eChapters

Introduction

Hydrogels are loosely cross-linked, highly hydrophilic, organic polymers. They can absorb and retain aqueous fluids up to 500 times of their own weight (Singh et al., 2011). In the field application, such absorbents exhibited a limited swelling capacity within the soil matrix.

1. Botanical Name : Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre

2. Family : Rubiaceae

3. Common Name : Divine Jasmine, Tamilnadia

4. Name in Indian languages

Kalaphendra (Marathi), Wagatta, Kalikarai (Tamil), Pindichakka (Malayalam), Kuka-elka (Telugu), Pidaar(Nepali).

5. Description

Divine jasmine is a very rigid, ramous, small tree, armed with numerous strong thorns. This found in bogs, swamps, banks of rivers and other moist places. It flowers in the beginning of the hot season. The flowers of this species, are known for beauty. It is good shrub for flower garden. It is an important medicinal plant because each and every part of it can be used for medicinal purposes. Sometimes leaves of the plant are used to make chutney.

6. Origin and distribution

It is native of India. It is distributed in India, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Thailand, Vietnam. In India, this species is found in moist deciduous forests.

TV Talk
The talk delivered through TV i.e. through an electronic audio-visual medium which provides pictures with synchronized sound. The medium is cosmopolite in nature and can be used to develop instant mass awareness.

Important points while writing a programme for broadcasting
• Writing should be catchy, readable, conversational sound, understood and absorbed by the audience.
• Writing should be in simple, known language avoiding too much technicalities
• Interest of the listener should be sustained continuously
• Application of figures should be done judiciously
 

Catheters are hollow tubes made up of rubber, gum elastic, polyethylene or teflon or metal and are indicated.
 
    1.    To evacuate fluid from the body cavity.
 
    2.    To collect fluid sample from the hollow organ.
 
    3.    To administer medication inside a hollow organ.

(Method of Saryre, 1963 and IAEA, 1969)
Introduction

This technique helps in detection of very small amount of stable elements in fairly large quantitites of extraneous matter. Trace elements like zinc, copper, molybdenum and arsenic which exist in minute amounts in certain organs or tissues. For example, to detect the amount of copper present in one gram of tissue. using 1 mg of thin copper foil as control. Normal copper contains 69 percent ⁶³Cu and 31 percent ⁶⁵Cu. The (n,r) reactions on these two stable isotope produce ⁶⁴Cu and ⁶⁶Cu respectively. The half life of ⁶⁴Cu is 12.8 h and that of ⁶⁶Cu is five minutes. Therefore the latter can be ignored, if more than that an hour elapses between the end of the irradiation and the measurement. The specific activity of the unknown separate is compared with that of the known standard separate, and the content of Cu in the original tissue sample is thereby calculated.

Principle

The principle of Electrophoresis involves the motion of a particle in a fluid medium, where the gravitational attraction (on a flowing liquid) is the sedimenting force, and the frictional force is the opposing force and is proportional to the velocity of the particle. These forces balance each other acting in opposite directions and hence balance each other. This will lead to the uniform motion of the particle in the mobile liquid medium (i.e. the particle moves at constant velocity). In case the external field is an electric field instead of a gravitational field, a macromolecule will respond to the external field in two ways. In case the molecule is charged, it will migrate in an electric field to the electrode of opposite charge. Under this principle the technique of electrophoresis functions.

All electrophoresis operations are governed by the principle:

The essential plant nutrients, or essential elements, are listed in the Table 41. It enumerates 16 chemical elements of which the essentiality for plant growth and reproduction has been established according to the criteria formulated by D.I. Arnon and P.R. Stout, 1939. This listing has existed since 1954 with chlorine as the latest addition (cited by Hopkins 1999).

These plant nutrients are classified into various groups:

1.    Major elements and trace elements : Of the 16 listed, 9 are major elements or macronutrients and 7 are trace elements or micronutrients. Major elements are those which are needed by plants for their growth and reproduction in relatively large amounts while trace elements are needed in smaller amounts compared to the former. The major elements are further sub classified into structural elements (carbon, oxygen and hydrogen), primary macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), and secondary macronutrients (calcium, sulfur, and magnesium). Micronutrients are Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Mo4 and boron (Table 41).

1. Botanical Name : Vitis himalayana Br.

2. Family : Vitaceae

3. Common Name : Wild grape, Himalayan Woodbine

4. Name in Indian languages: Bhambti, phlankur (Himachali), Chappar tang, Bara churcheri (Kumaoni).

5. Description

This climbing shrub is commonly found in the forests. One of the important characteristics of this wild grape is that they ripen very late i.e., in October. The plant has tuberous roots.

