eChapters

Indication

Fracture in case of large animals, act as soft padding

Procedure

A single piece of long cotton cloth is taken which is separated into two equal halves on the middle line (Fig. 1).

One of the 2 parts is taken and folded to form a bilayer padded cloth (Fig 2)

The bilayer padded cloth to further folded to form 4 layer padded cloth and subsequently to S and 16 layer padded cloth (Fig. 3).

The 16 layer padded cloth is thus used around the fractured limb from the joint above to joint below.

The other half of the doth from Fig 1 is then separated into further 2 parts horizontally (Fig. 4)

The pieces thus formed are folded to form 2 layer, 4 layers and 8 layers Cloth paddings in order to cover the ends of netted bamboo splints longitudinally and retention Is done with ropes.

Problem-Recommended dose of N:P:K for bearing mango tree 1.0 Kg N: 0.87 Kg P and 1.66 Kg K annually per plant. Available fertilizers are urea, DAP and MOP for supplying of NPK respectively.

So, for an orchard of 1 hectare area, the total number of plants is 100 if spacing is 10m x 10m

Family : Myrtaceae

Flowering: April-May

Fruiting: July-August

Botanical description: The plant is an evergreen tropical tree, 50 to 100 ft. tall, with oblong opposite leaves that are smooth, glossy and having a terpentine smell. It has fragrant white flowers in branched clusters at stem tips and purplish-black oval edible berries. The leaves are antibacterial, and are used for strengthning the teeth and gums. The fruit is ellipsoid or oblong, variable in size and shape, usually up to 2.5 cm long, black, shining and juicy when fully ripe. Seeds always one, with thick rounded fleshy cotyledons, closely appressed on their inner faces.

Plants are used as medicine since time immemorial. One of the area of Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology is considered as the scientific evaluation of traditional medicinal plants (Cotton, 1996). Cox (1994) has suggested that the ethno-directed sampling is most likely to succeed in identifying drugs used in the treatment of gastrointestinal, inflammatory and dermatological complaints. The Plant kingdom is a virtual goldmine of potential drug targets and other active molecules awaiting to be discovered. It has been estimated that only 10 - 15 per cent of the 7,50,000 existing species of higher plants have been surveyed for biologically active compounds.

Uterine prolapse also called casting of the “Calf Bed” in cow is a condition in which there is eversion of whole or part of uterus outside the vulva after its movement through dilated cervix and vagina. It occurs in cow after the birth of calf and mostly in dairy cows having given birth many times to a calf. It occurs due to hypocalcaemia, defective involution, inadequate exercise, excessive force applied during removal of calf etc.

Estimation of calcium and phosphorus in feeds: Calcium is precipitated as calcium oxalate by adding ammonium oxalate to acid soluble extract prepared after running a sample for ash. Precipitates of calcium oxalate are dissolved in sulfuric acid and titrated with potassium permanganate to know the content of calcium.
Using N1V1 ≡ N2V2, 1.0 ml of 0.1 KMnO4 = 2.004 mg Calcium.
Calcium, g % = Burette reading difference X 2.004 X dilution factor X 100 / weight of the sample used for preparation of acid soluble mineral extract X 1000.
[dilution factor, (for example) = 250 / 25 (ml aliquot taken) = 10]
Phosphorous present in the sample is precipitated with ammonium molybdate and the precipitates are dissolved in NaOH solution. Excess sodium hydroxide is titrated with nitric acid to calculate the actual volume of NaOH used up which is direct proportion to the Phosphorous content.
1 ml of 0.1 N NaOH = 0.1347 mg Phosphorus
Phosphorus % = Actual volume of 0.1N NaOH solution used to dissolve precipitate X 0.1347 X dilution factor X100 / weight of sample used for acid soluble extract X 1000
[Here, dilution factor is 250 / 50 (aliquot taken) = 5]

Common name    :    English- Bastard teak
        Hindi- Palash
        Odia- Palash

Family    :    Fabaceae 

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a tree distributed throughout India, fairly common especially in the drier parts of north-west odisha.

