eChapters

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to:
Calculate the Burst strength of the given paper and Board.
Introduction

Bursting strength is defined as the measure of resistance to rupture in various materials. A test specimen is held between two circular clamps and subjected to an increasing pressure from a rubber diaphragm. The rubber diaphragm keeps on expanding with the help of a controlled pneumatic pressure until the test specimen ruptures. The pressure required to rupture the specimen at the time of reading is known as bursting strength.

Principle

The bursting strength of paper, paper board, including linerboard and corrugated board, is a combined measure of properties of the sheet, like tensile strength and elongation. In general, bursting strength is dependent on the type, proportion, preparation and amount of fibres present in the sheet and their formation, internal sizing, and to some degree, the surface treatment. Since bursting strength is an empirical property, this test serves to define “standard grades” in commercial activity in combination with basis weight.

Identification / familiarization of various feed ingredients: As per National Research Council (N. R. C.), there are 8 main groups of feedstuffs. (1) Dry forages and roughages; All forage and roughage cut and cured are included in this category. These are bulky feeds with low digestibility. Crude fibre is more than 18 % and Total digestible is less than 60 % because of high cell wall contents. For example: dry grass (hay), wheat straw, paddy straw, oat straw, stovers (aerial part without ears), husk (maize) or aerial part without heads (sorghum), hulls and shells. (2) Pasture range plants, tree leaves and forages; Roughage either harvested or without harvesting (fresh) are included in this group. For example: pasture grass, range plants, tree leaves, green forages (legume and non – legume). (3) Silage; only ensiled forages are included. For example: legume non – legume silages. (4) Energy or basal feeds; Feeds are of low protein content, having crude protein less than 20 %, crude fibre less than 18 % and Total digestible nutrients more than 60 %. For example: cereal grains, milk by – products, fruits, nuts, roots etcetera; (5) Protein supplements; Feeds are of high protein , more than 20 %, crude fibre less than 18 % and Total digestible nutrients more than 60 %. For example: animal, marine, avian, and plant products. Meat meal, fish meal, oil seeds, and their cakes etcetera; (6) Mineral supplements; These are natural or pure elements. For example: composite mineral mixture or specific mineral supplements; (7) Vitaminsupplements; These are natural or pu e forms. For example: composite vitamin  pre–mix or specific vitamin supplements; (8) Feed additives; these are for improving efficiency of utilization of feeds. Number of examples have been cited elsewhere in this book [theoretical part above].

Common name    :    English- Red silk cotton
        Hindi- Shalmali 
        Odia- Simili
Family    :    Bombacaceae 

Habit & Distribution: 
It is a tree (Fig. 20 a), fairly common throughout India. It is found in hot, dry river valleys, and the deciduous belt of the hills.

General Characters
The plant is a tree with prickly trunk and branches when young and grows up to a height of 25 meters with a spreading crown. Leaves are compound, stipulate, and clustered at twig ends with 12-25 cm long. Flowers are bright red in colour, 10-12 cm across, solitary or in fascicles and usually on leafless branches. Fruits are woody capsule, 5-valved with many seeds. The plant flowers during January-March and bears fruits during March to May.

Definition

Compound fracture is a type of fracture in which a broken piece of bone protrudes to outside rupturing the skin with a risk of further infection.

Procedure of management

Clean and flush thoroughly the exposed bone using sterile NS followed by sterile medicated NS (NS with antibiotic or antiseptic). Figure (1)

Mop dry the wound thoroughly.

Apply topical antiseptic or antibiotic.

Put the bone inside the part.

With a sterile artery forcep fix a flushing catheter within the wound at its higher level. Figure (2)

Cover the wound over fracture site with sterile soft padded absorbent cotton padding. Figure (2)

The joint below and above of the fracture site covered with thick layered padded cloth before application of POP cast. Figure (3)

POP cast is wrapped as per the conventional procedure over the fracture site covering the joint below and above. Figure (4)

Family : Phyllanthaceae

Flowering: March-May

Fruiting: November-February

Botanical Description: The plant is a small to medium sized deciduous tree, reaching 8 to 18 m in height. It is known for its edible fruits of the same name. The tree has crooked trunk and spreading branches. The leaves are simple, nearly stalkless and closely set along slender branchlets. The leaves are often mistaken for leaflets of pinnate leaves. The flowers are small, greenish-yellow or pinkish, having six segments, but no real petals. The fruit is nearly spherical, light greenish yellow, quite smooth and hard on appearance, with 6 vertical stripes or furrows.

