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Pure water is a poor conductor of electricity. Water may carry electricity fairly well when it contains electrolytes such as Acids, bases and salts. Electrolytes in the solution dissociates with cations and anions and pass on electrical conductivity. Hence, more electrolytes concentration in water, more its electrical conductance. The following ions are crucial for adding conductivity to water.
i) Cations: Mg 2+,Ca2+, Na+ and K+
ii) Anions: Cl-, S4
-, CO3
-, HCO3
-and NO3
-
In the International System of units (SI) the reciprocal of ohm is the Siemens (S) and conductivity is reported as millisiemens per meter (mS/m). 1 mS/m = 10 µS/cm = 10 µmhos/cm and 1 µS/cm = 1 µmhos/cm Principle
The quantity and kind of ions present in a solution affect conductivity, which is a numerical representation of a water sample’s capacity to conduct electricity. Since the majority of dissolved inorganic compounds in water are ionised, they add to conductance. The definition of conductance G is the reciprocal of resistance R.

Family: Aizoaceae

Flowering: July-September

Fruiting: October-December

Botanical description: The plant is a succulent herb with prostrate forked branches, growing up to 20-45 cm long. Stems are prostrate or rising, somewhat succulent, up to 50 cm long or more, smooth or sparsely velvety. Leaves are flat, elliptic to obovate, 1-2 cm long, 0.4-2 cm wide, margins entire, tip blunt with rounded base. Leaf stalks are 0.5-2.5 cm long, expanded into a sheath joined with leaf base to form a cup. Flowers are pinkish or white in colour, borne solitary, stalkless, largely hidden in leaf axils. Capsule with a lower scarious or membranous portion and an upper brown. Seeds are black in colour with muricate concentric lines.

Fundamentals of writing farm stories

1. Use of plain and simple language: A farm journalist would have translated technical terms into their plain language.

2. Presentation of novel ideas: People are open to new concepts that are logically explained and will increase their return on investment as a whole.

3. Keep the message brief and to the point so that farmers can recall it. The information should be focused on the benefits that can be attained without using an excessive amount of wording.

4. Use of visuals: Visuals add interest, are more memorable, and have deeper significance. A statement is more understandable and pleasing to the eye when there are more visuals present.

5. Farmers are very receptive to messages that are recent, reliable, realistic, and relevant (the “4Rs”).

6. The audience appreciates and accepts the message that is centred on their environment, locations, and selves.

Fruit pulps are semi-finished products that are used for manufacturing finished value-added products like jam, ready-to-serve beverages, squash, appetizers etc. According to Food Laws, pulp refers to an unfermented but fermentable product, pulpy, turbid or clear, obtained by a mechanical process from sound ripe fruits/vegetables. These are preserved either by heat processing or by using chemical preservatives. The maximum preservative permitted under Indian Food Laws is 1000 ppm sulphur dioxide added in the form of potassium metabisulphite.
Mango, guava, apple, pineapple, papaya, bael, guava, peach, plum, apricot etc., are the most suitable fruits for making pulp for use in finished product preparation.
Procedure
i. Select fully mature and ripe fruit like mango, guava, apple, peach, apricot, kiwi, etc., and wash thoroughly.

The total amount of salts dissolved in water is known as salinity. Salinity of water is denoted as ppt, g/L, psu. Salinity of different water has been classified as Freshwater 0-0.5 ppt, Brackish water 0.5-30ppt and Marine water > 300 ppt.
Reagents
1. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) (0.1N): Dissolve 4.25 g silver nitrate in distilled water and make the total volume 250 ml by shaking.
2. Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) indicator (5%): Dissolve 2.5 g potassium chromate in distilled water and make the total volume 50 ml by shaking.
Procedure
1. Salinity in estuarine and coastal water can be estimated by this method.
2. Take 10 ml of water sample in a 50 ml conical flask.
3. Add 3-4 drops of potassium nitrate indicator solution to it.
4. Titrate against 0.1N Silver nitrate till the yellow colour changes to brick red.

Family: Fabaceae

Flowering: September-October

Fruiting: November-January

Botanical description: Thye plant is a small diffused herb, with erect to creeping habit. Leaflets are 1-4 cm long, 8-35 mm broad, obovate to oblong-wedge-shaped, tip rounded to notched. The flowers of the plant yellow in colour, bloom in 8-20-flowered clusters, with a stalks 3 mm long and sepals nearly equal, shorter than or as long as the tube. The fruit is 1-2 cm long, 2-3 mm broad, linear, sharp tipped, curved and 4-8-seeded.

All animals with cataract are not suitable candidates for surgery. Pre-surgical assessment of a candidate is essential to make a safe judgement for surgical procedure to perform lensectomy. Failure in canine cataract surgery can be associated with poor case selection. A thorough ocular and physical examination should be performed to rule out other ocular diseases prior to cataract surgery. The cataractous lenses in both eyes must be mature to cause functional loss of vision. (24).

