eChapters

Date:

Objective: To practice giving appropriate feedback.

Description: Communication is a cyclic process. The message originates from the source and is reaches the receiver. The receiver then decodes the message (i.e; makes sense)and sends a message back to the sender to convey his/her understanding or agreement with the message that has been received. Feedback not only completes the communication cycle, but also takes the process forward.

Objective: To identify key characters of the order Neuroptera and explore the characteristics of the family Chrysopidae.

Order: Neuroptera

Etymology: Neuro (nerve) + Ptera (wings) = Wings with net-like patterns of veins

Common Members: Lacewings, Aphid Lions, Ant Lions, Alder Flies, Snakeflies

Key Features of Neuroptera

1. Neuroptera possess two pairs of similar-sized membranous wings with a complex, net-like pattern of veins.

2. They are relatively fragile insects and weak fliers.

3. Antennae are filiform, with or without a terminal club.

4. Both adults and larvae have chewing mouthparts, with larval mandibles being very strong and elongated. Some larval mouthparts are modified for piercing and sucking.

5. Larvae are compodiform and predaceous.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is a multipurpose crop that has been grown for orange red dye.
2. Safflower oil contains _____ % linoleic acid.
3. Orange red dye extracted from safflower flowers is called _____.

Streptococcosis has been reported from avian species worldwide. Bacteria produce acute septicemic and chronic infection. Streptococcosis has wide range of host ranging from many avian species including wild birds.

Etiology

Streptococci are Gram-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile facultative anaerobes. They occur singly, in pairs or short chains. S. zoozooepidemicus is species associated with disease in avian species. Other species of streptococcus (S. bovis, S. dysgalactiae, S. pleomorphus) have occasionally been isolated from birds.

The prime objective of any plant breeder is to develop high yielding varieties and make the quantity of quality seed of those varieties to farmers for commercial cultivation to realize the benefits of superior varieties. This necessitates, the production of seed of improved varieties in large scale in order to make them available to farmers without losing their genetic purity. Seed production is a continuous process. The seed of improved varieties are produced in several stages, each class producing a special class of seed. The various classes of improved seeds are recognized in order to facilitate seed production and to ensure continuous supply of quality seed. A seed production programme for the production of quality seed has different classes of seeds viz; nucleus seed, breeder seed, foundation seed, registered seed and certified seed. The Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies (AOSCA) has defined these seed classes as follows:

1. Nucleus Seed

Basic or nucleus seed is the original seed of a released and notified variety. Nucleus seed is multiplied by single plant progeny system, using the concept of maintenance breeding, where purity of the original parental stock is maintained. It is available in very limited quantities and taken from the individual plant of a variety for purification. It is directly under the controlled of concerned crop breeder. This seed has hundred percent genetic and physical purity. Breeder seed is multiplied out of this material and about 500-1000 plants are kept for continued multiplication of nucleus seed.There is no need of any type of tag on nucleus seed but concerned breeder issue a certificate for purity.

The Kjeldahl method is mainly divided into three main steps. This method needs to be carried out in proper sequence. 

Date:

Objective:To understand the concept of perception and its role in communication.

Description: Human body receives stimuli through various sensory organs and the brain processes these stimuli and assigns meanings leading to a reaction. This process of organizing, identifying and interpreting of sensory stimuli leading to an understanding of the environment is called perception.

Diagnosis of Poisoning    
Three types of diagnosis
 a) Tentative
 b) Presumptive
 c) Confirmative based on the following conditions
 1. History
 2. Physical examination and clinical evidences    
Hyperthermia- Organochlorine;    
Hypothermia- OP compunds    
Miosis: Opium 
Mydriasis- Belladona    
Dryness of mouth (Xerostomia)- belladona;    
Moist and Hypersalivation- OPC, Carbamates and synthetic pyrethroids 
Bitter Almond    smell-Cyanide
Garlic odor in expired air- Phosphorus, Arsenic    
Mice smell- Hemlock    
Rotten Garlic/Horse raddish smell- Selenium Poisoning

I. FILL UPS

1. Tomato is a _____ pollinated crop.
2. _____ pigment is responsible for red colour of tomato.
3. Seed rate recommended for tomato is _____.
4. Isolation distance recommended for foundation seeds of tomato is _____.
5. Spacing adopted for tomato is _____.

Enterococcus sp. belongs to Lancefield antigenic serogroup D. Enterococcus is considered normal flora of the chicken intestine.

Etiology

Enterococci bacteria are Gram positive, spherical seen in singles, pairs or chain. Enterococuus sp. Causing disease in birds include E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. avium, E. hirae and E. cecorum. E. faecalis is most common isolate from birds.