Many chemistry principles are abstract (for example, carbonatebicarbonate buffering) and difficult to grasp. However, a fundamental understanding of the concepts and chemistry underlying the interactions of pH, CO2 , alkalinity, and hardness is required for an effective and profitable pond management. It is impossible to avoid; water quality is water chemistry.

Introduction

The motile bacteria show movements with the help of flagella. The motility of bacteria can be observed by hanging drop method under microscope.

Requirements

1. Bacterial culture
2. Cavity slide
3. Vaseline
4. Coverslip

Procedure

1. Place a very small drop of 24 hours old bacterial culture in the center of a coverslip.
2. Put a small amount of Vaseline at each cover of the depression side of the cavity.
3. Invert the cavity slide over the coverslip. The coverslip adheres to glass slide. When the coverslip is inverted, the hanging drop is suspended in the well.

Preparation and processing of samples for chemical analysis: The preparation of samples depends upon the purpose of analysis and the nature of the constituents that are to be determined. The preparation of samples for analysis is as important as the analytical procedure and hence, it should be done with utmost care. (A) Smpling of wet material: (1) Plant material; (2) Silage; (3) Cattle faeces; (4) Sheep / goat faeces; (5) Poultry excreta; (B) Sampling of air – dry material: (I) Hay or straw; (II) Concentrates.
Small quantities of feed samples are collected from several locations, all sides, in the middle and are mixed well after chaffing. Such mixture is subjected to quarter sampling, by spreading on levelled ground in circular form. This circle is now divided into 4 equal quarters. Any 2 diagonally opposite quarters are selected and other 2 are rejected. Selected portions are mixed properly and again spread on levelled ground in circular form. This mixture is again divided into 4 equal quarters and any 2 diagonally opposite quarters are selected, while remaining 2 are rejected. This procedure is repeated till required quantity of sample is obtained. This representative sample is brought to laboratory as early for drying in a hot air oven. Dried samples are ground to pass through 2 mm sieve in a Willey mill (large samples may be ground through hammer mill), as described in chapter 10. Sample is collected in an airtight plastic bag and stored in desiccator.

Common name    :    English- Palm
        Hindi- Taad
        Odia- Tala
Family    :    Arecaceae

Habit & Distribution 
It is a large tree and widely planted crop (Fig. 21a). The plant is native to tropical Africa but cultivated and naturalized throughout india.

General Character
The plant is a large tree and grows upto 30-40 m. in height. The trunk may have a circumference of 1.7 m at the base. The leaves are palmate, leathery, gray green and 1-3 m in wide with folded along at the midrib. Inflorescences are 90-150 cm long and branched. Fruits are ovoid, 15-20 cm in diameter with fibrous and fleshy mesocarp. The plant flowers during February to March and bears fruits during April to August.

Aim: To prepare a list of materials used for ammobilisation for fractured limb with gum bandage. Materials required

Change in weather affects growth and development of plants. The extent of these effects depends upon the range or severity of change of weather. It is very much possible to change the weather in relatively small area to reap better harvest. Micro weather modification is defined as, “The manipulation of weather elements at increasing or decreasing the duration, intensity, quality etc., for desired effects at microlevel of crop under investigation”.

The climate near the ground can be managed partly by influencing the moisture status and temperature of the upper soil layers, e.g. by mulching and partly by action above the ground e.g. by shading or use of wind breaks.

Botanical description :Botanically, cluster bean is known as Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub. (2n = 2x = 14) belongs to the family Papilionaceae.

Floral biology :Cluster bean is a self-pollinated crop having about 9 percent maximum natural out crossing. The plants are normally fully fertile, a few semi-sterile ones have also been reported.

Isolation distance :Cluster bean is a self-pollinated crop. Isolation distance of 50 metres for foundation and 25 metres for certified seed is essential.

Sowing :Cluster bean can be sown twice in a year, February - March in Northern plains and December - January in Southern plains.

Seed rate : In order to sow one hectare area about 30-40 kg seed of cluster bean is required.

Nutrition : The yield of cluster bean has been maximum when the crop was applied with 40 kg nitrogen and 60 kg phosphorus per hectare. The application of micronutrient to cluster bean crop proves very beneficial. Two sprays of molybdenum at 0.15 percent at 15 and 30 days after seedlings emergence give better yield.

