eChapters

Objective: To explore and record the taxonomic features of insects in the family Pentatomidae through thorough examination and analysis of their morphology.

Genus : Asimina 
Species : triloba (L.) Dunal
Family : Annonaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n = 18

Uses

The delicious pawpaw fruits are used as dessert. The red or brown streak wood is light in weight hence not used for furniture or allied work. On account of its handsome foliage, large leaves and attractive form, it provides additional attraction when planted in gardens.

Mulching

Definition: It is the practice of covering the soil with loose extraneous matter is known as mulching.

Types of mulching

There are two types of mulching:

1. Organic mulching
2. In–organic mulching
3. Organic mulching: In this mulching the open soil is put under loose cover of straw, hay, crop residue, leaves, saw dust etc.
4. In–organic mulching: In this mulching the open soil is put under plastic, film, metal foil, sand, stone etc.

The neoplastic disease primarily of broiler breeders and broilers causing serious economic losses in the commercial poultry industry. A case has been recorded in a budgerigar.

Etiology

ALV-J subgroup, identified in 1988. It became widespread in commercial meat type poultry in the 1990’s. Transmission of ALV-J is much higher than other subgroups thus making control much more difficult.

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: June-August

Fruiting: September-December

Botanical descripion: The plant is an erect tropical annual herb with long-stalked leaves, growing up to 5 ft tall. The leaves grow up to 5 inch long, are notched or rounded at the tips. The flowers are whitish-green or red white, the seeds are very small, shining, black or red- brown in colour.

Crop production is challenged by abiotic and biotic stresses results in low yield and high production costs.

Magnitude and intensity of stresses are increasing dramatically due to climate change causing recurrent droughts, increased temperature (heat) and emergence of new diseases and pests.

Uncontrolled observation: Uncontrolled observation is the observation when it takes place in the natural setting and the situations cannot be controlled by the research worker.
Unethical: Any professional activity that is not in accordance with the acceptedcode of conduct for that profession is considered unethical.

16.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Asia

• Widely distributed in tropical regions of Asia and Pan tropics

• Most part of India up to 1000m elevation includes Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

16.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - Seed, roots.

• Black seed variety contains L - DOPA CL - 34 dihydroxy phenylalanine non-protein amino acid.

• Used as tonic, aphrodisiac and treatment of Parkinson’s disease

• Used in rheumatic ailments.

Date:

Objective: To write a script for a short video production.

Overview: A script is a written document that contains description of the setting, characters, dialogue, and stage directions for an audio-visual production. It is used to communicate information about actors, costumes, sets, and other aspects of production to those who will be involved in program production. While screenplay tells a story, a script (especially shooting script) mainly helps in production. Another difference between a screenplay and a script is that the former conveys what the audience will see on the screen, whereas the script guides the production team. A storyboard refers to pictorial representation of shots in a sequential order. It is very handy during shooting short videos like commercial or public service messages.

Objective: To thoroughly examine and record the fundamental taxonomic traits of insects belonging to the family Cicadellidae through detailed observation and analysis.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ number of beds measuring 8 m, 0.6 m are sufficient for raising sufficient seedling for one hectare.
2. Seeds are sown singly at _____distance apart in the furrow.

Term endotheliosis designates a variety of syndrome caused by a reticuloendothelial virus (REV). REV caused syndromes have been demonstrated world wide.

Etiology

Based on replication of the virus in chicken fibroblast cell culture, two strains are known: replication defective T strain and the non-defective A strain. The REV manifests three distinct diseases syndromes:

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: Throughout the year

Fruiting: Throughout the year

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb with erect stems growing upto 10-80 cm in height. The leaves are triangular-ovate to narrowly rhombic, 2-7 cm long, 1.5-5.5 cm wide, hairless, with a narrow and small narrow notch. The flowers of the plant are green, in slender, paniculate spikes, in leaf axils or at the end of branches. Fruit is nearly round, about 1.3-1.5 mm in size.

Ecology: The plant is a fairly common weed on waste ground and roadsides and distributed throughout India. The plant is also cultivated during summer season.

Use: Leaves and young shoots are collected, roasted and eaten

Validity: The concept of validity can be applied to every aspect of the research  process. In its simplest form, validity refers to the appropriateness of each step in finding out what is set out to. However, the concept of validity is more associated with measurement procedures.

17.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of India, China, Indonesia, Madagascar and Africa.

17.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - Whole plant mainly leaves and roots.

• Cures leprosy, skin diseases, diarrhoea, anti-tumor and anti-ulcer activity.

• Fresh herb - Aromatic odour when crushed.

• Nauseous bitter taste

• Kitchen herb - Chutneys, pickles, refreshing drinks

• Possess insecticidal properties

• Used as a nerve tonic for improving memory and in insanity.

Date:

Objective: To write an article for a farm publication.

Description: Print media can be used at the receivers’ convenience and can be preserved for future reference. It can also be used to reach the readers at a relatively low cost and the information can be verified by the reader. Due to these advantages, print media is an important form of communication, especially for development purpose. The term “farm publication” is used to refer to any publication that is prepared by an extension agency/ development department and contains information related to improvement of farming practices. Farm publications can be of various types such as leaflet, folder, magazine, newsletter, etc. Farm publications are very useful for literate farmers and can also be used by illiterate farmers with the help of others.

Objective: The objective of this practical exercise is to explore and document key taxonomic characteristics of Aphididae, focusing on specimens like cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii) and bean aphids (Aphis craccivora).

Etiology

Avian Nephritis Virus (ANV), an RNA virus is Astro virus under the genus Avastrovirus in Astroviridae family. Strains of ANV exist. ANV is very resistant and stable in the environment.