eChapters

Bronzing is a complex nutritional condition in guava (Psidium guajava L.). It manifests in the interveinal tissue of older leaves as bronze or copper colour development, while terminal leaves remain green. This is attributable to the inadequacy of elements P, K and Zn. Bad management and low soil fertility coupled with soil acidity are often due to it.

Bael (Angle marmelos) is an important arid fruits belongs to family Rutaceae and consists 2-3 species of which only one is in cultivation. It is important indigenous fruits of India, drought hardy tree, flowering and fruiting coincides with the onset of monsoon and fruits mature before commencement of summer. The tree shed off entire leaves during hot summer and fruits are exposed to direct sunlight, which favors ripening of fruits.

Observation recording: Now a days green felling is completely banned. Fuelwood species are managed under clear-felling systems and tree species infected by insects and pests are felled selectively. The students are advised to visit the fuelwood plantations and forests areas where selective felling is going on.

Curriculum reorientation is necessary, when any one in use is no longer responsive to the needs, interests and unable to meet the demands of the farming community to which it is intended to serve. In any case a number of factors, such as those listed below, must be taken into consideration while reorientation:

There should be an analytical assessment of the existing agricultural extension curriculum in order to justify any proposed reorientation.

Learning needs of the farm university graduates and farmers should be reviewed from the point of view of both individual learner requirements and national development needs.

To overcome the challenge of popularizing pigeonpea hybrids in the country, it is considered fair enough to compare the hybrid rice with respect to their seed production technology, yield advantages and profitability to the farmers and seed producers. Since both pigeonpea and rice are grouped under self-pollinated crops, this comparison, in the views of authors, may help in encouraging hybrid pigeonpea seed producers and those involved in marketing of hybrid seed.
  
Rice is a highly self-pollinated crop and earlier hybrids were not possible because it was essential that large quantities of hybrid seeds are produced easily and economically. In China, the birth place of hybrid rice, this impossible looking task was accomplished. To launch this program, the Chinese scientists decided to alter the pollination system of rice.

Q.1.    What are the major clinical findings in mastitis?
    Ans.    These are abnormalities of secretions, abnormalities of udder related to size, consistency, temperature and sometimes systemic reactions.

Q.2.    How clinical forms of mastitis could be classified based of severity and duration?
    Ans.    Based on severity it is classified in four forms: Per acute mastitis, acute mastitis, subacute mastitis and subclinical mastitis. However, based on duration it is of three forms: Short term clinical or subclinical mastitis (Coliform mastitis), recurrent mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, Streptococcal dysgalactiae mastitis) and persistent clinical or subclinical mastitis (Streptococcus agalactiae mastitis).

Q.3.    What is sub clinical mastitis?
    Ans.    In sub clinical mastitis there is evidence of inflammation which is evidenced by only raised SCC in milk without any visible abnormalities of milk and udder.

As stated before, a careful assessment of the existing curriculum is essential before any modification is undertaken and must take into account the country’s education policy, political, economic, demographic, cultural, social and technological environment. Problems of farmers to be solved, needs to be satisfied, and priorities to be identified and addressed and then only the recommendations made for action.

Xanthan gum: It is a polysaccharide that is produced by fermentation of carbohydrates by a gram-negative bacterium (Xanthomonas campestris) and is a thickening and suspending agent used in pharmaceuticals and prepared foods. It is also called xanthan. Xanthan is a stabilizer produced by Xanthomonas compestris (Plate 671). Xanthan is not hydrolysed or degraded by humans.

Xanthones: It is a group of yellow pigments e.g. mangiferin in mango,

Xanthophyll: Yellow hydroxyl carotene derivative which is present in all green leaves together with chlorophyll and carotene. Xanthophyll is a pigment containing O2 derived from carotene (Plate 672).

Xerophilous: An organism which is thriving in or tolerant to a xeric environment is called xerophilous.

El Nino means ‘The Little One’ or ‘Christ Child’ in Spanish. It was originally recognized by fisherman of the coast of South America as the appearance of usually warm water in the Pacific Ocean, occurring near the beginning of the year i.e. around Christmas. That is why the name is used. El Nino, the periodic warming of Pacific Ocean waters that affects the weather worldwide. C. Fred and T. Andrus of the University of Georgia studied the ancient fish bones from refuse left about 6000 years ago by ancient peoples in Peru and found that ocean catfish lived in water that averaged 60 to 70 warmer than now and that there was little variation in temperature. He concluded that if El Nino was occurring at the modern rate, once every two to seven years, then the bones from the fish would have reflected the temperature variation.

