eChapters

10.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of India and tropical South East Asia.

• Distributed throughout plains of India from Uttar Pradesh to Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

10.2. Economic importance

• King of bitters.

• Economic part - Dried leaves and tender shoots (Whole plant)

• Leaves contain three bitter principles: Deoxy andrographolide, Andrographolide and Neo andrographolide.

• Roots contain flavonoids like andrographin, panicothin, aplegenin etc.

Date:

Objective: To practice public speaking.

Description: Public speaking refers to communication with a large number of audience in a face-to-face situation. Public speaking differs from most other types of communication as the roles of sender and receiver are distinct and different. Also, in case of public speaking, the onus of taking the interaction forward primarily lies with the speaker. Consequently, many people find it daunting and stressful and try to avoid public speaking situations.

? Oxalic acid is an organic dicarboxylic acid that readily forms insoluble salts with cations like calcium & magnesium.

? Sodium, potassium or ammonium salts are highly soluble and can induce toxicity in animals.

Source

? Ingestion of large quantity of oxalate containing plants.

? For toxicity plant should contain > 10% oxalic acid on dry weight basis.

? The form in which oxalate is present in plant mainly as acid oxalate (Oxalis sp., Rumex sp.) or oxalate ions (chenopodiacae).

Objective: This practical aims to understand the distinctive features of the insect order Mantophasmatodea and its major family, Mantophasmatidae.

1. The word physiology was first used by Greeks around 600BC to describe a philosophical enquiry into natural things.

2. The word "physis" meaning nature.

3. The discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey in 1628.

4. C.Bernad (181378) who is considered as one of the founder of physiology.

5. The process of transport of an oxygen from outside air into the cells within tissues are called as Respiration.

6. STPD is abbreviated as standard pressure dry.

7. The gill arch along with the filaments is called as gill.

8. Haemoglobin is abbreviated as Hb or Hgb.

9. Cephalopods use haemocyanin- a copper containing protein for oxygen transportation.

10. Protobranch - the gill structure tends to occur in primitive groups and appears as a small leaf like structure.

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: July-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a perennial herb. The plant is a much branched prostrate herb, branches often purplish, frequently rooting at the lower nodes. The leaves are simple, opposite, somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, obtuse or subacute, glabrous and shortly petiolate. The flowers of the plant are small, white and in axillary clusters. Fruits are compressed obcordate utricles, with suborbicular seeds.

Collect the femur and tibia and clean them very well from blood, tendons, muscle, skin and other tissues (using scalpel)

Cut off epi-and metaphysis from the long bones with electric/manual bone saw
Transfer the open bones to a falcon tubes containing cell culture medium/DPBS without FBS but containing 1% PS (Penicillin-streptomycin)
Transfer the bones to a Petri dish containing 5 ml medium without serum (FBS) and without antibiotic (40-50 mm Petri dish)
Remove the pteri dish to the laminar cabinet
Collect the bone marrow by flushing out to a 50 ml falcon tube (use syringes and needles to flush out the bone marrow; flush out the bone marrow with complete (10% FBS, 1% PS, 90% DMEM-LG) culture medium
Centrifugation: 300rpm, 8 min (in the meanwhile prepare 5 ml of Ficoll into a 15ml falcon tube)
Aspire the medium

Take 5 ml/2.5 ml aliquot in a 25 ml volumetric flask.

Date:

Objective: To practice giving an entertainment or special occasion speech.

Overview: Entertainment and/ or special occasion speeches are short, simple and often meant to be humorous and entertaining. Special occasion speeches include welcome address, award presentation/ acceptance speech, after dinner speech, farewell speech, eulogy, etc. Entertainment or special occasion speech is often an impromptu speech i.e. they are usually given without any preparation.

Objective: To differentiate between locusts and grasshoppers based on their morphometric measurements and behavioral traits.

Disease    Prescribed test    Alternative test

I. FILL UPS

1. The potato is made up of _____ and _____.
2. Potato is a _____ pollinated crop
3. Potato fruit is called as_____.
4. An example of stem tuber is a _____.

Family : Amaranthaceae

Flowering: Most part of the year

Fruiting: Year round

Botanical description: The plant is an evergreen creeper, herbaceous and perennial, growing up to 15 – 30 cm in height and spreading to form a growth mat about 45cm wide or more. Stems are prostrate or erect and moderately branched, hairless below, generally hairy above and in leaf-axils. The leaves are inverted-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acute at apex, narrowed at the base into a poorly defined petiole, mostly 2-6 cm long and 0.6-2.0 cm wide. Round or short-cylindrical flower heads lie stalkless in leaf axils, 5-10 mm long and 5-7 mm wide.

Use: Young leaves and shoots are collected, fried and eaten as green vegetables

1.    Collect fat tissues from euthanized animals into a Falcon tube containing DPBS + 1% PS ( for transferring lab to lab)
2.    Wash 3 times with DPBS + 1% PS
3.    Inside a laminar cabinet, transfer the fat to a Petridis (use an sterile spatula to collect the fat)
4.    Cut the fat into small (mm) pieces using scalpel and forceps or scissors
5.    Transfer the fat into a Falcon tube (eg into a 50 ml Falcon tube you can add upto 10 ml fat tissues)
6.    Wash the fat by adding approx 40 ml DPBS; Centrifugation: 430g, 10 min (without break)
7.    Transfer the fat into a fresh 50 ml Falcon tube (with the help of sterile spatula); Repeat steps 5 to 7 for 2-3 times

Refers to entire operation of the induction and isolation of mutants.

Term mutation was introduced by Hugo de vries in 1900 in connection with sudden heritable changes observed by him in Oenothera.

6.25 HNO3 (for 2 ltr) : Take 181 ml of conc HNO3 and diluted to 2 ltr in a volumetric flask.

Qualitative approach to research: Qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviour. This type of approach to research generates findings either in non-quantitative form or in the form which are not concerned with the rigorous quantitative analysis. Commonly, the techniques of focus group interviews, projective techniques, and depth interviews are used.