6. Origin and distribution

Himalayan Woodbine is found in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to Sikkim, South West China and Myanmar at altitudes of 1800-3300 m. In India, it is found in Himachal and Uttarakhand.

7. Morphology

Himalayan Woodbine is a very large climber, growing to 18 m long. It has trifoliate leaves with 3 ovate long-pointed, sharply toothed, stalked leaflets. Leaves are shining green above and pale on the underside, about 10 cm long. The lateral leaflets have asymmetrical bases. Flowers are tiny, yellow-green, in spreading flat-topped clusters. Flowers have petals about 5 mm long, with 4-5 stamens. Fruit is a black berry.

Recommendations

Based on the empirical research, following recommendations can be made for this specific area of research:

(i) Land size based planning for business communication can help the growth and success of farm enterprise.

(ii) Rice based farming system, supported by irrigation is offering a unique opportunity for capacity building of the farmers of West Bengal.

(iii) Training, focusing on business communication, handling ICT tools and mobile telephony, can go a long way for making communication behavior more adaptive to present social ecology of agriculture and allied sectors of West Bengal.

(iv) Social capitals like, Schools, Panchayat, Credit organizations, Market linked institutions, are to be integrated for shaping up a new form of Entrepreneurial communication behavior.

Limitations: The most important limitations which have been observed in this research are as follows:

Present work was undertaken to study the effect of doxycycline and doramectin inmale rats. Following exposure to doxycycline hyclate orally for 28 days at dose rate of 10,16.50 and 33 mg/kg, rats of any doxycycline treated groups did not show any clinicalsigns, mortality or abnormal behaviour. Percent body weight gain was significantlyreduced in rats of group treated with doxycycline (16.50 and 33 mg/kg). A significantincrease in relative weight of left and right testes was found in rats exposed to doxycycline(33 mg/kg). Doxycycline did not produce any change in haematological parameters in ratsof doxycycline treated groups. Blood glucose level, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol andBUN levels was significantly increased in rats of group exposed to doxycycline (33mg/kg). Rats of group treated with doxycycline (16.50 mg/ kg) exhibited a significantdecrease in blood HDL cholesterol level. Hepatic SOD level was significantly increased inrats of group treated with doxycycline (33 mg/kg).

Apricot is commonly known as Armenian plum. Its scientific name Prunus armeniaca derives from the assumption that apricot was known in Armenia during ancient times and has been cultivated there for so long that it is often thought to be native of that place. The cultivated apricot has its origin in North-Eastern China, whereas wild apricot, popularly known as ‘Zardalu’, appears to be indigenous to India. Generally, there are two types of apricot, namely, sweet kernel type and bitter kernel type.

1. Botanical Name : Vitis lanata Roxb.

2. Family : Vitaceae

3. Common Nam : Wild grape

4. Name in Indian languages

Bhambay (Himachali), Asajiya, Asoja, Paharphuta, Purain (Kumaoni), Kolo, Kolo nari (Santali).

5. Description

Vitis lanata grow naturally throughout the sub-Himalayan tract, ascending up to 1,500 metres in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It is woody climber.

6. Origin and distribution

It is native of East Asia from Himalaya to China. It grow wild in the northwestern Himalayan foothills. It is found in hills upto 1500 metres in the Himalayas particular on moist open rocky places.

3.1. Integrated nutrient management

Maintenance of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of all possible sources of organic, inorganic and biological components in an integrated manner.

3.2. Concepts

Regulated nutrient supply for optimum crop growth and higher productivity.

Improvement and maintenance of soil fertility.

Zero adverse impact on agro – ecosystem quality by balanced fertilization of organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and bioinoculants in an integrated manner.

Principle of construction of flash cards
• Flash cards are non-projected visual aid in which series of illustrated cards are flashed as presented in a proper sequence to explain complete story.
• The story must be familiar, with specific heading and suggestions at the last.
• Simple words and local expressions should be used in flash cards.
• Total number of flash cards must be 10 -12 which are easy to remember to farmers
• Card: Select white or light coloured thick paper.
• Flash card should be large enough for everyone to see at least 22 x 28 inches and simple line drawing or photographs or cartoons having plenty of colours.
• Content: Each set should have a title card. The story should be divided into a number of scenes,

Vegetables which are consumed raw without cooking are known as salad crops. In temperate regions, a large number of quick growing cool season crops like lettuce, celery, parsley, endive, chicory, chervil, cress, water cress etc. are consumed as raw. Only lettuce and celery are cultivated on a commercial scale in developed countries. Growing awareness on nutritional values of raw vegetables and also health consciousness of people resulted in increased consumption of salad vegetables in tropics too. Vegetables like onion, cucumber, tomato, carrot, radish, beet root, cabbage, capsicum, melon etc. are used as salads without cooking. 

