eChapters

Family: Apiaceae

Flowering: December-January

Fruiting: February-March

Botanical description: The plant is a herb, growing to a height of about 2 feet with a spread of 9 inches. The leaves are bright green in colour, fan shaped and become more feathery towards the top of the plant. The flowers are small and white, formed in umbel-like clusters. Fruit is globose, glabrous and seeds are flattened dorsally in transaction.

In manipulation of plant development, training and pruning are important for which our knowledge about plant development and its phenology has to be complete. These practices are important in fruit crops.

• S. fruticosum (Jamiya), a small edible fruit, is grown as a wide break.
• Ross apple (Gulab Jamun) bears rose-scented fruits with fibrous flesh.
• Cultivar – Raij Jamun, Paras (Large size) N.J.-6 (Seedless).
• Syzygium Jambos – Rose apple (Gulab Jamun)
• Fruit trees for sodicity tolerance.
• Syzygium grows in tropical and subtropical climate under a wide range of them temperature and rainfall.
• Jamun, in general, prefers dry atmosphere at the time of flowering and fruiting.
• Water apple and rose apple are usually planted in home garden at a distance of 7.0 m × 8.0 m.
• Propagation of seed and shield and patch budding.
• Irrigation the use in May-June requires 5-6 irrigations in a year.
• Intercropping – peach, guava, kagzilime, as fillers, field crop – gram, peas, moong etc.
• Jamun exhibits maximum growth and flowering during February.
• Flower bud differentiation has been observed on 5-10 months old branches, starts in the last week of January and continues for 43 days.

Joint supply : Some products or production processes have more than one use. For instance, cows can both provide milk and be eaten.

60% - Bottlegourd, pumpkin, bittergourd, watermelon

65% - Cotton varieties, bhendi

Phytochemicals from various parts of a plant or tree such as the leaves, the flowers, the seeds, the barks, the roots and the shrubs can be isolated. Once one comes in from collecting plants in the field, it is good idea to freeze them immediately in a freezer at – 20°C or a commercial freezer held at – 80°C (Kaufman et al., 1999). According to Harborne (1984, 1998), fresh plant tissues should be used for phytochemical analysis and the material should be plunged into boiling alcohol within minutes of its collection. Alternatively, plants may be dried before extraction. It is essential that the drying operation is carried out under controlled conditions to avoid too many chemical changes occurring. Once thoroughly dried, plants can be stored before analysis for long periods of time. It is possible to isolate some of the compounds from herbarium samples. One example of the use of the herbarium material is the essential oil analysis that was carried out on type specimens of Mentha leaf, the material being obtained from the original collection of Linneaus made before 1800 (Harborne, 1998). An obvious point to follow by the research worker is freeing of the plant tissue under study from contamination with other plants. While collecting roots, care must be taken that we are collecting roots from one plant. It is essential to use plants which are free from disease, i.e. which are not affected by viral, bacterial or fungal infection. In phytochemical analysis, at some stage in the investigation, a botanist of an acknowledged authority must authenticate the botanical identity of the plants studied and a voucher specimen of the plant may be deposited in a reputed Herbarium for future reference. It is advisable to keep a logbook of the plants that have been collected and used for phytochemical analysis. A backup inventory on the computer is also a good idea.

Cage layer fatigue is a term used to describe leg weakness and acute deaths in chickens in cages, and is caused by inadequate calcium, phosphorus and Vitamin D levels in the blood stream. Calcium is required for muscle function, bone formation, and egg shell formation. This condition may be seen even in floor birds under certain conditions. It is seen most often in young hens early in production.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Flowering: March-June

Fruiting: May-August

Botanical description: The plant generally spreads on the ground with cylindric and grooved stem. The leaves are rounded to reniform, 6-25cm in diameter with 5 rounded shallow lobes and coarsely hairly. The flowers are monoecious and yellow in colour. Fruits usually lagre, oblong, oval, flattened or globular in size. Seeds are ovate, obscurely margined with white or yellow in colour.

Fertilizer Requirement of Fruit Trees

Fertilizer requirement of the tree is determined by visual assessment of deficiencies soil nutrient status and plant tissue nutrient status. Among these methods, tissue nutrient analysis is gaining importance primariarily due to fact that it assesses the effective amount of nutrient utilized by the plant. It also detects the hidden deficiency of the nutrient before the symptoms appears on the tree. Standardised tissue nutrient norms for various elements are available for different crops.

• No other fruit has such a high content of Riboflavin.
• The Bael is a native of the Indo-Malayan region and has been known in India since prehistoric times.
• Narandra Bael 5– Size – 1.25 kg/fruit, very thin rind 2-5 mm, TSS-38%, Slight acidity-25 mg/100g, eight years old plant- 56 kg.
• Narendra Bael 9 - TSS-40%, Ascorbic acid – 28mg/100g.
• Pant Bael 12 – Varanasi, Gorakhpur, Mirzapur, Etawa, Kagzi Sewan Large, Deoria Large, NB1, NB5 and NB9.
• Bael is very hardy subtropical, deciduous tree and can thrive well even in swampy alkaline soils having pH range 5 to 10.
• Major bael growing states: U.P., Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa.
• Seeds, which are sown in June, usually propagate bael; Seedlings are transplanted a year later.
• Patch budding is the month of June or July gives the best results.
• Bael can be classified as a climacteric fruit.
• Bacterial shot-hale canker of Bael is caused by (Xanthomonas blue).

