eChapters

9.1. Origin and distribution

• Originated in Southern Mediterranean.

• Distributed in India, Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Morocco, Spain, USA

9.2. Economic importance

• Commonly called as common thyme or garden thyme.

• The active principle alkaloid is thymol.

• Constituents - triterpinoid saponins, flavones, ursolic acid (1.5% in tops), coffeic acid, tannins and resins.

• Oil of thyme - colourless, yellow or red liquid with a characteristic pleasant odour, and a pungent taste.

• The date is a good source of crystalline sugar.
• It is a dioecious and monocotyledonous fruit crop.
• Dates can be grown in sandy loamy soils.
• Date palm needs 3300 units of heat. (A unit of heat means a degree above a daily mean of 18°C between flowering, fruit development and ripening period.

Cultivars

• Halawi of makes tolerant of rain. It is 28.5 to 42.2 per cent Dakastage Dang Zoo, Hayni Khadrawy, Shamran (Sayen) are tolerant to high humidity. Medjoal, Bastree, Zahidi – is rain and high humidity tolerant.

Handling

X-ray film is delicate and should not be handled carelessly or roughly. Avoid touching its surfaces, holding it as near the edges as possible with clean, dry hands. It is sensitive to maltreatment of any kind; heat and light adversely affect the emulsion. It can be handled safely and rapidly for all radiographic purposes as long as the X-ray specialist uses precaution to avoid the production of foreign marks (artifacts) on the film. 

Introduction

Chickens are considered one of the most important hosts in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection because they are an efficient source of infection for cats that excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts and because humans may become infected with this parasite after eating undercooked infected chicken meat.

Poultry meat is an important part of cuisine, consumed widely all over the world; therefore, consumption of uncooked or not properly cooked poultry meat may pose a risk factor for T. gondii infection in humans or animals.

Family: Lauraceae

Flowering: January Fruiting: February

Botanical description: The plant is a moderate sized tree growing up to 10-20 metres. Leaves are mostely oblong, usually 10-12.5 cm long, acuminate or acute, glabrous with shining above and acute base. The flowers are 5-6 mm long with pubescent pedicel. The tepals are pubescent, deciduous in fruits.

Ecology: The plant is occasionally planted and commonly cultivated as vegetable in the tropical countries including India.

Use: Leaves are used in different curries and recipes for special aroma.

• Recommended no. of beehives for efficient pollination is 5-8 beehives.
• Maturity indices: Change the colour from green to yellowish with cracks.
• Dehulling term is related to Almond.
• Damage to blossom due to early spring frosts is the major constraint in almond cultivation.
• Almond can withstand low temperatures upto -2.2 to -3°C.
• The almond tree becomes productive after 5 years.
• Almond contains oil - 49%, Oleic acid – 62%, Linoleic acid – 24% and Palmitic acid – 6%.
• Almond is a rich source of Vitamin E
• Kernels after blanching, roasting, frying and salting taste very delicious and are in in great demand.
• Green almond kernels are also consumed in the milky stage.
• Almond is cultivated mainly in regions situated between 360 and 450 N latitude.

1. Project monitoring is an integral part of project management.

2. Concurrent evaluation is carried out during implementation of the project.

3. Terminal evaluation is undertaken at the time of completion of the project.

4. Ex-post evaluation is also called as impact evaluation.

5. Network techniques are used for minimising cost and time of the project.

6. PERT-Program Evaluation and Review Technique.

7. LOT-Latest Occurrence Time.

8. CPM-Critical Path Method.

9. Project presentation - 30 pages.

10. National level project goal of economic growth.

Introduction

A. Common species of nematodes encountered in poultry are:

1. Syngamous trachea (in the respiratory tract) large 2.00cm size live in the trachea and larger bronchi. Many species of domestic and wild birds are affected. Dyspnea, gasping and head shaking are main clinical signs. Treatment is difficult.
2. Ascaridia galli (in the intestine) They parasitize chicken, turkey, pigeon, quail and guineas. In younger birds parasites cause enteritis. In heavily infected birds clinical signs are emaciation and diarrhea.