General Characters 
It is a small or medium sized dry deciduous tree, reaching to 15 m. in height. It is a slow growing tree. The leaves are pinnate, with about 8-12 cm long petiole and three leaflets, each leaflets of about 10-20 cm long. The flowers are 2.5 cm long, bright orange red, and produced in racemes up to 15 cm long (Fig. 23a). The fruit is a pod. The plant flowers during February and April, and bears fruits during May-July. The plant is popularly known as flame of the forest.

Procedure for Netted Padded Bamboo Splint

Marking of the bamboo splints is done maintaining equal distance (Fig.1).

At both the edges of the marking, grooving of the bamboo splints is done for perfect tieing of the plastic rope (Fig.2).

The bamboo splints are tied with the help of plastic rope maintaining 1 finger space between each bamboo splint (Fig.3).

Soft 8 layer padding of cotton is provided at both the ends of the netted bamboo splint in order to avoid injury (Fig.5).

The width of the netted padded bamboo splint should be upto one and half times of the limb’s circumference (Fig.6).

Family : Lythraceae

Flowering: August-September

Fruiting: November-December

Botanical description: The water chestnut is an annual aquatic herb with a rosette of floating leaves and submerged, anchored into the mud by very fine roots. It has two types of leaves, finely divided, feather-like submerged leaves borne along the length of the stem, and undivided floating leaves borne in a rosette at the water’s surface. The floating leaves have saw-tooth edges and are ovoid or triangular in shape, 2-3 cm long, on inflated leaf-stalks 5-9 cm long, which provide added buoyancy for the leafy portion. Flowers are white in colour, with Four petals and are borne for a long period. The fruit is a nut with barbed spines. Seeds can remain viable up to 12 years, although most germinate within the first two years.

Introduction

Photosynthetic bacteria are autotrophs and anaerobes. These bacteria produce Hydrogen sulphide. These are predominant in the bottom of stagnant water enriched with mud.

Requirements

1. Mud sample
2. Enrichment medium of Photosynthetic bacteria or salt solution (1.0g/lt. of (NH⁴)₂SO⁴ 1 g; K²HPO⁴, 1 g; MgSO⁴,0.2g; NaCl, 5g; pH 7.2)
3. Sterilized bottle with plug
4. Fluorescent tube

Pyometra meaning “pus filled uterus” is a condition in cow which is characterized by progressive accumulation of pus in the uterus, presence of persisting CL, absence of estrus and regular estrus cycles and a closed cervix. Pyometra occurs following chronic endometritis in most cases as uterus fails to produce endogenous CL regressing agent i.e. PGF2a. So, the CL of diestrus persists resulting in failure of elimination of uterine infection as the animal remains under the continuous influence of progesterone. Progesterone production from the persistent CL causes closure of cervix, pus accumulation in the uterus and consequently leading to enlargement and distension of uterus.

Qualitative detection of undesirable constituents, adulterants in Feeds: The nutritive value of feed ingredients from the same origin may exhibit variation. The factors which are responsible for the variation are natural variation are natural variation, processing, adulteration and damage, deterioration. These days, due to shortage and high prices of feed ingredients, adulteration is one of the main problems. Feed quality can be examined by different techniques:
(a) Feed microscopy: Stereo or compound microscopy may be used for: (i) Screening method; (ii) Floatation technique.
(b) Chemical tests: For heavy metals, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, free sulfur, salts: carbonate, chloride, salt, sugar, urea, blood, hoof or horn, leather meal, uric acid.

Introduction
Background information on the study area and research objectives. Methodology: Description of the data collection and analysis methods. Results: Presentation of the survey findings, including tables, figures, and maps.
Discussion: Interpretation of the findings and their implications. Conclusions and recommendations: Summary of the key conclusions and recommendations for policy and development interventions.
Example Questions for a Farming Systems Survey General Household Information
What is the size of your household?
What is the highest level of education attained by the household head?
What is the primary occupation of the household head?
Land Use
How much lands do you own/rent/cultivate?
What crops did you grow on your land in the last year?
What is the area allocated to each crop?
Crop Production
What were your yields for each crop?
What inputs did you use (fertilizers, pesticides, seeds)?
What were your costs of production for each crop?

