eChapters

Familiarization with various fertilizers, manure and Agri – implements: Manure: * Nutrients are added to soil for healthy growth of plants. * Continuous growing of crops makes the soil poor in nutrients. * Manures are organic substances obtained from decomposition of plants animal wastes. * Manuring is done to replenish soil with nutrients.
Advantages of manuring: * Improves water retaining capacity of the soil. * Makes the soil porous and exchange of gases becomes easy. * Increases the number of friendly microbes. * Improves the texture of the soil. * Replenishes the soil with necessary nutrients.
Fertilizers: * These are chemical substances rich in nutrients. * These are produced in factories.
Advantages of fertilizers: * Help farmers to get better yield of crops.
Disadvantages of fertilizers: * Sources of water pollution. * Make the soil less fertile. * Artificial fertilizers often cause diseases.

Common name    :    English- Peacock flower
        Hindi- Guletura
        Odia- Godibana

Family    :    Caesalpiniaceae

Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a shrub (Fig. 25a), commonly found in gardens and sometimes in wild. It is cultivated throughout India and probably native to tropical America, now widely cultivated in the tropics.

General Characters
The plant is a branched shrub or small tree that reaches up to 3-4 m in height. The leaves of the plants are bipinnate, 20-40 cm long, bearing 3-10 pairs of pinnae, each with 6-10 pairs of leaflets. The flowers are yellow or red in colour and borne in racemes up to 20 cm long. Petals are four in number, subequal and transversely oblong above the long claw. The plant flowers and fruits during most parts of the year.

It is known by different names such as Ramularia leaf spot, rust, bird’s eye spot, grey spots, and white spot. It mostly attacks leaves but can also attack fruit stalks and also fruits.

Cystic ovarian disease (Cystic ovarian degenertaion or ovarian cysts) is a common ovarian dysfunction in cattle and causes huge economic loss to farmers due to its high incidence and negative impact on the reproductive performance of cow. Animals having cysts on ovary result in anoestrum as the most significant clinical sign. Althouugh the exact cause that leads to cystic ovarian disease is not yet fully clear but altered release of LH hormone is the most accepted hypothesis.

Estimation of silage quality parameters: Process of making silage is called ensiling. The green fodder harvested at a proper stage is stored, packed and compressed in silo and it is then tightly covered to prevent the contact with air. Thus, the forage is preserved by controlled microbial anaerobic fermentation in a silo with minimum loss of nutrients for use as a succulent fodder during scarcity (lean) period. This form of preserved fodder is known as silage. Silage is prepared by obtaining enough acid content in ensiled feed which inhibit the microbial fermentation thereby preserving the green fodder. Following are
points to ponder:
1. Maize, sorghum, bajra crops having thick solid stems and rich in soluble carbohydrates, are best for silage preparation. Silage can also be prepared from oats, berseem etcetera, after wilting to 35 – 40 % dry matter.
2. Dry matter content in fodder crop for ensiling should be between 30 – 40 % (average 35 %) and should have sufficient soluble sugars for acid production during fermentation.
3. The crop is harvested in bloom stage, which is best for silage preparation.
4. If the crop is deficient in soluble carbohydrates, (for example, legumes), then a sugar industry by – product is added.
5. Silage having acidic flavour and pH 3.5 to 4.2 is considered to be excellent.
6. The crop should be properly trampled / pressed to remove the air out of silo.
7. The crop is chopped into small pieces for better microbial action due to increased surface are and sufficient acid production.