Cashew is one major crop of Konkan region of Maharashtra and requires comparatively less expenditure for cultivation as compared with other crops. Under normal planting density (7m x 7m), about 200 plants/ha are occupied. If the cashew grower has its own land, then for first five year of orchard establishment and maintenance, total expenditure of Rs. 47447 is come up. Year wise expenditure (first five years) on cashew cultivation per hectare is presented in Table 61.

Objectives

1. To know about value addition and its benefits.
2. To know the value added products of various spices and condiments.

Value addition: The maximum realization of the price of the product through processing, packaging and marketing.

Benefits of value added products over raw spices

1. Easy to carry
2. Long lasting flavours
3. More volume can be handled / per unit area
4. Easy to store, free from bacterial contamination.
5. Increases foreign exchange as they are used in food industry, preservatives and pharmaceutical industry.

Internal necrosis has been observed in Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) fruits. Francis cultivar, preceded by Banarsi, is highly susceptible. The symptoms begin with browning of the inner majority of the mesocarpic tissue in the 2nd or 3rd week of September at the time of endocarp hardening, which later spreads to the epicarp, resulting in brownish black flesh appearance. Internal fruit necrosis is associated with boron deficiency during the fruit development.

Observation recording: The students are advised to visit the different forests areas and identify various insects and pests damaging trees in various ways like leaf feeding (defoliator), stem boring (stem borer) damaging seeds (seed borer) etc and various pathogens. Collect the specimens from field bring them in laboratory and identify with the help of inhouse specimens in college laboratory or standard literature viz. The Ecology and Control of the Forest Insects of India and the Neighbouring Countries by Beeson CEC, Forest Pathology: Principles and Practice in Forestry by Bakshi, BK.

• Content approach

We can identify several different ‘traditional’ approaches to curriculum development. The most common approach until recently is the ‘content’ approach. This is where the curriculum is basically a list of knowledge – things that the agricultural graduating learners need to know. Usually this list is made by a curriculum development committee or group of experts identified at the national level.

Yabby: It is one of the burrowing Australian crayfishes (Cherax destructor) that are used for food.

Yakitori: A bite-size marinated pieces of beef, seafood, or chicken on skewers is called yakitori.

Yam: It is edible starchy tuberous root of plants (genus Dioscorea of the family Dioscoreaceae) used as a staple food in tropical areas (Plate 676).

Yautia: It is one of the aroid plants (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) chiefly of tropical America with starchy edible shaggy brown tubers that are cooked and eaten like yams or potatoes (Plate 677).

Yearling mutton: Meat obtained from 12-20 month aged sheep. It is also called Earling mutton.

Yeast: Unicellular plant body, very minute in size containing cell wall, cytoplasm with one or more vacuoles and a single nucleus, cause alcoholic fermentation (Plate 678). Yeast usually has little or no mycelium, and reproduces by budding. It results in production of yellowish surface froth or sediment that occurs in saccharine liquids (fruit juices) in which it promotes alcoholic fermentation, consists largely of cells of a fungus (as the saccharomyces, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and is used in the making of alcoholic liquors and as a leaven in baking.

With the advent of hybrid technology, it is natural to assess its potential benefits at the national level. To meet the domestic requirement of pigeonpea, about 50.000–60,000 metric tons of pigeonpea is imported annually from Myanmar and Africa. In this communication, an attempt has been made to look into the possibility if we can meet the entire domestic needs of pigeonpea through the adoption of hybrid technology. It is a big question but the goal is not impossible. The estimates shown in Table 18 show that if only 2% of total pigeonpea area can be brought under hybrids, the target can be met with ease. This will require seed production in only 700-800 hectares.

Objectives

1. To identify the morphological character of different spices and condiments.
2. To know the best variety of particular crop in that region.
3. To know the problems which are the main drawback of that region in the cultivation of spices and condiments.
4. To know the feedback of farmers.

General information of Institute

1. Name of Institute:
2. Address of the Institute:
3. Establishment year of the institute:
4. Director of the Institute:
5. Total area of the Institute:
6. Climatic condition of Institute: