eChapters

• The most important use of mulberry leaf is rearing of silk worm for production of silk.
• The mulberry tree is used for landscaping in Asia, Europe & Southern U.S A.
• Morus alba (White mulberry)
• Morus rubra (Red mulberry) is native to America.
• Morus nigra (Black mulberry)
• Mulberry plants are monoecious in sex expression.
• Inflorescence of catkins.
• Major mulberry producing countries; China®India®brazil
• The most extensive area under mulberry cultivation in India is in Karnataka.

  Major mulberry growing Indian states are: TN.→Kerala → U.P.→ Bihar→ Madhya Pradesh→W.B.→Rajasthan.

Key Points

• When pesticides, which are chemicals used to manage a pest, impact non-target organisms like humans and animals, it's known as pesticide poisoning.

• Pesticides have the ability to contaminate the surrounding area and the ecosystem.

Introduction

Pesticides are chemical chemicals that are applied to destroy pests. These insecticides have the capacity to contaminate the surrounding area and the ecosystem. Pesticides can also be hazardous to a wide range of other creatures, including fish, birds, beneficial insects, and non-target plants, in addition to having a toxic effect on insects and weeds.

Etiology

Today's society faces several issues due to the overuse of pesticides in fields and food. Products may deteriorate if they are kept in partially filled containers for extended periods of time or exposed, whether intentionally or unintentionally, to high temperatures. It is dangerous to store chemicals anywhere other than their original container since the identification and label instructions are lost. These products can have severe effects on people or animals if they come into unintended touch with them. It can be extremely risky to mix substances or use them in unapproved combinations. In order to increase the efficacy of certain pesticide formulations, such as pyrethrins, pyrethroids, and d-limonene, piperonyl butoxide is added. It lessens the chemical's breakdown in the body of the insect or animal, but it also increases the pesticide's toxicity to both the pest and the host animal.

Introduction

Hypoglycemia Spiking mortality syndrome is a disease in broilers, characterized by low mortality with sudden onset of high mortality. The affected birds are clinically hypoglycemic.

There is no known aetiology.

Family: Asteraceae

Flowering: December-January

Fruiting: January-February

Botanical description: The plant is a prostrate herb. The stem of the plant is succulent, with short ascending flowering hairy branches. The leaves are narrowly linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire or subcrenate with 2-5cm long. Heads yellow in colour, axillary and terminal, sessile with 7-18mm diameter.

• Ripe phalsa fruits are sub-acidic and a good source of Vitamin A & C.
• Kernel contains 2.0 %and 23.7% oil respectively which is rich in linoleum acid.
• Colour phalsa fruit is anthocyanin pigment.
• The phalsa seed contains 7.17 per cent crude fat with a typical.
• The plants can tolerate temperatures as high as 44°C since high temperature favours ripening of the fruits.
• It is a subtropical crop.
• It is commercially propagated by seed.
• The viability of seeds can be retained for 6 months under cool storage.
• Seed germination of 15-20 day get ready for planting in the field.
• Seed germination per cent 76%.
• Shortest germination period shortest of only 16 days.
• It completes flowering and fruiting within 4-5 month.
• Planting is usually done 2.5-3.0m, 1100-1500 plant/ha.
• Phalsa plant is normally pruned at 0.9 to 1.2m above the ground level; time of pruning is during December—January when they are dormant annually.
• Application of N, P and K at 100, 40 and 25kg/ha.

Present study was undertaken to unravel the influence of experimentally induced pre- existing diabetes on survival time and/or mortality pattern in septic animals and how diabetes and sepsis, when occur concurrently, alter vascular reactivity of aorta. Type-1 diabetes was induced following intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ: @ 65 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days while sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Streptozotocin produced a sustained hyperglycaemia in mice and there was decrease in body weight with progression of hyperglycaemic state. CLP caused hyperglycaemia followed by euglycaemia and hypoglycaemia, while in diabeto-sepsis hypoglycaemia was set earlier, leading to early mortality. Alteration in vascular reactivity and endothelial dysfunction was observed.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ are capable of reducing the age induced damages and restoring the seed vigour by controlling free radical reactions.
2. _____ is the process of soaking the low and medium vigour seeds in water with or without adding chemicals to raise seed moisture and drying back for safe storage of seeds.
3. _____ treatment is similar to the moisture equilibration treatment.