The phases of green revolution and post green revolution of Indian agriculture have assured us of security. We are now producing 354 million tons of food grains and our target is to produce 550 million tons before 2050. This is really an incredible progress for any country dominating with rural and agrarian economy. As on date, the contribution of Indian agriculture to national GDP is 14.7 % but it has to support around 60% of population. While food security has been ensured for 1480 million of population, the issues of malnutrition are standing paramount. It sounds melancholic that India is also sustaining world’s highest count of hungry population close to 51% newborn babies are underweight, 60% of rural women are anaemic, millions are deprived of dedicated safe drinking water. According to FAO, between 702 and 828 million people in the world faced hunger in 2021. Health, hygiene and nutrition are organically linked to each other, in terms of calorie intake of rural women. We are still far below of international standard. Alongside, the hemoglobin level runs below the expected level to indicate that women are runningin a moderate to acute anaemic condition. Around 840 million people are malnourished from insufficient calories. According to Black et al., (2008) nutrition related factors were found to be jointly responsible for around 35% of the child fatalities and 11% of the overall global illness burden in an analysis that took into account co-exposure. Due to poor quality of drinking water, whatever available, the propagation of water born diseases has been endemic and robust. The geo-spatial distribution of hunger and malnutrition indicates that there is location to location variation, gender discrimination, and seasonal variability across the terrain of social-cultural distribution. To make India stronger and swashbuckling we need to refocus on women health, child care and removal of economic discrimination. With acute hunger, mapping, problem of chronic hunger as well, chronic hunger hasbeen reflected through seasonal sickness, broken health and psycho-somatic downfall. Sometimes, poverty has not been the only factor for malnutrition. The other factors for malnutrition can be our wrong belief system, superstition, wrong food habit, and unscientific cooking process. With this background the objectives of the studyhave been spelt out.

Common name    :    English- Gaint milk weed
        Hindi- Akoa
        Odia- Arakha

Family    :    Asclepiadaceae 

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a shrub. (Fig. 26 a) The plant is frequently found in waste grounds and roadsides. It is widely distributed throughout India.

General Characters
The plant is a stout-tomentose shrub. Leaves of the plant are 10-16×8-10 cm size, smaller in branchlets with elliptic-ovate to obovate in shape. The fowers are pale purple or greenish white in colour, 3 cm across having 5 pointed petals. The fruit is saccate, 6×3 cm ovoid, inflated and boat shaped. The plant flowers during December and July and bears fruits during February and June.

Purpose-To now the technique of application of thick layer sterile absorbent protective cotton padding over fractured site and its retention with thread ligature in order to protect the bone from further damage

Site-Generally area joint above and joint below of fractured site of bone needs to be covered with a thick layer for perfect immobilization of fractured bone.

The following special terms are used in grape cultivation:

1. Training: Consists chiefly in giving a shape to the vine to the various forms of support.
2. Pruning: Consists in removing canes, shoots, leaves diseased, unproductive and other vegetative parts of the vine.
3. Thinning: Thinning is the removal of flower cluster, immature fruit cluster or parts of cluster.
4. Shoots: Shoots are the current season’s top vegetative (succulent) growth arising from a bud after pruning.
5. Canes: Canes are the woody matured shoots.

The symptom appears as numerous, circular, light yellow to dark yellow spots on both the surfaces of leaves but is more prominent on the upper surface. The spot may coalesce to form large, irregular patches and soon entire leaf turns yellow and dries. Affected leaves appear as reddish-brown in colour. Excessive spotting destroys green tissues and becomes weak and yield reduced drastically

• Dairy farm
• Poultry farm
• Wormi compost
• Fodder bank
• Any other visit with the permission of chair.

Common name    :    English- Rubber bush
        Hindi- Akada
        Odia- Arakha

Family    :    Asclepiadaceae
 
Habit & Distribution
It is a shrub (Fig. 27 a), common weed, mostly found in disturbed sites, roadsides, and wastelands and roadsides. It is widely distributed in hot and dry areas of India.

General Characters
The plant is a shrub that grows up to 4 m in height. Leaves of the plant are opposite, gray green, broadky elliptic, large upto 15 cm long and 10 cm broad with a pointed tip. Flowers are waxy white, 5 petals, purple tipped inside and with a central purplish crown. Fruits are gray-green, inflated 8-12 cm long and contain numerous seeds. Flowering and fruiting occur during December and July. 

