eChapters

14.1 Introduction
India is now the top producer of milk globally, accounting for 13.1% of the world’s total milk output. Fresh milk, if left at room temperature, will spoil within a few hours. To extend its shelf life, some of the fresh milk can be converted into fermented products. This fermentation process not only prolongs the product’s shelf life but also enhances its flavor and makes it easier to digest. Historical evidence suggests that people have been making fermented milk products since as far back as 10,000 B.C. Various strains of Lactobacilli have been cultivated in labs to create a diverse array of cultured milk products with unique flavors. Since as early as 10,000 B.C., milk has been utilized to produce fermented dairy items in different parts of the world. These fermented products offer benefits such as improved digestibility, distinctive tastes, added probiotics, vitamins, minerals, and extended shelf life. There is an enormous diversity of fermented dairy products globally, with each product’s characteristics influenced by the local strains used in the fermentation process.
14.2 Lassi
In India and Pakistan, lassi is a somewhat common beverage. It is produced by combining Indian spices with water or milk and curd or yogurt. Sweet lassi is made with sugar or fruits rather than spices; traditional lassi, sometimes called salted lassi, or just lassi, is a savory beverage occasionally seasoned with ground roasted cumin.

Purpose

The bulk density varies indirectly with total pore space present in the soil and gives a good estimate of porosity of soil. Bulk density is of great importance than particle density in understanding the physical condition of soil.

Soil bulk density is defined as the ratio of the mass of the oven dry soil to its bulk volume.

Method of determination

Different methods are available for bulk density determination which differ how the soil sample is obtained and its volume is determined such as core, clod and excavation methods. There are other methods for the determination of bulk density where different principles are employed, for example, radiation method. Commonly used methods are weighing bottle, core and clod method.

Soil texture refers to the relative distribution of sand, silt and clay on a sample of <2 mm size. It is an intrinsic soil property and basically refers to the particle size distribution in a soil. A number of physical characteristics and chemical properties of a soil are influenced by texture or particle size distribution. To estimate the content of sand, silt and clay particles, the soil samples are first brought into a dispersed state by mechanical and chemical treatments so that different binding agents are removed. In the dispersed soil samples, the soil particles settle down at a differential settling rate according to their size. In laboratory, the common methods for analysis for particle size distribution are : Buyoucos hydrometer method and International pipette method. In this chapter, the procedure of Buyoucos hydrometer method is described.

Principle

This method is based on the principle of variable rate of settling of particles as per their size and as described by Stokes’Law. Large particles shall settle fast. The measurement of density of the suspension is done at different times using a hydrometer (ASTM 152H-Type hydrometer is preferred). The measurement in this hydrometer is based on a standard temperature of 20 _oC and a particle density of 2.65 Mg m_-3 and the units are expressed in grams of soil per liter.The principal source of error in this procedure is the incomplete dispersion of soil clays as the clay particles are cemented by agents such as organic matter, CaCO and iron oxides. Incomplete dispersion results in low values for clay and high values for silt and sand. Thus, soils with higher organic matter (>1.0%) should be first treated with 6% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for removal of organic carbon. The rate of sedimentation is also affected by temperature and the density of the dispersing solution.

K ration: It is a lightweight packaged ration of emergency foods developed for the U.S. armed forces in World War II (Plate 215).

Kairomone: A chemical substance emitted by one species and especially an insect / plant that possess an adaptive benefit (stimulus for oviposition) to another species.

Kaiser rolls: A round crusty roll often used for sandwiches (Plate 216).

Kalamata/calamata: It is brine cured black olive grown in Greece.

Kallikrein: A hypotensive protease that liberates kinins from blood plasma proteins and is used therapeutically for vasodilation.

Kanji: Clean, black coloured, crisp and sound product of characteristic flavor prepared by full fermentation (chiefly lactic acid fermentation) of black carrot with 2.5% salt, 1% powder mustard and some amount of water.

Kaposi’s sarcoma: It is a neoplastic disease that occurs in individuals coinfected with HIV and a specific herpes virus (species Human herpesvirus 8 of the genus Rhadinovirus), that affects skin and mucous membranes, and is marked by pink to reddish-brown or bluish plaques, macules, papules, or nodules.