The condition is characterized by proventriculitis and dilatation of proventriculus.

Etiology

The cause of transmissible viral proventriculitis (TVP) is a birnavirus referred as Chicken proventricular necrosis virus (CPNV). TVP is a disease of 3-8 week-old broiler.

Family: Apiaceae

Flowering: April-June

Fruiting: July-August

Botanical description: The plant is an perennial, erect, dichotomously branched, aromatic herb, growing up to 15-45 cm high. Leaves are sessile, oblanceolate-oblong, spinosely- serrate and glabrous. Inflorescence heads numerous, cylindric, about 10 x 5 mm with the involucral bracts exceeding the heads. Petals are white or greenish in colour. Fruits are greenish, subspherical and about 1.5 mm in diameter.

•  
• Tamarind is at the 6th position in terms of export value, fresh, dried, powder and paste.
• It is a good source of iron.
• The red variety of Tamarind fruit contains anthocyanin while leucoanthocyanidin is present in the brown.
• Leaves are very rich in anthoxanthin, while the fruits are poor in this pigment.
• Xanthophylls are responsible for the yellow colours of the flower.
• The pulp contains 1.27% pectin.
• T.K.P. – Tamarind kernal powder, the use of cattle freed also.
• Kernal

Materials Required

Ostwald viscometer, stop watch, sample, distilled water, thermometer.

Procedure

    a.    Take sample and distilled water. Record their temperatures (they should be same for correct estimation). If the temperatures are not same bring both to a specific temperature say 20ºC or the room temperature.
    b.    Clean and dry the Ostwald viscometer properly before use
    c.    Fill the ostwald viscometer with distilled water and record the time taken (T₁) for the a known volume of water to flow through the orifice.
    d.    Empty the viscometer and dry it
    e.    Fill the ostwald viscometer with sample juice or liquid and record the time taken (T₂) for the a known volume of sample to flow through the orifice of the same viscometer.
    f.    Calculate the relative viscosity using the following formula

There are three types of systems for expressing the energy value of feeds and many examples have been depicted in each of these systems the world over but here, one example has been taken up in each of these categories.

Digestible Nutrient Type

For example, Total digestiblenutrients (TDN) system: Digestibility coefficients of various organic nutrients like carbohydrate, fat and protein are determined by digestibility trials, which can be utilized to be involved for total digestible nutrients as a measure of nutritive value of feeds. Here only faecal enegy loss has been considered barring losses from other channels. Hence roughages are overestimated bysuchcalculations.Otherwise, thismethodissimple, economical and has some basis for animals to be fed on such standard in India. The TDN value is expressed in percentage as following :

% TDN = % dig. C.P. + % dig. C.F. + % dig. N.F.E. + [% dig. E.E. X 2.25]

Family: Asparagaceae

Flowering: October-January

Botanical description: The plant is an evergreen perennial shrub. It is stemless or with a short stem up to 1 m tall, producing a rosette of leaves of about 40 - 180cm long. The leaves are sword-shaped, 1-1.8 m long and 10-15 cm broad at their widest point, narrowing to 6-7 cm broad at the leaf base, and to a sharp spine tip at the apex. The flowers are greenish to creamy white, 4 cm long, and strongly scented.

• Its constitution makes the tree one of the useful medicinal plants of India.
• Soils including degraded soils of the arid region and can tolerate salinity to a certain extent.
• It is mostly grown in dry portions of subtropical and tropical regions of the country.
• The mature plants can tolerate temperatures as low as 0-15°C and as high as 47.5°C.
• Commercial propagation of seed / In-situ budding.
• Ideal Planting distance required is of 8 to 10m
• Opening of flowers starts in the 2nd week of March.
• The flowers are mainly staminate and hermaphrodite.
• Ripe fruits are available from October-March.
• The tree can produce about 200 to 250 fruits per annum.

