eChapters

Family: Amaranthaceae

Flowering: August-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a herb, growing up to 60-75cm height, erect, branching with oval or lanceo-shaped, with hundreds of tiny flowers packed in dense spikes of silver- white flowers which usually stand above the foliage. They are beautiful plants with soft, dense feathery spikes, produced in profusion. Leaves are lanceolate, linear, acute to acuminate tapering into slender petiole. Seeds are several, black in colour and shining.

6.1. Origin and distribution

• Grows wild in temperate Himalayas.

• Common in Kashmir Valley, Shimla and Nainital Hills.

• Commercially cultivated in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh

6.2. Economic importance

• Sweet worm wood or annual worm wood

• Chemical constituents - Artimisinin

• Commonly used in garlands, bouquets and religious offerings in most part of the country.

• Leaves and flowers contain essential oil valued for its exquisite and delicate aroma and is used in high grade perfumes and cosmetics.

There is no terminal of any kind of research, rather they presence a static snap of the gamut of ecological dynamics and functions.

The following scopes for future research

• To construct modelling on resilience, beyond agriculture like livestock f ishery, forestry.

• To create new Algorithm of prediction in ecological behaviour and dynamics

• Gender and economic factors in resilience study and analysis

• Ecological resilience in different agro climatic zones covering coastal ecosystem, Himalayan ecosystem red lateritic ecosystem etc

• Policy research in ensuring and intriguing ecological resilience as well as social resilience on the common platform of production behaviour

• Importance of ecological resilience in the perspective of climate change and global warming

The different biochemical values serve as an indicator of the correct health status, viz important organ functions,  the alteration in values if any, helps in identifying the specific organ damage and exact diagnosis of the  abnormal health condition or disease. Some of the important biochemical values of the animals, which may assist in diagnosing the specific disease  conditions are listed in this chapter.

Cryptosporidiosis is a protozoan disease.

Species

1. C. meleagridis: Infects small intestine.
2. C. baileyi: Infects digestive tract (bursa of Fabricius and cloaca), kidneys and respiratory tract.

Family: Apiaceae

Flowering: August-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: The plant is a small creeping herb with shovel shaped leaves emerging alternately in clusters at the stem nodes. The runners lie along the ground and the inch long leaves with their scalloped edges rise above on long reddish petioles. The insignificant greenish- to pinkish-white flowers are borne in dense umbels (clusters in which all the flower stalks arise from the same point) on separate stems in the summer. The seeds are pumpkin-shaped nutlets 0.1-0.2 cm long.

Ecology: It is commonly seen in shady, damp and wet places such as paddy fields and in grass thickets and distributed throughout India.

Use: Leaves and young shoots are collected, roasted then eaten

Fruits have been one of the earliest foods of mankind. Ancient Indian texts like Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, religious books and puranas are replete with mention of various kinds of fruits. The mango is believed to have been grown for more than 4000 years. Mention of apple, the forbidden fruit, in the Holy Bible is well known. The date-palm is recorded as the fruit crop grown by mankind since 7000 BC. The first book in the world on fruit culture is said to have been the one written on litchi in 1056 AD. In the earlier period of human civilization, fruits served both as food and medicine. Fruits, nuts and tubers were the staples for early wanderers and gatherers. The settled agriculture made mankind more dependent on cereals, pulses and oilseeds for staples and fruits, vegetables and nuts became more a medicine than food.

Many evolutionary and anthropological changes occurred in course of time with changing food habits. At every stage of major change, food habits determined the life expectancy. After completing a full cycle or helix, time has returned to focus on fruits and vegetables again as food, from a stand point of health and wellbeing. From being trees of wild and forests in earlier period, fruit crops became confined to palaces and orchards of Kings in medieval period. In modern Era, it came to stay as commercial commodities dictating the terms of trade. Due to its growing commercial importance the governments across the globe focused to expand the area under fruit crops and cross border trade in several fruits and vegetables. Horticulture research started prioritizing the traits in fruits that determine the economics of trade. In line with these developments, Indian government assigned great significance to horticultural crops since 8^th five-year plan period, and the allocation for horticultural research was increased to `110.2 crores from `31.96 crores in the previous plan. During the 10^th five-year plan period in 2005-06, the National Horticulture Mission was started. As the net outcome of these efforts, the area under fruit crops increased from 2.87 million ha in 1991-92 to 6.48 million ha in 2016-17. The production increased from 28.63 million tonnes to 92.85 million tonnes and productivity from 9.96 tonnes/ha to 14.33 tonnes/ha during the same period (Anon, 2017).

Out of the total value of output of agricultural crops, fruits and vegetables contribute the lion’s share of 23%. The major fruit crops producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, West Bengal and Chattisgarh. The major fruit crops grown are banana, mango, citrus fruits (sweet orange, mandarin, lime & lemons), peach, guava, papaya, pomegranate, sapota, apple, pineapple, ber, litchi, avocado, etc. Several minor crops like jackfruit, aonla, bael, jamun, custard apple, fig, karonda, phalsa, carambola, etc., are also grown. Some exotic fruit crops like dragon fruit, kiwi, durian, Malayan apple, rambutan, etc., are also getting imported either due to its extra ordinary taste or exotic flavor.

The diagnosis of blindness is as follows: an animal that is blind is apprehensive, easily agitated, has an uptight head position with a feeling gait, stumbles forward, steps up high, collides with obstacles in its path, and lacks the cross reflex, photomotor pupillary reflex, and palpebral reflex. Clinical examination of the eye:

• By necked eye

• By magnifying lenses

• By catoptric test: use to detect opacities of the cornea and lens

• By ophthalmoscope

• By tonometry: use to measure intraocular pressure.