Family: Cleomaceae

Flowering: July-October

Fruiting: December-February

Botanical description: The plant is an erect herbaceous annual herb growing up to 1.5 m in height. Leaves are alternately arranged and stalked. Each leaf has 3-7 leaflets, which are pinnately dissected and stalkless. Inflorescence is quite showy, and is usually up to 30 cm in length. The flowers have long stalks, ovate or elliptic petals either purplish or white in colour. The fruit is a long-stalked, dry, spindle-shaped capsule. Seeds are many, 1.5 mm across, with a shallow and narrow cleft.

The lymphatics of hind limb is comprised of four lymph nodes namely the deep inguinal, epigastric, coxal and popliteal lymph nodes and the afferents and efferent ducts joining and leaving these lymph nodes.

Deep inguinal lymph node

The deep inguinal lymph node is located in the region of deep femoral artery near the origin of the caudal epigastric and the pudic branches from it. The lymph node receives afferents from the muscles in the prepubic and the thigh regions. The efferent vessel from this lymph node joins and opens in the medial iliac lymph node.

Epigastric lymph node

The epigastric lymph node is inconstant. When present, it is located on the course of the caudal epigastric artery near the pubis on the medial surface of the rectus abdominis muscle. The afferents for this lymph node are received from the abdominal muscles and the peritoneum in the vicinity. The efferent vessel of this lymph node joins the medial iliac lymph node.

Agriculture marketing and Rural marketing are two words used interchangeably by the people at large with the study of agriculture and management discipline. India is known to the world for its agricultural growth through the green revolution. India is an agriculture-based and oriented economy with approximately six and a half lakh villages predominantly involved in agricultural and agri-based activities. Rural India is termed as the backbone of the Indian economy and it contributes significantly to the economy and to its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in terms of providing food grains (Cereals and Pulses), vegetables, and fruits which are essential ingredients for human life.

• Male and Female flowers borne in a mixed flower bud.
• Most important nut fruit of world ranking: 5th in production worldwide.
• Chilling requirement – 400hrs at or below 7.2°C
• Contains 70% Fat and a good amount of phosphoric acid.
• HDP varieties: Desirable, Cheyenne
• Pecan is a valuable horticultural gift of North America to the world.
• Fat – 72%, Carbohydrates – 15%, Protein – 9%.
• Almost 90% of the nuts are sold shelled and rest in the shell.
• It is most commonly used in baking dishes and ice creams.
• Pecan shell, a byproduct, is also used to manufacture tannin, charcoal and abrasives in hand soap.
• pH ranges – 5-8
• Requires three coldest months between 7.2°C and 12.8°C with at least 400h of chilling.

1. The word "Statistics" derived from the Latin word 'Status' meaning POLITICAL STATE.

2. Statistics are lifeblood of successful commerce.

3. Statistics are not suitable to study the qualitative phenomenon.

4. Statistics laws are not exact.

5. A.L.Bowley "Statistics are numeral statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other".

6. Croxton and Cowden "Statistics may be defined as the science of collection, presentation analysis and interpretation of numerical data from the logical analysis".

7. Alfred Marshall - "Statistics are the straw only which I like every other economist has to make the bricks".

8. Function of statistics

a. Condensation

b. Comparison

c. Forecasting

d. Estimation

e. Tests of hypothesis

9. ANOVA-Analysis of Variance.

10. ANOVA-developed by Prof. R.A. Fisher.

The advances in science and technology are deeply intertwined. Researchers can use the semiconductor manufacturing techniques that underlie miniaturization to build radios and exceptionally small mechanical structures that sense fields and forces in the physical world. These inexpensive, low-power communication devices can be deployed throughout a physical space, providing dense sensing close to physical phenomena, processing and communicating this information, and coordinating actions with other nodes. These multifunction devices are battery operated and are connected wirelessly with sensing, processing and communicating capabilities and are known as the wireless sensors. If we use these sensors with biological issues or Biotechnology, then we can find the new concepts biosensors. If we really implement these concepts in real life we can get rid of many diseases like heart attack, blood sugar level, gene reaction and other changes that happens in our body much before its shows to outside.

