eChapters

19.1 Python Turtle Graphics

Turtle is a special feathers of Python. Using Turtle, we can easily draw in a drawing board.

First we import the turtle module. Then create a window, next we create turtle object and using turtle method we can draw in the drawing board.

19.2 Some Turtle Method

Example

from turtle import *

t = Turtle() #object in python

wn=Screen()

wn.title(?my first graphic”)

wn.bgcolor(?yellow”) #color filling in window

t.shape(?turtle”) #turtle shape given

t.color(?red”, “green”)

Abstract

Complex industrial wastewater by using conventional treatment method is a significant challenge for its safe disposal. Recently, two step treatments by aerobic bacteria using activated sludge process followed by rhizofiltration has been recommended as a promising technology for detoxification of complex industrial waste. In activated sludge process recalcitrant compounds are biotransformed along with biodegradation of organic waste. Aerobic treatment may be activated sludge process, trickling filter or aerobic lagoon process, which one is used for treatment  it is based upon the characteristics of wastewater. Carbon and nitrogen ratio along with other organic compound is also play important role for microbial growth and degradation of pollutants. During degradation of various pollutants, metal microbes interaction play significant role for its bioremediation either through adsorption or bioaccumulation.

• In most insects, life begins as an independent egg (ovipary).

• Majority of insects are oviparous. Egg stage is inconspicuous, inexpensive and inactive. Yolk contained in the egg supports the embryonic development.

• Eggs are laid under conditions where the food is available for feeding of the future young ones.

• Production of eggs by the female’s body is called oogenesis and the egg laying process is known as oviposition.

• The outer protective shell of the egg is called chorion. Near the anterior end of the egg, there is a small opening called micropyle which allows the sperm entry for fertilization. Chorion may have a variety of textures.

• Size and shape of the insect eggs vary widely.

What is Computer Network?

A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected to each other. The network allows computers to communicate with each other and share resources and information. The Advance Research Projects Agency (ARPA) designed “Advanced Research Projects Agency Network” (ARPANET) for the United States Department of Defence. It was the first computer network in the world in late 1960’s and early 1970’s

There is only one type of scientific research and that is to solve a real problem or to understand the universe and provide a solution –either with the experiments or by putting a hypothesis. However, we have classified the research in various types as per our comfort. But for the employed researchers, it may be a matter of concern if they are working on time bound research schemes as their services may be co-terminus with the project and they may face the problem of un-employment, after termination of the scheme. According to the scholars’ activities and type of research being carried out in the country, we can discuss the subject under following topics.

Crops are grown in soil. There are different types of soil. The soil type helps farmers decide what crops will grow best because some crops do better with particular types of soil. Testing the soil helps determine what nutrients are available or unavailable for growing certain crops. Farmers usually have local agricultural experts test the soil on their land for information on how to proceed in growing crops. The best soil has a balance of nutrients, such as potassium, magnesium, and others. Certain crops may need more of one nutrient, so farmers put back those ingredients into the soil for better crops.

Six different types of soil are listed below along with the crops which do well in these soils.

1.Loam: This type of soil helps grow the best possible crops because it provides the necessary elements for plant growth and development. Loamy sand contains mostly sand plus clay and silt. Such soils are good for root vegetables, such as carrots, radish, turnip, beets, leafy vegetables, potatoes and tomatoes.

2.Clay: Cabbage and broccoli grow well in clay soil, but it is not good for root vegetables because of its dense texture which does not allow free flow of water.

3.Sand: Root vegetables, such as turnips, parsnips, and carrots, grow well in sandy soil.

4.Silt: Silty soil is fertile and offers nutrients for plant development. Lettuce, cabbage, carrots, turnips, and many other vegetables flourish in silt. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries do well.

5.Peat: Peaty soil provides plant growth when mixed with rich organic matter, lime, and compost that reduces its acidity. Legumes, root crops, cabbage, and spinach are easily grown in soil that’s well-drained.

6.Chalk: Sweet corn, beets, spinach, and cabbage are among the vegetables that benefit from chalkier soil. It is recommended that farmers use fertilizers and balance the pH levels to deal with the alkaline that can sometimes stunt growth.

16.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the definition of plastic, its types and characteristics. For each type of plastic, its molecular structure, properties, advantages and disadvantages and applications are presented.
16.1.1 Origin of Plastic
Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, a process that increased rubber’s elasticity and resilience, in 1839, which resulted with the discovery of plastic. One of the earliest known polymer combinations was the creation of Charles Goodyear. Celluloid, or Parkesine was discovered in 1855 by Alexander Parkes. This substance is a blend of cellulose nitrate and camphor/lime. Additionally, it was the first thermoplastic to become rigid when cold and flexible when heated. In the years that followed, several noteworthy discoveries were made, such as the separation of PVC in 1835 by the French physicist Victor Regnault, the invention of the first synthetic polymer (or industrial plastic) in 1869 by John Wesley Hyatt, and the introduction of transparent food packaging in 1900 by Edward Brandenberger.
16.1.2 Plastic and its Constituents
Plastic is a class of materials that is utilised in electronics, construction, medical equipment, packaging, etc., because of its extreme versatility. This synthetic or semi-synthetic material can be moulded using a variety of methods. It is created from petrochemicals or natural materials like cellulose or starch. The basic components are chemically altered to create polymers, which are lengthy sequences of molecules. Then, these polymers can be moulded using blow, extrusion, or injection moulding techniques to create a variety of shapes. Another name for some plastics is resins. Based on their chemical makeup, plastics can be divided into two primary categories, viz. thermoplastic and thermoset/ thermosetting plastic. The thermoplastics can be moulded, melted, and remoulded repeatedly. Thermoset/ thermosetting plastic cannot be heated again. Polymers come in a variety of forms, both synthetic and natural. Among the materials most frequently used in the creation of plastic are coal, natural gas, cellulose, starch, crude oil, and salt. Plastics are mostly made by two processes that call for certain