The animal bodycan be imagined as a machine, which is gettinginput of desired or available feed given by the farmer and this animal body after processing through various metabolic activities, output of product is given off. Feed is composed of organic nutrients-carbohydrate, fat and protein and after reaching in the animal body, used for constructive work, for example synthesis of body tissues and other associated work. Later, milk or egg is produced as an output. Now putting the same perspective in terms of energy, that is, these organic nutrients of the feed contain chemical energy and after reaching in the animal body, used as mechanical energyin muscles or heat energyin metabolism. The energy in the body would be utilized for the synthesis of body tissues or other productive output, for example, draft work by bullocks. Therefore, energy is primarily required for the maintenance of the body and then, for the productive purposes :

• Growth for all the farm animals

• Milk from cow, buffalo, sheep, goat • Eggs from poultry, duck, turkey

• Wool from sheep

• Meatfromfatteninganimals under the law, for example– mutton, chevon, pork, chicken.

Agronomy is a branch of applied science deals with the principles and practices of field crops production and management of soil for higher productivity. The term Agronomy is derived from Greek word agros meaning field and nomos meaning to manage.

Norman (1980) defined Agronomy as the science of manipulating the crop environmental complex with dual aims of improving Agricultural productivity and gaining a degree of understanding of the process involved.

In recent times, Agronomy has assumed newer dimensions and can be defined as ‘A branch of Agricultural science that deals with the methods which provide favourable environment to the crops for higher productivity’.

Family: Molluginaceae

Flowering: March-June

Fruiting: July-October

Botanical description: The plant is a prostrate annual herb, growing upto to 50 cm long. Leaves are in pseudo-whorls of 3-6 or opposite; leaf blade is spoon-shaped or elliptic, obtuse or acute apex with short leaf stalks. Flowers are greenish white in colour and about 5mm to 8mm across. Capsule is ellipsoid, shorter than the sepals. Seeds are brown and finely granulate.

Ecology: It is commonly found in sandy soil, especially alone river banks, occasionally found in swampy localities, in dried-up pools and ditches and in rice-fields. The plant loves to grow on sandy soil.

The present study was designed to assess the cardio-protective role of oleic acid in myocardial injury. Myocardial injury was induced in rats by intra-peritoneal injection of isoprenaline (ISO; @ 110 mg/kg b.wt) for two consecutive days at 24 h interval. Oleic acid was administered orally (@ 5 mg/kg b.wt or 10 mg/kg b.wt) for 21 days before inducing myocardial injury to evaluate its ameliorative potential. Samples (blood, heart) were collected from different groups of experimental animals 24h after last injection of isoprenaline. Besides evaluation of heart weight to body weight (HW/BW) ratio, myocardial infarct size, oxidative stress parameters and haemato-biochemical parameters, cardio specific biomarkers of injury, ECG, isolated right atrial response and mRNA expression of gene coding for cardiac uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) were also quantified. Isoprenaline administration significantly increased the HW/ BW ratio, myocardial infarct size, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglyceride) in ISO-induced myocardial injured rats.

Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) : Calculated by adjusting the estimated number of life-years an individual is expected to gain from an intervention for the expected quality of life in those years. The quality of life score will range between 0 for death, to 1 for perfect health, with negative scores being allowed for states considered worse than death

Family: Malvaceae

Flowering: July-October

Fruiting: October-February

Botanical description: The plant is a robust branched, annual herb that grows 4-7 ft tall and almost as broad. Leaves are dark green in colour, about 6 in across, deeply dissected into 3-5 narrow lobes. The stems, branches, leaf veins, and leaf stalks are reddish purple. The flowers of the plant are yellow with deep purple centre and about 3 inches across. The sepals of the flowers are prominent, fleshy, bright red in colour. Capsule is ovoid, 1.5 cm across with brownish seeds.