eChapters

Introduction

Vetiver, commonly known as Khus grass is a perennial grass of Indian origin. Vetiver roots contain fragrant essential oil, which is a perfume by itself. Aroma chemicals such as vetriverol, vetriverone and vetriveryl acetate are prepared from this volatile oil. In India, it is mainly used in perfumes, cosmetics, and aromatherapy, food and f lavouring industries. Since the plant has extensive finely structured fibrous roots, it is useful in both soil and water conservation and the plant itself is drought tolerant. The world production of vetiver oil is around 300 tons per annum of which India contributes about 20-25 tons only. The world major producers are Haiti, India, Java and Reunion. In India, it is cultivated in the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, with an annual production of about 20 tons of oil. The present consumption of vetiver oil in India is about 100 tons and 80% of the domestic consumption is met by export only. As the internal demand for vetiver oil is very high, concerns are risingover the improved production and quality of raw materials used. Vetiver is a miracle crop and a big boon for the farmers to increase incomes. This would increase farmer’s income by three to four times. This crop has demand not only in India but also across the world. India is gaining big ground in cultivation of vetiver.

Introduction
Vetiver/Khas is a fibrous, perennial and aromatic root crop spread over Indian subcontinent. The genus Vetiveria is derived from its Tamil name ‘Vettiver’. It occurred largely in wet and damp environments over marshy lands in south-east Rajasthan and Haryana. Also found in river banks of western, central and northern U.P. up-to 1200 m elevation in the Himalayan foothills, T.N., Karnataka, Kerala and some parts of central India. Besides India, it is also widely grown in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Haiti, Vietnam and Brazil for its fragrant volatile oil (Guenther, 1972). This species along with its unique xerophytic characteristics of tolerating prolonged drought, also survives under long seasonal flooding; extreme temperature and sustainability over a wide range of soil salinity and alkalinity. The South Indian types are rich in oil percent, but content more of hydrocarbons and less oxygenated constituents, thus inferior to North Indian types having higher percentage of oxygenated compound and very high quality odour value. It belongs to family Graminae or Poaceae.
Uses
• Spongy and fibrous roots are commonly used for making cooler pads, floor mats, door screens emitting sweet fragrance with cooling effect in hot summer season when sprinkled with water as roots retain its delightful odour for a long period.

Scientific name: Vetiveria zizanioides L.
Family: Poaceae
Vetiver, scientifically known as Vetiveria zizanioides L., is a tropical grass species belonging to the Poaceae family. Native to India and Southeast Asia, Vetiver is a perennial grass that grows up to 2 meters in height, with long, thin leaves and a deep, fibrous root system. Vetiver is highly valued for its essential oil, which is extracted from its roots and used in perfumery, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. The plant is also known for its soil-stabilizing properties, making it an effective tool for erosion control and land conservation.
Origin and distribution
Vetiver is native to the tropical regions of Asia, specifically India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. It is cultivated and produced in many parts of the world, including Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, Haiti, Indonesia, Guatemala, India, China, and Brazil. Vetiver is also grown in several other countries, such as the Philippines, Japan, Angola, Dominican Republic, Argentina, and Jamaica. The global production of Vetiver is estimated to be around 250 tons per annum. In India, Vetiver grows wild in various states, including Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam.

4.1. Origin and distribution

• Indigenous to Indian sub-continent.

• Native of Tropical Asia and introduced into tropics of both hemispheres.

4.2. Economic importance

• Economic part-roots up to 30-40 cm, cooling properties

• Maj or constituents - vetivone, vetiverols and vetivernate; obtained by steam distillation of roots

• One of finest oriental perfumes with persistent fragrance.

• Used in manufacture of soaps, cosmetics, perfumery, agarbattis, soft drinks, pan masala etc.

• Acts as excellent fixatives for volatile compounds.