Introduction

Green house is a structure in which external climatic factors can be controlled for cultivation and protection of crops. It has mainly two parts. (a)  a frame or the basic structure and (b) the cladding or covering material (U.V. film) Frame can be made of G.I. pipes, bamboos, woods or iron rods while the cover can be of glass or plastic films. In India the technology is primarily used. Greenhouse technology is more suited to vegetables crops (such as tomato, cauliflower, capsicum, cucumber, leafy vegetables etc.), and flowers (like rose, gerbera, carnation, etc).  This technology is mainly suitable for commercial farming, as it requires investment in setting up the entire framework.  Based on cooling systems of the greenhouse, it can be classified as naturally ventilated and fan-pad type greenhouse.

2.1. Types of plant diseases

2.1.1. Types of infection

1. Localized diseases

Garden

Garden is a place where vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants are grown mainly for recreation. The garden incorporates both natural and man-made materials.

Types of garden

The major garden types which shall be discussed are: English garden, Mughal garden, Persian garden, Italian garden, French garden, Japanese garden etc. Out of these the Mughal, Persian, Italian and French styles fall in the category of formal gardens, whereas the English and Japanese gardens are classified in the informal style of gardening.

5.1. Types of farming

Arable: Crops.

Pastoral: Animals.

Mixed: Crops and animals.

Subsistence: Grown just for the farmer and his family

Commercial: Grown to sell.

Intensive: High inputs of labour or capital usually small.

Extensive: Low inputs of labour or capital.

Sedentary: Permanently in one place.

Nomadic: The farmers move around to find new areas to farm.

Classification of the farming systems based on following criteria

Available natural resources, include water, land, grazing areas and forest; climate especially altitude; landscape including slope; farm size, tenure and organization.

Dominant pattern of farm activities and household livelihoods, include field crops, livestock, trees, aquaculture, hunting and gathering, processing and off-farm activities.

The machine parts, which have relative motion, rub against each other. The rubbing surfaces are never perfectly smooth, even when they are highly polished. If they are observed under a microscope, one sees small depressions and elevations which get interlocked when the machine parts are under pressure, and give rise to a resisting force called frictional force. Due to friction, the parts get worn out and become useless. Friction produces heat, which, in this case, represents loss of work. To reduce this wear and loss of power caused by friction, certain foreign substances are introduced between the rubbing surfaces which keep them apart. These substances are called lubricants; and lubrication is the science of reducing friction by the application of a suitable substance between the rubbing surfaces of bodies having relative motion.

Introduction

Advertising plays a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior and brand perception. It serves as a bridge between businesses and potential customers by delivering persuasive messages through various channels. In a rapidly evolving global economy, advertising has taken multiple forms, catering to diverse audiences across different cultural and geographical landscapes. This chapter explores the major types of advertising with a comparative view of global and Indian perspectives, supported by examples and references.

1. Print Advertising: Print advertising has been one of the oldest and most reliable forms of advertising, traditionally appearing in newspapers, magazines, brochures, and pamphlets. Despite the rise of digital media, print advertising continues to thrive in several developed economies where niche magazines and local newspapers still have a dedicated readership.

Example: The “Got Milk?” campaign in the USA effectively used magazine and newspaper ads to promote dairy consumption

In India, print advertising remains relevant due to the high circulation of regional newspapers and magazines. Many companies prefer print media to reach rural and semi-urban populations where digital penetration is still evolving. Example: Amul’s witty and satirical print

Aquaria, commonly known as fish tanks, are mainly categorized by the type of water they use—freshwater, brackish, or marine—and the kind of habitat they aim to recreate. They may also be classified by size, function, or the species they are intended for. Generally, aquaria fall into categories based on water composition, user intent, and maintenance complexity.
Freshwater aquaria are the most widely kept due to their simplicity and suitability for beginners. These tanks typically house species like guppies, mollies, and goldfish. Brackish water aquaria contain water with intermediate salinity, ideal for species such as archerfish and scats, requiring specific care conditions. Marine aquaria, designed for saltwater organisms like clownfish and coral, demand precise salinity levels and advanced filtration systems, making them more challenging to maintain.
By purpose, aquaria include community tanks, which accommodate multiple compatible species, and species-specific tanks, dedicated to observing the behavior and breeding patterns of a single species. Breeding tanks are specialized setups designed for reproduction and fry care, ensuring optimal water quality and feeding conditions. Planted aquaria focus on cultivating live aquatic plants alongside fish, combining aesthetic appeal with ecological stability.
Additionally, commercial aquaria are typically large-scale setups used in public displays, pet trade, or scientific studies. In contrast, domestic aquaria are maintained at home for personal recreation or hobbyist-level breeding activities.