Radiology has been an important diagnostic modality in exotic animals and birds (includes rodents, reptiles and fish). The radiographic equipment needed for radiography of exotic animals and birds is basically the same to that used for domestic animals. A high-milliamperage (mA) X-ray machine, having 200- or 300 mA unit is recommended to allow the use of a short exposure time (1/40 seconds) or less are preferred. Maximum kilovoltage (kVp, 40-75) is less important for avian and exotic radiography than for domestic animal radiography. As with other species, at least two radiographic views at 900 angles to each other are recommended. However, restraining and knowledge of radiographic anatomy of different species of exotic animals and birds are the prerequisite for the modality. Restrain and immobilization:

Keynesian : A branch of economics, based, often loosely, on the ideas of keynes, characterized by a belief in active government and suspicion of market outcomes. 

Introduction

Although the causative agent for the condition has not been identified, experimental studies indicate the association of parvovirus and or Astrovirus. Under experimental conditions, the virus induces clinical signs onlyin fast growing broiler chickens. The clinical signs, based on experimental inoculation of chickens, consist of watery or mucoid mustard yellow colour diarrhoea within 3-5 days after infection. Chickens become stunted, and a variable number of such chickens die during 10 and 20 days. Pronounced weight loss is in around four week’s age. The mortality is low (5 - 10%) however, the morbidity is very high (50 - 80%).

Family : Gramineae (Poaceae)

Flowering: November

Botanical description: The plant is a perennial tree that grows up to 20-53 m in height and 8-18 cm in diameter. There are 1-3 spines at each branch node. Leaves are thin, linear, up to 20 cm long, 1-1.8 cm wide with a long pointed tip. The branches of the plant spread out from the base and areal roots reaching up to nodes. The length of the internodes is about 15-46 cm and is hollow.

Ecology: It is fairly common in mixed forests or dry hills, often found in hills and shady slopes and alluvial plains.

1 Inflammation of peritonium is called

a) Peronitis b) Peritonitis

c) Laminitis d) Oophonitis

Kerria japonica var. pleniflora Witte. (Rosaceae): Eng.- Jew’s Mallow / Japanese Rose [NI]. A deciduous ornamental shrub with vigorous and upright green shoots; alternate, ovate, pointed, sharply toothed, bright green leaves; produces very attractive, solitary, pompon like, double yellow flowers in April.

• The wine prepared from ripe fruits contains about 14.5 to 15% alcohol.
• Flowers are white, produced in a terminal cyme.
• It is grown in countries viz., South Africa, Australia, India, Malaysia, S. Lanka and Barma.
• In India, it is grown in M.H., Rajasthan, U.P., Bihar, and South India.
• It is used as protective hedge in Gujarat and Punjab.
• It is not suited to the hills of Himalayas.
• Pant Sudarshan – White Pink
• Pant Suverna – Green, Purple
• Other varieties: PK.1, Pant Maohan
• Deep loamy or alluvial soils.
• It can tolerate saline-sodic soils with pH up to 8.5.
• Seeds usually lose their viability within 4-5 week.

The objective of the present study was to explore the therapeutic potential of hot alcoholic (100%), hydroalcoholic (70%) and cold aqueous extracts of Pterocarpus marsupium and hot aqueous extract of ITK formulation (mixture of gum acacia, black cumin, wheat and barley) against obese streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in male Wistar rats. In Phase I study, tested extracts were observed to possess carbohydrates, alkaloids, proteins and amino acids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, fixed oils and resins with additional glycosides in ITK formulation after screening by qualitative tests and further confirmed by semiquantitative analysis (by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) to possess active principles having antidiabetic, antioxidant, nephroprotective, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. The extracts were evaluated for in vitro antioxidant (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2’-Azino bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay) and antidiabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity) was determined. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts have potent antioxidant and alcoholic extract of P. Marsupium showed superior antidiabetic activity over ITK formulation. Further in Phase II study, 48 obese male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups viz. group I (Healthy Control), group II (Obese), group III (Obese Diabetic), group IV (Obese Diabetic + Metformin @ 50 mg/ kg b.wt.), group V (Obese Diabetic + ITK @ 435 mg/kg b.wt), group VI (Obese Diabetic + Aqueous P.marsupium @ 1 g/kg b.wt) and group VII and VIII were treated with hydroalcoholic and alcoholic @ 300 mg/kg b.wt.

Introduction

1. The condition has been reported the world wide in growing broiler chickens.
2. The affected birds show clinical signs usually during 4 - 5 weeks of age. The clinically affected birds are smaller, listless with ruffled feathers, pale head and shrunken comb. Severely affected birds have distended abdomen, which restricts their normal movement. Death may occur suddenly, and not all the broilers which die of the condition have ascites. The incidence of the disease varies between 2 to 20%.

Family: Compositae

Flowering: Aug-December

Fruiting: January-April

Botanical description: The plant is an annual herb. The stems are weak, erect or often branched at the base, smooth or sparingly hairy with 10 to 60 cm tall. This species is recognized by the sow-thistle like leaves.