Blood transfusions, while life-saving, can sometimes result in adverse reactions. These reactions range from mild allergic responses to severe hemolysis or anaphylaxis. Prompt recognition and administration of appropriate antidotes are crucial to mitigate these effects and ensure patient safety. This chapter discusses the antidotes used in different species of animals for blood transfusion reactions, their doses, and species-specific considerations.
Types of transfusion reactions
I. Febrile non-hemolytic reaction: Caused by leukocyte antigens or cytokines in the donor blood.
II. Allergic reaction: Due to hypersensitivity to plasma proteins.
III. Hemolytic reaction: Immune-mediated destruction of transfused red blood cells (RBCs).
IV. Volume overload: Excessive fluid administration leading to pulmonary edema.
V. Anaphylaxis: Severe, life-threatening allergic response.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis has been recognized as one of the most important infectious diseases in the world because of its high global impact and its chronic debilitating character, particularly in the poor section of society. Milk-borne tuberculosis is directly or indirectly related to the consumption of raw milk from infected dairy herds.

1. Botanical name : Dillenia indica L.

2. Family : Dilleniaceae

3. Common Name : Elephant Apple, Indian catmon

4. Name in Indian languages

Chalta, Karambel (Hindi), Paanca phal, Panca kule, Ram phal, Thulo tatri (Nepali), Avartaki (Sanskrit).

Technical Term          Definition

Soil                             Soil is the superficial unconsolidated and usually weathered part of the mantle of a planet and especially of the earth

Introduction
Dill seed/sowa belong to the genus Anethum and it is derivative of Greek word ‘aneeson or aneeton’, meaning thereby strong smell. The botanical name of dill seed is Anethum graveolens L. It is the only species falling in the genus Anethum, and known as East Indian dill or Sowa (Anethum graveolens var. sowa Roxb. ex, Flem.) in India. It is cultivated as a foliage crop in rabi season stretched in the Indian subcontinent.
Origin
It seems to be originated in South-east Europe or South-west Asia and also native to Central Asia, Mediterranean and southern USSR. It belongs to India, as it is found growing in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, A.P., M.P. and Rajasthan.
Uses
• Used as in abdominal discomfort, colic and promoting digestion.
• Cures ‘vata’, ‘kapha’, ulcers, eye diseases and uterine pains.
• Paste of dill seed with milk is used for external use in rheumatic and swellings of joints.
• Attributed to tonic, rejuvenating and intellect promoting properties.
• Used as condiment.
• Seeds are used as carminative, aromatic, galactogogue, mildly diuretic, stomachic and stimulant.

Common salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in the health and productivity of livestock and poultry. It is a major source of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl), both of which are vital for maintaining osmotic balance, acid-base regulation, nerve conduction, and muscle function. However, deficiencies or excesses of common salt can lead to severe health issues, reduced productivity, and even mortality in animals. This chapter discusses common salt disorders, their causes, symptoms, and the nutritional management strategies necessary to prevent and mitigate these
problems.
Importance of common salt in animal health
1. Electrolyte balance: Sodium and chloride maintain osmotic pressure and fluid balance within the body.
2. Acid-base regulation: Sodium and chloride are crucial for maintaining acid-base homeostasis in the blood.
3. Nerve and muscle function: Sodium is essential for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions.
4. Digestive health: Chloride is a major component of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid), which aids in digestion.
5. Milk and egg Pproduction: Adequate salt levels are required for optimal production in dairy animals and laying poultry.

Journal ratings are instrumental in shaping the trajectory of scientific research, particularly in the field of agricultural sciences. They significantly influence the visibility, credibility, and funding of research endeavors, often acting as benchmarks for academic excellence and institutional prestige. However, the methodologies used to assign these ratings have been a subject of intense scrutiny due to their lack of transparency and inherent biases. This chapter explores the multifaceted role of journal ratings in agricultural sciences, shedding light on their impact on research priorities, academic careers, and international scientific collaborations. It also examines the limitations of current rating systems, including their excessive reliance on metrics like the impact factor and the geographical biases that disadvantage researchers from developing countries.
2.1. Importance of Journal Ratings in Agricultural Sciences
Agricultural sciences encompass a broad range of disciplines, from crop genetics and soil science to agricultural economics and rural development. The field is pivotal for addressing global challenges such as food security, climate change, and sustainable development. Journal ratings serve as a critical tool for researchers, institutions, and funding agencies to evaluate the quality and relevance of scientific contributions.
2.1.1. Enhancing Research Visibility
High-rated journals often serve as the primary platforms for disseminating groundbreaking research. Publishing in these journals ensures greater visibility among peers, policymakers, & practitioners. This visibility is crucial in agricultural sciences, where translating research findings into practice can have immediate and far-reaching impacts on food systems and livelihoods. For instance, research on drought-resistant crops published in a high-impact journal is more likely to influence agricultural policies and attract investment in technology transfer

Normally raw milk contains different levels of inhibitory substances, which restrict the normal development of bacteria and some times may even kill them. The degree of inhibitory activity varies considerably in milks of different species, viz, cow, buffalo, human. Maximum activity present in human milk, variations occur in the milks of individual animals and some times even at different milking or from different quarters of the udder of the same animal.
There are two groups of antimicrobial substances present in milk:
    1.    Inherent or naturally occurring substances in milk. 
    2.    Non- inherent compounds secreted into milk from other sources.