Types of Bakery Products

Baked goods are produced from either doughs or batters which are a mixture of flour and water made by mixing, beating, kneading or folding. The processing method depends on the ingredients being used and the product being made. Bread is either leavened or unleavened. Leavened bread is made from a mixture of flour, yeast, salt and water. Unleavened bread does not contain yeast and therefore does not rise. It is flat bread that is quicker to make than yeast-bread.

Biological control is defined broadly as the “use of natural or modified organisms, genes, or gene products” to reduce the effects of pests and diseases. The many approaches to biological control can be categorized conventionally into regulation of the pest population (the classical approach); exclusionary systems of protection (a living barrier of microorganisms on the plant or animal that deters infection or pest attack) and systems of self-defense (resistance and immunization) (Anchal Sharma et al., 2013). The agents of biological control include the pest- or disease-agent itself (sterile males or a virulent strain of pathogens), antagonists or natural enemies, or the plant or animal managed or manipulated (immunized) to defend itself. Principles of plant health care are offered, know the production limits of the agro-ecosystem, rotate the crops, maintain soil organic master, use clean planting material, plant well-adapted, pest resistant cultivars, minimize environmental and nutritional stresses, maximize the effects of beneficial organisms and protect with pesticides as necessary.

Biological control is the control of one organism by another. This control may be expressed as either a longer population of the pest or as a restriction or prevention of the severity or incidence of pest damage without regard to the pest population (Cook and Baker, 1983). Biological control depends on knowledge of biological interactions at the ecosystem, organism, cellular, and molecular levers and often is more complicated to manage compared with physical and chemical methods. Biological control is also likely to be less spectacular than most physical or chemical controls but is usually also more stable and longer lasting. In spite of biological controls having been used in agriculture for centuries, as an industry biological control is still in its infancy. Biological control is now being considered for an increasing number of crops and managed ecosystems as the primary method of pest control. One reason for its growing popularity is its record of safety during the past 100 years considered as the era of modem biological control (Anchal Sharma et al., 2013). No microorganism or beneficial insect deliberately introduced or manipulated for biological control purposes has, itself, become a pest so far as can be determined, and there is no evidence so far of measurable or even negligible negative effects of biocontrol agents on the environment. The new tools of recombinant DNA technology, mathematical modeling, and computer technology combined with a continuation of the more classical approaches such as importation and release of natural enemies and improved germplasm, breeding, and field testing should quickly move bio-control research and technology into a new era.

2.1 Nitrogenous biofertilizers

These biofertilizers augment nitrogen to the plants through fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, either symbiotically or asymbiotically. The major nitrogenous biofertilizers are:

2.1.1 Rhizobium

The word Rhizobium is a Greek word where “rhiza” refers to root, and “bios” refers to life. Rhizobium was first named by Frank (1889) which means ‘root living’ in Latin (Fig. 3). Some species of Rhizobium were later moved to new genera based on phylogenetic analysis. It consists of 49 rhizobial species and 11 non-rhizobial species.

Once entrepreneurship is decided upon, there are three main routes an entrepreneur may follow. He can start a new livestock business, he can also purchase an existing livestock business or he can take over a family livestock business. In the first case the entrepreneur begins from scratch on all his own ideas, as there are no existing problems or concerns from a previous owner. He has the freedom to start the business in his own way. However, the risk is higher and he has to devote time, effort, and money—especially for startup expenses such as equipment, building, etc. When the entrepreneur purchases an existing business he has advantages of smaller startup costs and building on the existing goodwill or loyalty of established customers. This option is good if the entrepreneur does not have a great deal of business experience. Disadvantages might include inheriting existing problems such as poor location, stiff competition, fluctuating market, equipment problems, and poor reputation. In the third instance an entrepreneur takes over family business. In this situation, an entrepreneur has the support and training available from the family members, creating trust and togetherness that bonds the business as one entity. Maintaining separate family and business relationships is the biggest obstacle to overcome, making it difficult to get away from the business. Personality conflicts, different interests, changed values, and burnout are a few reasons that familyowned businesses don?t survive to the second generation. A person who grows up in the family business may be ready to spread his or her wings and explore new career aspirations.

Mammary tumors are either of benign or malignant types. Benign tumors are defined as mass or lump of cells unable to invade the neighboring tissue/ organ and less likely to re-grow after removal. However, malignant tumors are the tumors which have the ability to invade other tissues/ organs and tend to re-grow even after surgical removal. Malignant tumors grow at faster rate as compared to benign tumors. Nearly, 40-50% of canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are malignant.