India has a total geographical area of about 329 million hectares which represents about 2.4% of the world’s total landmass but it harbours a total of 47,513 plant species. Out of about 0.4 million species known in the world, it represent as much as 11.4% of world flora. About 28% of plants that occur in India are endemic to the country. The ecological or ecosystem diversity of the country is enormous, ranging from sea level to the highest mountainous ranges in the world, hot and arid conditions in the northwest to cold arid conditions in the trans-Himalayan region, tropical wet evergreen forests in Northeast India and the Western Ghats and mangroves of Sundarbans.

The disease appears as tumour like swelling or galls on leaf veins, leaf stalks, peduncles, stems and on fruits. The galls on the vein give a swollen and hanging appearance to the leaves. These are elongated, looks glossy in beginning but later rupture to become rough and corky. When stems remain succulent, numerous tumours may form on them. In severe case, the plant may kill prematurely.

Future scope of the Research

The present study has been conducted by driving the insights deeper into the nature, intensity and character of the problems creating barrier against the farmers happiness and there mental health. The present study thus leaves behind the following domains to be researched out in future:

The study can be extrapolated to other domains of mental health and happiness:

Artificial insemination (AI) is a technique in which sperm cells loaded in straws and stored in liquid nitrogen are thawed and manually deposited into the reproductive tract of a female animal at estrus. The recto-vaginal technique is the most commonly used method for artificial insemination in cattle. In order to increase the probability of pregnancy, the animal in estrus should be inseminated at proper time not too early or late.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn 
Determination of porosity of tin plate.

Introduction

Porosity in tinplate refers to the presence of tiny holes or pores in the tin coating on steel sheets used for making tin cans. These pores can expose the underlying steel to the contents of the can, potentially leading to corrosion and contamination of the food product. Ensuring minimal porosity is crucial for maintaining the integrity and safety of food packaging. Tinplate is produced by coating a thin layer of tin onto a steel sheet. This can be done through hot dipping or electroplating. The goal is to create a uniform and continuous tin layer that acts as a protective barrier against corrosion. During the coating process, imperfections such as pores or pinholes can form in the tin layer. These imperfections can occur due to variations in the coating thickness, impurities in the tin, or mechanical damage during handling and processing.When a tinplate can with porosity is filled with food, the contents can come into direct contact with the exposed steel through the pores.The acidic or basic nature of certain food products can accelerate the corrosion of the exposed steel, leading to the formation of rust.This corrosion can compromise the structural integrity of the can and potentially contaminate the food with rust particles or harmful by-products of the corrosion process. The primary function of the tin coating is to act as a physical barrier that prevents the food from contacting the steel. A continuous and defect-free tin layer ensures effective protection.Tin also provides cathodic protection to the steel. In the presence of an electrolyte (e.g., acidic food), tin acts as the sacrificial anode, corroding preferentially to the steel. However, this mechanism is only effective if the tin layer is relatively thick and the porosity is minimal.

Quadrangle: A square or quadrangular space surrounded by buildings, as on college grounds.

Quadrant: 1. The quarter of a circle, an arc of 90°. 2. An instrument for measuring altitudes.

Quadrilateral: A plane figure with four sides and four angles.

Quarter turn belt: The arrangement of a belt to drive two shafts, which are at right angle.

Quarter turn drive: A belt drive connecting pulleys whose axes are at right angles.

Quartering machine: A machine that bores parallel holes simultaneously in such a way that the centre lines of adjacent holes are at 90 deg. apart (axes of the holes are perpendicular to the plane on which an angular measurement are taken.)

Common name    :    English- Papaya
        Hindi- Papaya/Papeeta
        Odia- Amruta bhanda

Family    :    Caricaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a small tree (Fig. 28 a), commonly cultivated throughout India. The plant is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.

General Characters
It is a soft tree. The leaves are large, palmately lobed, long petiole with hollow and swollen base. Sepals and petals are in alternate whorls. The flowers are yellowish-white in colour, and fruits are large and 1 celled. It bears flowers and fruits throughout the year.