1. The most disaster affected populations in the world - China,

2. Heavy droughts usually occur in Afghanistan.

3. Heavy human causalities due to flood occur in Cambodia.

4. Ring of fire an arc of volcanoes and fault lines encircling the Pacific basin.

5. Occurrence of unusual cold wave Russia.

6. 22 Indian states are prone to disasters.

7. Pre-Disaster mitigation can help in ensuring faster recovery from impacts of disaster.

8. IOC-International Oceanographic Commission.

9. USGS-United States Geological Survey.

10. NOAA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations.

The focus of world’s trade and economic activities is increasingly being shifted from resource-based economics to knowledge-based economics. This paradigm shift has been triggered due to the implementation of Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) and other related international treaties and policy frameworks. CBD for the first time states that bio-resources are the sovereign property of the countries in which they are found. It further stipulates that access to bio-resources by outside parties can be made only after prior approved consent of the concerned stakeholders and also with mutually agreed terms and conditions for equitable sharing of benefits accrued from the commercialization of biodiversity. To realize such proclaimed rights given in CBD and to fulfill obligations of various other relevant treaties, particularly in the context WTO regulation, it is imperative that the bio-resources-rich nations like India have comprehensive knowledgebase of the biodiversity and associated information systems in accessible form.

The  information on normal reproductive traits in domestic animals like calving interval, age at first calving etc, is essential for getting the maximal reproductive efficiency of the animal by the farmer. It also helps in improving the reproductive efficiency of the animals by different required means viz nutrient/mineral supplementation, antibiotic, hormonal therapy etc.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ and _____ seeds give highest grain yield.
2. Assessment of _____ is one of the basic requirement for quality control of seed under the seed act.
3. The minimum number of seeds for germination test of _____.
4. The purity analysis in groundnut is done with working sample size is _____.

Histomoniasis is a protozoan disease.

Etiology

Histomonas meleagridis.

Hosts

Mainly disease of turkey but has also been reported in chickens, peafowl, grouse, quail and gallinaceous birds.

Family: Chenopodiaceae

Flowering: November-January Fruiting: February-April

Botanical description: The plant is a fast-growing, upright and weedy annual herb. The leaves are variables in appearance. The first leaves, near the base of the plant, are toothed and 3-7 cm long and 3-6 cm broad. The leaves on the upper part of the flowering stems are entire and lanceolate-rhomboid with 1-5 cm long and 0.4-2 cm broad. The flowers of the plant are 1-1.2 mm across, in short axillary spikes and often forming a terminal thyrse. Seeds are black, depressed with an obscure horizontal keel.

• 52% use of the fruit of total weight.
• Comprising 78% juice and 22% seeds
• CIAH – Central Institutes for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner.
• Cultivars – Alandi or Vadki, Bassein Seedless, Dholka Ganesh, Jalore Seedless, Jyothi, Kabul, Kandhari, Paper Shell, Muskat Red, G-132, G-107, G-137, P-13, P-16, P-23, P-26.
• Hybrid – Mridul – Ganesh × Gul-E-Shah Red (fruit spot infection)
• Ruby – M
• Type of inflorescence is Hypanthodium.
• Pomegranate is a subtropical fruit crop.
• It is commercially propagated by hardwood cutting.
• Fruit cracking happens due to baron deficiency and water imbalance.
• HDP - (5 m × 2 m)- 1000/ha

  (5 m × 5 m)- 400/ha

1. The word Extension was first used in U.S.A.

2. The word Extension is derived from Latin meaning out stretching.

3. Extension education = non formal education.

4. Extension work out of school system of education.

5. Learning active process on the part of the learner.

6. Motivation need satisfy goal-seeking behaviour.

7. Steps in extension teaching methods = AIDCAS.

8. Teaching is the process of providing situations in which learning takes place.

9. Learning is the process by which a person becomes changes in his behaviour through self-activity.

10. Lecture is the best method for presenting information to large number of persons in a short period of time.

Among various immunodiagnostic tools enzyme immunoassay becomes increasingly popular for the detection of humoral immune response (seroconversion) or microbial antigens for the purpose of diagnosis. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is widely used in studies of infectious diseases.Despite several merits of ELISA, it has some limitations such as requirement of ELISA reader to obtain accurate measurements. To overcome this, the dot immunobinding assay was developed .In Dot Immunoassay nitrocellulose membrane is used as an adsorbent matrix instead of plastic surface.The antigen is dotted onto the nitrocellulose membrane and the membrane then incubated with test antibody, and secondly with enzyme conjugated antibody directed against the first antibody.In case of positve
reaction, (specific antigen –antibody reaction) color dot is developed against the white background at the site of antigen deposition.In case of negative reaction, no color development takes place at the site of antigen deposition .
Principle
• In direct ELISA antibody is directly attached to solid phase and targeted by added antigen (detecting antigen).
• These added antigens are targeted by antispecies antibodies linked to enzyme termed as conjugates.
• The bound enzyme is developed by the addition of substrate /chromogen, then stopped and finally read using a spectrophotometer

The table gives the approximate date of parturition, based on the date of breeding/mating in the year as a easy ready reference table.

Etiological Agent

Trichomonas gallinae, a flagellate protozoan. Strains vary in pathogenicity. The disease continues to be of significance in pigeons and doves. It has also been reported in raptors.

Family: Fabaceae

Flowering: December-February

Fruiting: February-April

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb, much branched and viscous hairy. The plant grows up to 20-50 cm high and has small feathery leaves on either side of the stem. The flowers are bluish purple in colour, 6-7 mm long on slender peduncles. Pods oblong, one seedpod contains two or three peas.