(Hindi: Salad) Fam.: Asteraceae (Compositae)

Lettuce is the most popular salad crop of the world and the most important vegetable crop in temperate regions. The crop is grown mainly under protected structures in temperate countries. Tender leaves and heads are chopped and used as salad along with salt and vinegar.

The incidence of mammary tumor accounts for 25% of all the recorded tumors in dogs worldwide. Overall, about 198 cases of CMT are recorded per one lakh female dogs annually throughout the world which is quite an alarming percentage (Gray et al., 2020). Malignancy has also been recorded up to 45% which increases the fatality among morbid cases. Epidemiology of CMT is poorly documented particularly in India. In an epidemiological study conducted on canine tumors in Jammu in 2018, the overall prevalence was only 2% over a period of one year. The malignant tumors accounted 41.66% of the mammary tumors (Sharma et al., 2018). The rate of benign and malignant tumors incidence was reported as 46% and 54%, respectively. In another study conducted on the incidence of CMT in Ludhiana (Punjab) in 2020, it was found that 33.96% tumors were benign and 66.03% were malignant (Dash et al., 2020).

Future Scope of the Research

The present study has been conducted by driving the insights deeper into the nature, intensity and character of the problems creating barrier against the Entrepreneurial communication. Entrepreneurial communication nowadays is a need in these days of unemployment and stands to be both the means and method of sustaining life process in terms both assets and capital, it needs more comprehensive study. Attaining Entrepreneurial communication among the upcoming and motivating entrepreneurs, anywhere is an endless process by itself. The present study thus leaves behind the following domains to be researched out in future:

The study can be extrapolated to other domains of entrepreneurship.

1) Modeling of Entrepreneurial communication including the positive motivation, can be achieved through further studies.

2) The future study of this particular topic has a scope to include several contextual and realistic variables other than the variables included in this study.

3) The structure and the function of Entrepreneurial communication behavior and process, can well be understood from further study of the similar topic.

4) There is a scope of methodological innovation in future and application of artificial intelligence in this study

5) Policy research on Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurial communication as to monitor or rationalize the magnitude of rural entrepreneurship, for keeping the pace of growth unabated can be achieved.

Introduction
Ocular micrometer and stage micrometer are used to measure the size of microorganisms. The Ocular micrometer consists of a circular disk of glass which has graduations engraved on surface. A stage micrometer or objective micrometer has scribed lines on it that are exactly 0.01mm (10 micrometer) apart. Ocular micrometer is calibrated for the objective first. To calibrate the ocular micrometer for a given objective, the two scales are superimposed and determined how many of the ocular gradation coincide with one graduation on the stage micrometer scales. Thus, the distance between the graduations on the ocular micrometer can be determined and so the size of the organism can be determined.
Materials
1. Ocular micrometer
2. Stage micrometer
3. Microscope
4. Stained slides of yeast or bacteria

(Method of Visek et al., 1953; Lueker and Lofgreen, 1961)

By using isotope dilution technique, It is possible to separate faecal calcium into endogenous and exogenous fractions. The true digestibility can be measured independently by making correction for faecal endogenous loss. The isotope dilution method described by Visek et al., (1953) involves daily intravenous injection of 45Ca for 15 days, followed by a collection of the serum and the faeces for 15 days. However, these numerous veinpunctures result in considerable discomfort to the animal. Lueker and Lofgreen (1961) modified this method in sheep by giving a single subcutaneous injection of 45Ca, followed by a collection of blood and the faeces for 7 days only.

The endogenous faecal calcium and true digestibility of calcium is calculated by the formula of Lofgreen and Kleiber (1954) as given below:

here are many methods for extracting DNA from gel apart from using commercial kits, some methods however yield cleaner DNA than others.

1. Freeze squeeze

Excise band and place pieces of it in a home-made spin-column (a piece of filter placed in a PCR 0.5ml eppendorf, pierced the bottom of the PCR tube with a needle). Place the PCR tube at -20 °C for 15-20 mins or freeze in liquid N2. Then place the PCR tube into the 1.5 ml eppendorf and spin at top speed in a microfuge for 15 mins, collect DNA solution which can be EtOH ppt or use directly.

2. Powdered silica

Melt excised bands at 70°C cool and add equal volume of TE-buffered phenol and mix. Spin for 5 min, remove aqueous phase, repeat and EtOh ppt. the DNA.

3. Electroelution