planting of foliage and flowering trees, shrubs, climbers, annuals, perennials and lawn in a piece of land by adopting certain principles is termed as garden design. The objective of a garden layout by adopting a design to provide recreation, enjoyment and education to the society. Natural flora, religion, topography of land and climatic had played a major role in the development of garden designs. Basically there are two garden designs. In one the plantation of shrubs, trees, climbers etc. and lawns is done by adopting a geometrical design and maintaining bilateral balance whereas, in the other one the plantation is done by taking in account the topography and terrin of land, containing open lawns and cluster of trees. The former is called formal are artificial garden while the later is called as informal or landscape garden.

Elephant foot yam is an underground stem tuber belonging to the family Araceae, one of the most popular tuber crops, extensively used as a favourite vegetable by millions of people in India. It has both nutritional and medicinal value and is usually consumed as cooked vegetable. It has high dry matter production capability per unit area than most of the other vegetables. Elephant foot yam is a remunerative and profitable stem tuber crop. The crop is gaining popularity due to its shade tolerance, easiness in cultivation, high productivity, less incidence of pests and diseases, steady demand and reasonably good price.

Various physical, chemical and biological factors interdependently affect the fungal colonization or production of the mycotoxin. Physical factors such as temperature, relative humidity and insect infestations create ideal environment for fungal colonization and mycotoxin production. Stresses such as drought, an increase in temperature, and an increase in relative humidity may selectively alter colonization and metabolism of mycotoxigenic fungi and thus alter mycotoxin production (Russell et al., 1991). Cool and damp weather favours the germination of the sclerotia and thus ergot alkaloid formation in fescue and ryegrass.

Biological factors are categorized into intrinsic factor such as fungal species, strain specificity, strain variation and instability of toxigenic properties. Interaction between the toxigenic fungal species and substrate affect the fungal colonization and mycotoxin production. Some plant species are more susceptible to colonization and some resistant plant species may also get infestation due to favourable environmental conditions.

Drought is a situation when the demand for water is much greater than the availability of water. Drought is a creeping phenomenon and it is experienced only after it has set in. The scarcity of water compared to demand will have greater impact on every activity of human life including failure of crops, food shortages, decline in ground water table, drying tanks, lakes or reservoirs, acute shortage of drinking water for humans and livestock shortage for cattle etc.

Drought will have very serious impact on economy of households as well as that of nation. There are five different types of droughts depending upon the nature of shortage of water

10.1 Meteorological Drought

Meteorological drought occurs when the water received through rainfall during a given period is much less than long period average rainfall of the area. The meteorological drought is associated with either failure of rain or due to long gap between the successive rainfall events. In India, meteorological drought occurs due to failure of south west monsoon or long breaks in south west monsoon rainfall. In Tamil Nadu the drought occurs due to failure of north east monsoon rainfall during months of October to December.