The following prerequisites should be fulfilled before cataract extraction is recommended (6):

1. The affected eye should have a significant visual deficit.
2. For the patient to regain vision, its retina must be healthy and functional. if the fundus cannot be examined thoroughly (because of the cataract), retinal function should be evaluated with electroretinography (ERG) to ensure that retinal degeneration is not present as the patient history, signalment, and the speed of pupil contraction

The decreased ability of water to transmit light which is caused by suspended particulate matter ranging in size from colloidal to coarse dispersions is refers as turbidity.
Principle
Turbidity is measured by its effect on the transmission of light, which is termed as Turbidimetry or by its effect on the scattering of light, which is termed as Nephelometry. Turbidimeter can be used for sample with moderate turbidity and Nephelometer for samples with low Turbidity. Higher the intensity of scattered light higher the turbidity.
1 mg SiO2/L = 1 unit of turbidity

Family: Fabaceae

Flowering: December-January

Fruiting: February-March

Botanical description: The plant is an erect, annual and strongly smelling herb growing up to 10-50 cm in height. The Leaves are trifoliate with leaflets 1-3 cm long, 5-15 mm broad, obovate to inverted-lanceo shaped. Flowers are cream or yellowish-white, in colour, 1-2 together in leaf axils and 1.2-1.8 cm long. Pods are oblong, straight or falcate with age, 7.5-10 cm long with a long beak and 20 seeded.

Dietary fat, which is not degraded in upper part of digestive tract (rumen) of animal, but gets digested in lower alimentary tract is known as bypass fat. Rumen protected fat is another name for this bypass fat. Immediately following calving, dairy animals lose a significant amount of energy through milk, although their feed intake is decreased. Animals continue to have negative energy balances as a result.

Cordial is a sparkling, clear, sweetened fruit juice beverage from which pulp/ fibrous material has been removed completely. It contains at least 25% fruit juice, 30% total soluble solids (TSS), 1.5% acid and 350 ppm sulphur dioxide. Lemon and lime are the most suitable fruits for making cordial.
Recipe: The recipe for the preparation of cordial as a general guideline is as under:
Extract the juice from lime or lemon as in squash and store in glass bottles after adding potassium metabisulphite @ 1.0 g/kg of the juice. Allow the juice to settle for a month. Decant the clear juice without disturbing sediments and strain it through a fine muslin cloth. Prepare syrup by mixing sugar with water, boil, strain and allow to cool. On cooling, mix juice in syrup and strain the cordial through muslin cloth if necessary. Add KMS and fill into bottles. Stor in a cool and dry place.

Family: Fabaceae

Flowering: December-January

Fruiting: February-March

Botanical description: The plant is a scrambling and climbing herb, with stems almost hairless, up to 3 ft tall. The leaves are compound with 5-6 pairs of opposite leaflets and 1 terminal tendril. Leaflets are narrow, linear, 2.5-3.0 cm long, 2-3 mm wide. Flowers are borne singly or in pairs on short stalks arising at the base of the leaves, blue to purple in colour, large, up to 2 cm long. Seed pods are mainly black, linear, 4-6 mm broad, containing 10-12 round or angulated small seeds. The plant flowers and bears fruits during December-March.

Intra-operative complications

Although the phacoemulsification technique costs higher, it provides shorter surgical time and less complication than extracapsular lens extraction (49).

The most important intraoperative complications are anterior capsular fibrosis, radial tear of anterior capsule, posterior capsular rupture, vitreous prolapse and post-operative complications like uveitis and corneal oedema (50).

The production of ultrasound energy in phacoemulsification is associated with heat generation that can result in damage to ocular tissue, in particular the corneoscleral wound site. Thermal damage to the corneo-scleral wound site may result in difficulty with wound closure and consequent risk of wound leakage, as well as damage to the adjacent corneal stroma and endothelium, fistula formation, and the induction of high degrees of post-operative astigmatism. The loss of adequate flow of irrigation fluid around the phacoemulsification tip is the key factor in the development of phacoemulsification-induced thermal injury. 

Introduction

The fruit is a hard-shelled, many-seeded berry with its pinkish brown, aromatic sour and sweet pulp being the edible portion of the seeds embedded in it. The tree is one of the hardy trees of arid and semi-arid regions.

By minimizing the harsh climate effects like heat, cold and rain, it is crucial to offer the proper circumstances for raising dairy cows in the tropics. Stress can be reduced through the design of the farm and the dwelling. Controlling the environment lowers the risk of stress and disease, improves management, and increases milk production.

Family : Rutaceae

Flowering: March-April

Fruiting: (Next Year) April-June

Botanical Description: The plant is a medium sized tree with spines of 1-2 cm long. The leaf is composed of three leaflets. The leaflets are oval, elliptic with 2.5-6.5 cm petiole, terminal one is larger. Flowers of the tree are white or greenish-white. The fruits are ovoid, hard and about 5-7.5 cm in diameter. The flowers appear during March-April and the tree bears fruits towards October, ripening in April.

9.1. Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited (AIC)

Formed 1 April 2003 took over implementation of National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) from General Insurance Corporation of India.

Also transacts other insurance businesses directly or indirectly concerning agriculture and its allied activities.

Free carbon dioxide in the water accumulates due to microbial activity and respiration of organisms. Surface waters normally contain less than 10 mg free CO2 per litre while some groundwater may easily exceed that concentration up to 30 to 50 mg/L.
Principle
Free CO2 reacts with sodium carbonate to form sodium bicarbonate, or with sodium hydroxide to form sodium carbonate. Completion of reaction is indicated by the development of the pink colour characteristics of phenolphthalein indicator at the equivalence pH of 8.3.
Analysis of Water and Effluents
CO2 + N2CO3 + H2O = 2NaHCO3
CO2 + 2 NaOH = N2CO3 + H2O
Reagents
1. Standard sodium hydroxide titrant (0.05N): Dissolve 40g of NaOH in boiled CO2 free distilled water and make up the volume to 1 litre. Filter the solution through a sintered glass filter to remove any Na2CO3, the concentration of solution is 1N NaOH. Store it in in glass bottle.
2. Phenolphthalein indicator