Sensing of heterogeneities in the field is the prerequisite for timely and spatially adjusted insect pests and disease management. Recent developments in sensor technologies have led to a broadening of their capacity to detect pests and thereby improve application in crop protection practice. These sensors can be space-borne (satellite), air-borne (airplane, unmanned aerial vehicle) or groundbased (handheld, vehicle-mounted) and provide spatial information that has added value management. Insects are usually unevenly distributed throughout an area in nature. Despite this knowledge, analytical methods and technology have limited insect pest management to uniform management decisions in the field. The methods and technology to map and analyse insect spatial distribution have been developed to a level where the uneven nature of insect populations can be considered for application of insect-pest management practices. Site-specific pest management utilizes spatial information about pest distribution to apply control method only where pest density is economically high within a field. This results saving in pesticide and labour cost. In conventional farming pesticides are applied uniformly to the field resulting in heavy use of pesticide and labour beside polluting the environment. Site-specific application of pesticides in precision farming helps to overcome this problem

Near-range and remote sensing techniques have demonstrated a high potential in detecting diseases and in monitoring crop stands for sub-areas with infected plants. The occurrence of plant diseases depends on specific environmental and epidemiological factors; diseases, therefore, often have a patchy distribution in the field. The use of non-invasive optical sensors for the detection, identification and quantification of plant diseases on different scales is made of in precision farming. Most promising sensor types are thermography, chlorophyll fluorescence and hyperspectral sensors. For the detection and monitoring of plant disease, imaging systems are preferable to non-imaging systems. To utilise the full potential of these highly sophisticated, innovative technologies and high dimensional, complex data for precision crop protection, a multi-disciplinary approach—including plant pathology, engineering, and informatics—is required.

Date:

Objective: To understand gap in communication process.

Description: Communication is never 100 percent efficient. In other words, even an ideal situation does not lead to complete and full understanding between the sender and receiver. Often, the receiver may understand the message differently or receive only a part of the message. This happens as every individual has a different frame of reference. Frame of reference is the set of experiences, beliefs and values which influence a person’s behaviour and acts as a benchmark against which all new stimuli are interpreted. Based on the frame of reference, every individual develops a perception. Perception is the process of receiving and interpreting stimuli.

Storage of paddy seed lots after harvesting is one of the crucial aspects of processing shopfloor. Paddy due to increased mechanised harvesting may loose vital seed quality parameters. Since seed growers cannot buy a combined harvester themselves-they resort to hiring of this machine. Sometimes in the hurry of completing harvesting they harvest the crop at un-safe moisture content. This un-safe moisture content may go up to 50-60% also. Harvesting of seed crop with high moisture has adverse effect on storability. Ensuring safe seed moisture is very critical especially during rabi-summer seed production cycle. Most of the growers depend on sun drying for reducing the seed moisture. But paddy should not be dried >3% in one cycle. Follow tempering and convection cooling after every cycle and repeat the cycle till seed attains safe moisture content (14%).

I. FILL UPS

1. Brinjal is rich in _____ and _____.
2. In brinjal, _____ is the common feature in case of style.
3. Stigma receptivity of brinjal is _____.
4. Pollen viability in brinjal is _____.
5. The isolation distance recommended for brinjal certified seed production is _____.

The human body consists of trillions of cells and to be healthy it needs variety of foods and nutrients. The food around the globe includes a variety of spices which have many health benefits. It has been found that spices and vegetables in the diet are very important for living healthy. The traditional foods, nuts, seeds, wild fruits and vegetables which are used in the diet are grown in specific areas. Traditional food system plays a significant role towards maintaining the well-being and the health of people in any specific region.

Olsen P were found to bear a quadratic relationship, with Olsen’s extractant underestimating the content in phytoavailable P of soils with high Olsen P contents relatively to soils with low contents. The ‘‘change point’’ at which phytoavailable P began to increase rapidly per unit change in Olsen P was 53 mg Olsen P kg–1 soil. For the acid soils, a significant quadratic relationship was found between the amount of P desorbed to water and Olsen P at the three soil:solution ratios studied.

Fundamentals of Entrepreneurial Success

Entrepreneurship is a complex journey that requires diverse skills and perspectives. A well-structured team brings together individuals with complementary strengths, fostering innovation and problem-solving. A cohesive team can withstand challenges, provide emotional support, and share the burden of both successes and failures. Furthermore, a united team can attract investors, partners, and customers, as the synergy among team members reflects the potential of the business.

Writing funded project proposals involves crafting detailed documents tailored to specific purposes, such as consulting project proposals or sponsored research projects. For instance, a consulting project proposal emphasizes understanding a client's needs, offering solutions, and outlining services to address those needs effectively. On the other hand, sponsored research proposals focus on academic or scientific exploration, detailing methodologies, expected outcomes, and potential impacts within a scholarly context.