Introduction
Vibrios are Gram-negative, rigid, curved rods that are actively motile by means of a polar flagellum. The name ‘Vibrio’ is derived from the characteristic vibratory motility (from vibrare, meaning to vibrate). They are asporogenous and noncapsulated. Vibrios are present in marine environments and surface waters worldwide. The most important member of the genus is Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. It was first isolated by Koch (1883) from cholera patients in Egypt, though it has been observed earlier by Pacini (1884) and others.
Natural Habitat
Vibrio spp. can be present in both freshwater and seawater as well as in the alimentary tracts of animals and man. At least five Vibrio spp. are human pathogens including V. cholerae, the cholera bacillus, and V.parahaemolyticus which causes food poisoning. Only V. metschnikovii is associated with disease in domestic animals. It causes a cholera-like disease in chickens and other birds but its geographical distribution is very limited. V. anguillarum causes infections in many species of fish especially in salt or brackish water. It causes high mortality in salt water eels.
Vibrio Cholerae
Morphology
The cholera vibrio is a short, curved, cylindrical rod, about 1.5 × 0.2-0.4 mm in size, with rounded or slightly pointed ends. The cell is typically comma shaped (hence the old name V comma) but the curvature is often lost on subculture. S-shaped or spiral form may be seen due to two or more cells lying end to end. Pleomorphism is frequent in old cultures. In stained films of mucus flakes from acute cholera cases, the vibrios are seen arranged in parallel rows,

Vices of poultry are undesirable behavioural pattern manifested by the bird in the flock and spreads fast among the members resulting in financial losses.

Types of Vices

Pecking

Cannibalism

Egg eating

• These are the bad habits of the male animal due to which ultimately their maximum reproductive potential cannot be utilized. • There are so many vices seen in male animals like stall walking, weaving, cribbing, wind sucking, crib biting, viciousness etc. These behavioural disorders are mostly due to improper managemental practices like abusive handling, poor exercise, irregular semen collection and poor exposure to female etc. These may be also due to hormonal imbalance or nervous disorders. - Some important vices which are more related to reproductive behaviour are: 1. Masturbation (Onanism) • Bulls masturbate by rubbing their prepuce and penis against any object. • Boar masturbate and ejaculate by inserting the penis into the preputial diverticulum called Balling up • Boar may show rectal copulation and leads to ejaculate : Pederasty

History

Video conferencing uses telecommunications of audio and video to bring people at different sites together for a meeting. This can be as simple as a conversation between two people in private offices (point-to-point) or involve several sites (multi-point) with more than one person in large rooms at different sites. Besides the audio and visual transmission of people, video conferencing can be used to share documents, computer-displayed information, and whiteboards.

Simple analog videoconferences could be established as early as the invention of the television. Such videoconferencing systems consisted of two closed-circuit television systems connected via cable. During the first manned space flights, NASA used two radiofrequency (UHF or VHF) links, one in each direction. TV channels routinely use this kind of videoconferencing when reporting from distant locations, for instance. Then mobile links to satellites using special trucks became rather common.

This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for more mundane applications, such as telemedicine, distance education, business meetings, and so on, particularly in long-distance applications. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of Picture phone in the 1970s also did not cause the service to prosper

Introduction
In recent years, video editing has transformed with the rise of mobile apps, making high-quality video production accessible to anyone with a smartphone. The portability of smartphones and the power of mobile editing apps empower users to create, edit, and share videos from anywhere. This chapter explores the fundamentals of video editing on mobile devices, the range of available apps, their capabilities, best practices, and specific examples.
1. Advantages of Mobile Video Editing
1.1 Portability and Accessibility
Smartphones eliminate the need for complex and often expensive computerbased setups. Users can now shoot, edit, and publish videos directly from their device, making the process faster and more convenient.
1.2 Cost-Effectiveness
Most video editing apps on smartphones are either free or offer affordable  subscriptions. This makes high-quality video production accessible to hobbyists, freelancers, and small businesses without the overhead of expensive editing software and hardware.
1.3 Instant Sharing Capabilities
Smartphones make it easy to share videos directly from the app to social media platforms, cloud storage, or messaging applications, facilitating instant engagement.