Introduction

1. Various genera of tapeworms are found in poultry. They are:
   1. Raillietina spp.
   2. Choanotaenia spp.
   3. Davainea spp.
   4. Amebotaenia spp. and
   5. Hymenolepis spp.
2. Tapeworms mainly parasitise the small intestine. Tape worms deprive the bird of its nutrition and cause weight loss and decreased egg production.
3. Out of 3 species of Raillitina, Raillietina echinobothrida is one of the pathogenic species as it produces granuloma at its attachment site (nodular disease).
4. They all require intermediate host for their development.
5. Intermediate hosts are common houseflies, ants, beetles and grasshoppers, which makes control of tapeworms difficult.

Family: Cleomaceae

Flowering: May-July

Fruiting: August-October

Botanical description: The plant is a tall annual herb growing up to a meter high, more or less hairy with glandular hairs. The leaves are compound, with 3-5 leaflets. Leaflets are obovate, elliptic-oblong, very variable in size. Flowers are yellow in colour, 10-15 mm across with 6-20 mm long pedicels. Fruits are 30-75 mm long, 3-5 mm broad, linear-oblong, erect, with tapering at both ends. Seeds many, 1.25mm across with dark brown colour.

12.1. Origin and distribution

• Native of Australia and Malaysia.

• Introduced by British people in Nilgiri hills of Tamil Nadu for fuel and timber.

• Commercially grown in Seychelles, Java, South Africa, Guatemala, Congo and Brazil.

• Eucalyptus tereticornis - Commercial species

• Major growing states - UP, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

12.2. Economic importance

• Known as spotted gum tree.

• Source of citronellol, hydroxycitronellal and menthol.

• Contains 0.5-4% essential oil; rich in citronella.

• Essential oil - Therapeutic and ayurvedic benefits.

• Used in soaps, mouth wash liquids, massage oils, air fresheners and bug repellents

• The chestnut is a nutritious low in fat and rich in Vitamin B.
• Freshly harvested nuts contain about 50% moisture, 40-42% carbohydrates, 2.9% proteins and about 1.5% fats.
• All cultivars of chestnut are self-sterile.
• The Chinese chestnut is the earliest tree to bloom. The flowers are produced in two kinds of catkins borne on current season shoot near the terminal portion of the shoot.
• Three nuts are usually produced in each bun (upper, left and right).
• Botanically, each nut is a complete fruit.
• The shell of the nut develops from the ovary wall.
• It is as hardy as peach and can withstand as low as -29°C temperature in deep dormancy.
• Some species of chestnut are used as rootstock for propagation.
• Chestnut is a highly cross-pollinated and hybrid seedling used as the rootstock is a possible cause of graft union failure in chestnut. Therefore, mixed hybrid strains should not be used as rootstock.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the official measure for controlling the genetic purity of the seed lot.
2. _____ serves as ‘pre-control’ as well as ‘post-control’ for avoiding genetic contaminations.
3. _____ can also be used as a measure to judge the efficacy of the certification agency or the inspector.
4. The minimum population requirement for taking the observations shall be _____ plants.

Association of human beings with plants is much older than the dawn of civilization. Use of plants as source of food, cloth and shelter started first for fulfilling basic needs. Aesthetic use by way of growing flowers and ornamental plants came much later. Gradually, it was felt that ornamental plants need to be grown in a systematic manner and that yielded the concept of designing gardens. With the advancement of time, gardening styles metamorphosed in various ways influenced by climatic conditions, geographic locations, rulers and most predominantly by people. At present, plants and gardens are part and parcel of our daily life. The scope of developing gardens is simply enormous, be it home, office, institute, temple, factory, ‘samadhi sthal’ etc. Growing plants and developing gardens are now considered a necessity wherever scope exists.