Family : Mimosaceae

Flowering: January-March

Fruiting: April-June

Botanical Description: The plant is a large, nearly evergreen perennial tree that grows up to 20 m or more in height. It has a broad crown, up to 30 m across, and a short trunk, up to 1 m thick. Leaves are deciduous but foliage is persistent, as the new leaves appear while the old ones are being shed, so that the tree looks like an evergreen. Flowers yellowish-white in colour and are borne in small spherical glomerules of about 1 cm in diameter, forming short axillary panicles of 5-30 cm in length. Pods are greenish-brown to red or pinkish, rather thin with 10-15 cm long with irregular shape and flattened. There are about 10 seeds per pod, shining black in a white pulpy aril.

Introduction

A haemocytometer is a single piece of glass with an H-shaped trough forming two counting areas. Hemocytometers are used to determine the total cell count and viability of many different cell types The full grid on a hemocytometer contains nine squares, each of which is 1 mm¹. Each counting area is defined by a grid system. It has supports that hold the cover glass at the proper distance (0.1 mm) above these areas for the calculation of the concentration per volume of liquid.

Requirements

1. Inoculum
2. Inoculation needle
3. Test tubes

Vaginal prolapse in cow is a condition in which there is protrusion of whole or part of vagina including sometimes the part of cervix through the vulva. It occurs in cow mostly during last 2-3 months of gestation. It occurs due to excess secretion of estrogen from placenta, hypocalcaemia, inadequate exercise, bulky food like roughages etc. Sometimes occurs in non pregnant cows due to cystic ovaries, severe straining due to vaginal irritation etc.

Communication is not merely the transfer of messages between a sender and a receiver. It involves the construction of meaning influenced by the social environment or domain in which it occurs. In both non-work and work domains, communication often has specific intents and purposes. In the workplace, the role of power significantly influences communication, creating opportunities for message distortion.

Power Dynamics in Workplace Communication

In work settings, power dynamics play a crucial role in shaping communication. This power is typically asymmetrically distributed, often leading to the distortion of messages. To distort a message means to alter its original shape, resulting in linguistic abnormalities or deviations from the proper meaning of a sign. Intentional distortion manipulates the perception of a message, facilitating pre-designed and purposive misrepresentations.

Impact of Distortions on Language

Distortions in communication impact the language used in the workplace. Management, which generally has greater access to communication channels and language use, is more likely to construct messages with intentional purposes. These purposes are usually aligned with organizational goals, primarily profit. In hierarchical work structures, management leverages its power to align communication with its objectives, making communication a tool for achieving instrumental purposes.

Language and Power in Workplace Communication

The language used in workplace communication often reflects the superior subordinate relationship. This dynamic is not limited to work-based relations but extends to non-work areas as well. Those with privileged access to media can achieve dominance over others, constructing meanings that subordinates must accept, even if those meanings are against their interests.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn :
The Scuff Resistance of the Printed Sample.
Introduction

Scuff resistance or abrasion resistance is a desirable and sometimes critical property of printed materials. Abrasion damage can occur during shipment, storage, handling, and end use. The result is a significant decrease in product appearance and legibility of product information. A printed substrate's level of abrasion damage is influenced by numerous factors, including time, temperature, humidity, and shipping circumstances. This procedure offers a means of comparing printed materials' resistance to scuffs in a lab setting. The relative scuff resistance of printed inks, coatings, laminates, and substrates can also be assessed using this technique. This procedure can be changed to assess how a product—food, drink, powdered detergent, etc.—affects scuff resistance, which might happen when something spills or leaks while being transported. Labels, folding cartons, corrugated boxes, circulars, inserts, and other packaging materials with applied graphics on a flat substrate can all use this technique.

Proximate analysis: Weende’s system is followed. Weende was a small village in Germany, near the University of Goettingen at that time (1860), when this system was developed by Hanneburg and Stohmann. Although it is neither true nor approximate, but somewhere in the middle, that is, proximate analysis of the various parameters for assessment purpose; it gives information about the quality of feeding stuff and still followed.

Common name    :    English- Miracle leaf
        Hindi- Zakhm-haiyal 
        Odia- Amarpoi

Family    :    Crassulaceae

Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a herb (Fig. 22 a), mostly found in rocky areas and also in plains. It is widely distributed in tropical area.

General Characters
It is a succulent herb, grows upto 1-2m in height. The leaves of the plant are simple, opposite, 3-5 lobed, thick and fleshy with crenate margins. Flowers are pink, or purple in colour. The plant has thick, flexible and short stems. The plant flowers during November to March. Fruiting occurs between January and February.