ABSTRACT

The Village Knowledge Centre programme was started in January 1998 in the Union Territory of Pondicherry (now Puducherry) in the east coast of South India with the support of IDRC and CIDA. In order to ensure access to all, the VKCs are located in public buildings (Panchayats, SHG’s building, Community Hall, School, Farmers and Fishermen Associations, Women Self-Help Groups, Community Based Organization, etc.,). The information content is developed in close interaction with the local people in a bottom-up manner.

ABSTARCT

The  Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust (HIHT) has been working in the agriculture field since, 1999. At present, it is focusing on a Research-based project on the cultivation of Aromatic/ Medicinal plants aiming to promote Medicinal and herbal cultivation and increase the income and participation of community. Initially the grant -in-aid is being provided to some farmer groups in  Shilogi village of Tehri District and  Malethi village in Pauri District.  These farmers came forward and offered their land for research work. The project supported the community through both, backward and forward linkages. Rural Development Institute, HIHT, is facilitating the whole operation, from choosing the coordinators to the advisory agencies. RDI is trying to make sure a proper people (especially poor) friendly delivery mechanism through village Resource Centre.

A dilute solution of acetic acid produced by a two-stage fermentation process in the first stage, fermentable sugars is converted into ethanol by the action of yeasts and in the second stage, bacteria of the genus Acetobacter oxidize the ethanol to acetic acid.

Vinegar is a liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol in a process that yields its key ingredient, acetic acid. The acetic acid concentration ranges typically from 4 to 8 percent by volume for table vinegar (typically 5%) and higher concentrations for pickling (up to 18%). Natural vinegars also contain smaller amounts of tartaric acid, citric acid, and other acids.

A family of about 23 genera and 800 species, Violaceae are distributed in both tropical and temperate regions. Only three genera (Hybanthus, Vahila and Viola) have been reported from India. Famous pansies, violas and violets belong to this family. Some of the larger genera with their approximate number of species in parenthesis include Viola (500), Rinorea (340) and Hybanthus (150). Majority of Indian Violaceae are found in Himalayas and hills of
southern and western India.
Garden pansy is an annual or perennial herb planted in flower beds worldwide owing to its pretty shape and contrasting colour markings, looking like a butterfly. It is called as ‘King of annuals’. In horticultural industry, there are variety of forms, sizes, and shapes of pansies which are employed for landscape planting, garden design, and container gardening. With the advent of F1 hybrids, pansies are known as high quality bedding plants. Dried flowers of Viola odorata Vern. are used against cough, influenza, and lung troubles while oil obtained from flowers is used in perfumes and flavourings.
Selected Indian Genera and Species
• Except for garden favourites, such as pansies, violas and violets, the family is of little economic importance. Over 100 species of Viola, are being grown as ornamental plants.

12.1 Introduction

There is no other pair of words except the pair “Multi-Collinearity” which is more misused both in “Econometric Texts” and in “Applied Literature”. In many practical problems, many of our explanatory variables are found to be highly correlated among themselves.

One of the assumptions of the “classical linear regression model (CLRM) is that there is no “Multicolinearity” among the regressor variables included in the regression model.

INTRODUCTION

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is afflicted by many kinds of viruses and their various strains belonging to different taxonomic groups (Table 1) throughout the world resultingin declinein yieldand tuber quality. Exact estimation of yield and economic losses caused by potato viruses depends on a number of factors mainly strain of the virus, variety, seasonand growingconditions etc. Generally crop losses ranges between 5 to15 per cent if all plants are secondarily infected with PVX and PVS; 15-30 per cent for 100 per cent secondary infection of PVYnand 40-70 per cent due to PLRV. Besides, in Europe and North America Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is wellknown to reduce yieldssignificantly (16-64 per cent) dependingon the viroid strain/potato varietyand warmweather (Singh, 1988). Thesevere strains of Potato virus Y (PVY)and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) have the potential to reduce yield up to 80 per cent, while mild viruses like Potato virus X (PVX), Potato virus S (PVS)and Potato virus M (PVM) can cause up to 30 per cent yield loss in infected plants. Atospovirus Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) causing severe stem/leaf necrosis disease in plains/plateaux of central/western India heavily infects the early crop of potato. Similarly, a whitefly transmitted begomovirus Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-potato (ToLCNDV) known to cause apical leafcurl disease in India, has become a serious problem in North Indian plains.