What is an IVR

IVR or Interactive Voice Response is a technology that automates interaction of a database with telephone callers. Enterprises are increasingly turning to IVR to reduce the cost of common sales, service, collections, inquiry and support calls to and from their company.

IVR solutions are generally used with pre-recorded voice prompts and menus to present information and options to callers, and touch-tone telephone keypad entry to gather responses. Modern IVR solutions however, also enable input and responses to be gathered via spoken words with voice recognition.

IVR solutions enable users to retrieve information including bank balances, flight schedules, product details, order status, movie show times, and more from any telephone. Additionally, IVR solutions are increasingly used to place outbound calls to deliver or gather information for appointments, past due bills, and other time critical events and activities.

1. Botanical Name: Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

2. Family: Ebenaceae

3. Common Name: East Indian ebony, Tendu

4. Name in Indian languages

Tendu, Timburni (Hindi), Kend, Kendu (Bengali), Abanasi, Balai (Kannada), Kari (Malayalam), Tendu, Temru, Timburni (Marathi), Dirghapatraka (Sanskrit), Karai, Karundumbi, Tumbi (Tamil), Tuniki, Beedi, Aaku (Telugu).

Technical Term                            Definition

Geomorphological Analysis       Geomorphological analysis is the systematic description of watershedís geometry and its stream channel system to measure

                                                   the liner aspects of drainage network, aerial aspects of drainage basin and relief aspects of channel network.

Introduction

Our agrarian economy is undergoing amazing changes as a result of the technological and digital revolutions, increased urbanisation, the unprecedented rise in middle income groups, rapidly changing consumer patterns and tastes, and most importantly, as a result of climate change and environmental degradation. As a result of these changes, agriculture now faces both new challenges and opportunities to improve in terms of productivity, economic reward, social justice and inclusivity, and ecological sustainability.

The counterfeiting problem has a significant influence on the agrochemical sector. Over the past few years, spurious agrochemical products have gained market dominance on a global scale.

Abstract
The village Kakching Khunou of Thoubal District, Manipur is found highly suitable for Watermelon cultivation. Mr. Thokchom Nganthoi Singh a young
farmer who is a novice in agri-business proved to be successful agri-business of watermelon in Kakching Khunou. The study noted that prominent extension approach was of farmer-to-farmer extension while venturing the enterprise. The total cost for cultivation of watermelon was around `50000-60000/- per Ha with a profit of ` 1,50,000/- per Ha. In three years (2016-18) the farmer mark as success in cultivation of watermelon and also started cultivating cucumber and other vegetable crops in his small farm successfully.
Keywords: Watermelon, Agri-business, Farmer, Kakching Khunou
Introduction
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), family Cucurbitaceae originated from West- Africa augurs well as a very promising scrambler and trailer fruit plant.

Background
During a fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), a small amount of mammary tissue fluid is removed using a fine needle by applying suction, and cells present therein are identified in a thin smear. FNAB has been the most sensitive, quick, and precise tool for the differential diagnosis of malignancy. However, further research is required into the possibility of malignancy in dogs based on cytological evidence and candidate gene expression analysis. This is a noninvasive cancer detection technique and is often used in clinics.
Materials and Reagents Required
1. Fixative- cold acetone, ethanol, or aldehyde-based fixative (10% neutral buffered formalin/ NBF or paraformaldehyde).
2. Ethanol – 70%, 90% and 100%
3. Washing buffer (phosphate buffer saline)- PBS
4. Clean glass slides – preferably positively charged
5. 22-gauge needle fitted with 2 ml syringe
Procedures
Prepare for a dog having a mammary tumor
• Clean the site of the mammary tumor with alcohol and allow it to dry.
• Keep slides ready, clean, and dry.

Vegetation is a key component in hydrologic modeling. Transpiration, a component in hydrologic cycle, is contributed by vegetation. Most of the hydrologic model thus includes vegetation as a parameter. For accurate and appropriate model output, first requirement is good quality data. Most of the time, the data on vegetation is confusing, as in literature various researcher have used different values for common vegetation parameters. Here some common parameters of some important crops, which yield good quality results, are given.

Kharif crops are generally sown during last week of May and first week of June, while rabi crop are sown during last week of November and first week of December. But this period will vary from region to region as well as depends on variety of crop.