Common name    :    English- Fever nut/Grey Nicker
        Hindi- Kat-karanj 
        Odia- Gila

Family    :    Caesalpiniaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a herb (Fig. 24 a), commonly found in hedges, thickets, scrub forests etc. and is distributed throughout India.

General Characters
It is a large climber with staright or recurved prickles. The branchlets are hairy and leaflets are 8 pairs with elliptic and lanceolate shape. Flowers are yellow, simple and usually supra-axillary. The pods are broadly oblong with 5-7.5×4 cm in size. It is 1-2 seeded and the seeds are large and round, 1-8cm diameter. The testa is very hard. The flowering time for the plant is August to October and it bears fruits during December to April.

Veneer grafting

It has one striking advantage in using the detached scion sticks for propagation, i.e. the shoot of the mother plant which is to be multiplied can be cut away from the mother plant and taken to the seedling growing in the nursery for grafting. Proper selection of scion is very important for the success of this method. The scion stick ought to be 3 to 4 months old and with some activated bud, either auxiliary or terminal. This is secured by defoliating the scion shoot about a week before the actual operation

This method can be practiced on seedling stocks grown in pots or nursery beds. A slanting cut about 5cm long on one side of scion stock, is given and the bark along with wood is removed, giving an oblique cut. Now a slanting cut on one side of the scion is made, which will just fit with the notch of the stock. The scion is then placed in position in such a way that the cambium rings of both stock and scion come in close contact. It is then wrapped tightly with 1.5cm wide tape of 200-300 gauge alkathene film keeping the terminal ends free. When the scion begins to grow at the top, (after about 3 weeks) the upper part of the stock is removed, thus forcing the buds to grow more rapidly. The plastic wrap is removed after 2-3 months.

The success is more or less the same in the entire scion (2.5 to 10.50 cm in length) but the growth of scion is always more when bigger scions are used.

Family : Rhamnaceae

Flowering: July-September

Fruiting: October-January

Botanical Description: Jackal Jujube is a very thorny straggling shrub with rusty-velvety young branches with paired thorns. Thorns are, one straight and the other recurved. Alternately arranged simple leaves are ovate to ovatelancelike, often oblique, with three prominent nerves and numerous transverse nervules. Tiny green flowers are borne in nearly stalkless velvety cymes in leaf axils. Fruits are spherical or obovoid drupes, black, shining, seeds woody.

Phytochemicals from various parts of a plant or tree such as the leaves, the flowers, the seeds, the barks, the roots and the shrubs can be isolated. Once one comes in from collecting plants in the field, it is good idea to freeze them immediately in a freezer at – 20°C or a commercial freezer held at – 80°C (Kaufman et al., 1999). According to Harborne (1984, 1998), fresh plant tissues should be used for phytochemical analysis and the material should be plunged into boiling alcohol within minutes of its collection. Alternatively, plants may be dried before extraction.

The fi rst symptom of disease appears in early spring soon after leaves come out of buds. Affected leaves become distorted and fold over as tips directed backwards. The whole lamina puckered except tip and blistered. In some leaves, part of leaf show distortion. Blistered portions are thicker, softer than the normal leaf blade. The affected areas remain green for a while and gradually become yellow and fi nally turn reddish-purple in colour. 

Introduction

Rhizobia are Gram-negative soil bacteria , aerobic nitrogen fixers and adhere to the roots of leguminous plants. Fixed nitrogen is assimilated to proteins and is transported along the plants. A part of proteins is also released in rhizosphere region.

Requirements

1. Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar (YEMA)
2. Sterile saline
3. HgCl₂ solution (1%)
4. Ethanol (70%)
5. Root nodules of Mung bean
6. Water blanks
7. Pipettes
8. Petri plates
9. BOD Incubator