eChapters

Family: Acanthaceae

Flowering: September-December

Fruiting: January-April

Botanical description: The plant is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste (all parts of the plant). It grows erect to a height of 1-4 ft. with dark stem. The leaves are glabrous, lanceolate, pinnate, with 8.0 cm long and 2.5 cm broad. Flowers of the plant are small, white-purple or spotted purple in colour, spreading axillary and terminal racemes or panicles and acute at both ends. Seeds numerous, sub quadrate and yellowish brown in colour.

Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Test: The Wilcoxon Matched-pairs Test can be used if the research situations where two-related samples, i.e. case of matched pairs such as a study where husband and wife, or the output of two similar machines or some subjects are studied in context of before-after experiment, the magnitude of difference between matched values in both the directions are to be determined.

18.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of wetlands of Southern and Eastern India, Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, and North and South America

• Cultivated throughout tropical and subtropical India.

18.2. Economic importance

• Economic part - Whole plant

• Chemical constituents: Bacosides

• Used as a nerve tonic and for epilepsy and insanity.

• Used as diuretic and for treating rheumatisim, asthma and hoarseness.

Introduction

Biofortification is the development of nutrient dense staple food crops using the best conventional breeding practices and modern biotechnology, without sacrificing agronomic performance and important consumer preferred trait (Nestel et al., 2006). It provides a comparatively cost-effective, sustainable, and long- term means of delivering more micronutrients (Saltzman et al. 2014). This approach not only will lower the number of severely malnourished people who require treatment by complementary interventions but also will help them maintain improved nutritional status. Moreover, biofortification provides a feasible means of reaching malnourished rural populations who may have limited access to commercially marketed fortified foods and supplements. Micronutrient malnutrition (MNM) is the major constrain to provide nutritional security to world population of underdeveloped and developing countries. Among the 20 major risk factors of the global burden of disease estimates, Fe deficiency ranks 9th and Zn deficiency ranks 11th, while in the high mortality countries, including India, they rank 6th and 5th, respectively (WHO 2002).

Date:

Objective: To visit a newspaper organization to understand its structure and functions.

Description: A newspaper is a periodic publication containing written information about current events and other information that is of interest to the readers. A newspaper organization usually consists of the following departments:

a) Editorial department: The editorial department collects, processes and finalizes all content and images that are published in the newspaper. News/ information collected by the journalist or contributed by various writers is made readable, presentable and attractive to the readers through editing and proof reading by the editorial team.

LD 50- It is defined as the concentration/dose that kills 50 % of the experimental population.

Acute toxic studies have been conducted in order to calculate LD50. There are several methods to calculate LD50, some are as follows:

Methods to Determine LD 50

• Karber’s method.

• Miller & Tainter method

• Lorke method

• Fixed dose method

• Acute Toxic Class method

• Up & down procedure

Karber’s Method

This method involves the administration of different doses of test substance to various groups, which has five animals each. The first group of animals is administered with the vehicle in which the test substance was dissolved or diluted

Key Points

• Burns are injuries caused by hot solids or flames.

• Scalds are injuries caused by liquids or steam.

Objective: To study and identify key taxonomic features of whiteflies in the family Aleurodidae, which are small insects crucial as vectors of plant diseases like mosaic viruses.

Scientific research is always based on observable and measurable facts. This applies to physical as well as humanitarian fields of science. In order to investigate social or psychological phenomenon, most of the times we need quantified information related to the phenomenon under investigation. In order to secure this data, we need one or more method/ means of collecting observable/measurable data.

India is fortunate in terms of natural wealth, which is manifested in its great plants diversity. Since time immemorial medicinal plants nature hidden and to a large extent unexplored treasure has been used virtual in all human cultures around the country. The wide spread use of herbal remedies and health care preparation from commonly used traditional herb and medicinal plants as those described in ancient texts such as Vedas, the Quran and the Bible have been traced to the occurrence of natural products with medicinal properties. Ancient people used plants as purgatives, sedatives, antitussives, and to alleviate a wide range of ailments such as fever and insanity. According to WHO, 3.5 billion people in developing countries use plant based medicines for their primary health care. WHO also indicates that over 30% of the world’s plants species have at one time or another been used for medicinal purpose.
 