The viruses can be mechanically transmitted with plant sap, by contact and with seeds. Infectedtubers, whitefly and aphid vectors are importantfactors for the transmission of the virusesin nature. Potatoviruses are transmitted by aphids in two ways. The viruses are either non-persistent (stylet-borne) or persistent and circulative (they are ingested and persist in the aphid throughout its life cycle). The most common persistent and circulative virus affecting potatoes in India is PLRV. Common non-persistent or stylet-borne viruses are PVY, PVA, PVS and PVM. Control of circulative viruses by insecticides is highly effective, which is not the ease with stylet borneviruses. Sustainable potato production is possible only if the virus incidenceis kept under check especially in sub tropics where the weather is highlyconducive both for vectors and the common viruses. In thischapterthe major viruses and viroidof potato including symptomatology, diagnostics and their management have been discussed.

(Tenosynovitis; Ruptured gastrocnemius tendon; Reovirus infection)

Viral arthritis is a reovirus infection primarily of broilers characterized by arthritis and tenosynovitis (primarily of the tarsus and metatarsus, the digital flexor and tarsometatarsal extensor tendons) and, occasionally, by rupture of the gastrocnemius tendon(s) resulting in lameness and condemnations at slaughter. The disease is reported worldwide.

Viral diseases causing problems to the routine performance of the wild animals are caused substantially by many viral agents also

The duck environment usually involves the presence of water bodies (man-made or natural) which may enhance the co-mingling of free-living waterfowl species with the domestic flock promote disease transmission. Besides, environmental conditions also influence disease manifestation in ducks. The most of the viral diseases in ducks are contagious and transmitted very easily among the healthy birds in contact. The infectious viral diseases most commonly seen in domestic waterfowl species includes duck plaque, duck viral hepatitis, avian influenza, musky duck parvo virus infections, duck pox etc. These viral diseases cause great economic loss to the poultry industry due to high mortality and morbidity rate.

Viruses are submicroscopic particles made up of nucleic acid covered with a protein coat. The nucleic acid is either RNA or DNA and not both. Protein coat is often covered with an envelope and depending on the presence or absence of an envelope, virus can be an enveloped or non enveloped virus. Size of the virus vary from 20-200 nm. Shape of the virus varies from a simple icosahedra to bullet shape to complex brick shape.

Virus are classified based on their nucleic acid (DNAor RNA) and protein profile. However, additional details on type of disease, host range, and geographic distribution of the virus are also used in classification. The classification of the virus is decided by the International committee on taxonomy of virus (ICTV).

Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites requiring a living cell to replicate. As the virion is lacking its own metabolic machinery, it depends fully on the living host cell for machinery and raw materials for its metabolism and replication. This complex biology of the virus has made it difficult to clearly identify a viral process to design drugs for selective killing without damaging the host cell. Any attempt to kill the intracellular virus affects the host cell.

Replication of Virus in a Cell

There are two kinds of entry into and exit of virus from a cell: a) receptor mediated endocytosis (RME), b) direct entry by fusion. Non-enveloped virus enter the cell by RME (Fig. 1). RME of virus is similar to regular entry of other macromolecules into the cell. With this receptor mediated specified process, virus enter a cell in a vesicle which later fuses with lysosome. Inside the lysosome, viral particles undergo partial changes in protein coat due to digestion by lysosomal enzymes and move to cytoplasm. Finally, this uncoated nucleic acid replicates followed by synthesis of proteins and assembly of viral capsid proteins and genome to full blown virus particles. The site of assembly of the virus may be in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell which is referred to as inclusion body. Inclusion bodies which varies in size, shape, location and staining reaction can be used as a diagnostic feature for some viruses. Non- enveloped virus exit from a cell by damaging plasma membrane and hence clearly show cytopathic effect(CPE) in cell culture.