The people of India have been using thousands of medicinal plants for curing various diseases suggesting that Ayurveda has been widely use to maintain human health. Ancient Indian medicinal heritage is based on 7000 plant species and about 8000 herbal remedies have been codified in the Ayurveda. Plants in Ayurveda have Sanskrit names the synonyms; each plant may have synonyms ranging from five to hundred.

Family: Araceae

Flowering: July-August

Fruiting: November

Botanical description: The plant is a herb, growing about 90 cm in height. It produces 2 - 3 leaves, 5 - 30cm or more in size with a flowering stem 30 - 50cm long. Leaflets are lanceolate, acuminate and oblique, uniting in an intramarginal nerve. Fruiting head 5 cm long, ovoid, berries are initially green clustered fruits finally ripening to bright red.

Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of excess water from a surface or sub-surface from an area or field or soil or greenhouse. The internal drainage of most agricultural soils in greenhouse is good enough to prevent severe waterlogging. Water logging creates anaerobic conditions that harm root growth in absence of oxygen. Soils need artificial drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies in certain conditions. Though the roots need moisture but they need oxygen too and poor drainage is g result in roots rotting and death of plants.

The irrigation water inside the greenhouse may accumulate and cause anaerobic condition. Similarly plants in pots should not accumulate water. Water should not stand in pots and beds for longer period. If it stays longer drainage is poor and needs to be corrected. It is better to have good drainage system in greenhouses or protected structures.

Besides irrigation rains water seeps in the greenhouse. The drainage system prevents running or its accumulation in low lying portion of the greenhouse. Drainage system in greenhouses is a must for avoiding damage to the crops.

χ^2-test: The χ² test (chi square test) is based on the assumption of normality. The χ^2-test is based on chi-square distribution and as a non-parametric test, it is used for comparing a sample variance to a theoretical population variance.

19.1. Origin and distribution

• Native to Eurasia and introduced in America, Australia and South Africa.

• Grown throughout dry parts of India

19.2. Economic importance

• Whole plant - Useful for rheumatalgia, swellings, cough, asthma, bronchitis, wounds, ulcers, flatulence, dyspepsia, hepatomegaly, otalgia, hiccough, opthalmopathy, vomiting

• Used in cardiopathy, leprosy, skin diseases, fever, splenomegaly, emollient

• As an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, anodyne, vulnerary, digestive, laxative, diuretic, cardiotonic, depurative, diaphoretic, febrifuge, rejuvenating, sedative, alterant and tonic.

19.3. Climate

• Well in tropical and subtropical climate

Objective: To elucidate the taxonomic characteristics of Psocoptera and Mallophaga, emphasizing their distinctive morphological features, ecological roles as parasites, and significance in entomology and veterinary sciences

Family: Meliaceae

Flowering: February-May

Fruiting: June-July

Botanical description: The plant is a tree. The leaf of the plant is about 20-38 cm in length, leaflets 5-9 pairs and obliquely lanceolate. Flower is white in colour and fragrant. The plant bark, leaves and flowers are bitter in taste.

Felid medicine needs to be well understood by the veterinarians in zoos or in any other captive wild animal places. Severe toxic reactions occur by usage of paracetamol in felids. Methaemoglobinaemia is the toxic sign noticed in felids. Hence, the zoo veterinarian can use either meloxicam or ketoprofen, in general. Tetracyclines are the drugs of choice for Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia rickettsii in feline as well as in canine medicine.

Yates’ correction: Yates has suggested a correction for continuity in χ² value calculated in a 2×2 table, predominantly when cell frequencies are small and χ² is just on the significance level. The correction suggested is known as Yates’ correction, which involves the reduction of the deviation of observed from expected frequencies that reduces the value of χ².

Objective: To differentiate and identify orthopteroid and hemipteroid groups based on their distinct taxonomic characteristics.

t is the method of gathering the data by seeing, hearing and then recording the observation on the phenomenon/behavior of the respondent rather than the subjects’ self-reporting of the response.