eChapters

The diagnosis of pregnancy (Cyesiognosis) was desired earlier by farmers for curiosity, but currently early pregnancy diagnosis is considered essential for economically viable and profitable dairy farming. Clinical methods are commonly used for pregnancy diagnosis in cattle with recto genital palpation and trans-rectal ultrasonography as the methods of choice for an accurate and early pregnancy diagnosis.

Common name    :    English- Golden shower
        Hindi- Sundaraj 
        Odia- Sunari

Family    :    Fabaceae

Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a medium sized tree (Fig. 29 a), fairly common in forests and often also planted. It is widely distributed throughout India.

General Character
It is a medium sized tree having smooth bark. The leaflets are up to 4-8 pairs, ovate and oblong. Flowers of the plant are light yellow, and at least 30-60 cm long. The fruits are dark brown, long and cylindrical pods. Plants do flower during April and June, and fruiting occurs during March.

Purpose

To strengthen gum bandage in order to keep the fracture perfectly immobilized.

Materials required

Soft cotton padding, Adhesive gum, netted bamboo with soft padding, retention ligature.

Particle density of soil is the ratio of mass and volume of soil solids. Particle density of soil is an important physical characteristic because the interrelationships of porosity, bulk density and air space, and rates of sedimentation of particles in fluids depend on particle density.

Principle

The determination of particle density (ρ_p) requires the measurement of mass of the solid and its volume. The mass is obtained by weighing the oven- dry soil sample and volume by calculating from the mass and density of water displaced by the sample in a pycnometer. The pycnometer is a glass flask with a ground glass stopper having a capillary opening. The particle density can be calculated using the following equation:

Introduction

Antibiotics are the substances produced by one microorganism and are required to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Antibiotics are used to combat infectious diseases. The antibiotic sensitivity is very significant due to development of resistance among various microorganisms.

Requirements

1. Swab
2. Nutrient agar
3. Petri plates
4. Bacterial cultures
5. Forceps
6. Antibiotic discs
7. BOD Incubator

Procedure

1. Prepare the bacterial lawn on Nutrient agar plate.

Audio-visual aids serve to complement extension and development workers rather than replace them. Not all aids are suitable for every occasion, but there are specific aids that should be carefully chosen and utilized for each particular situation. There is no universal rule for selecting and employing audio-visual aids to ensure effectiveness in all circumstances. To achieve the most effective outcomes, extension workers should:

• Choose the appropriate aids,

• Employ a suitable combination of selected aids,

• Utilize them in the correct sequence.

Audio-visual aids are employed individually or in combination, taking into account the following factors:

1. Size of Audience: Video presentations or whiteboards may not be effective when the audience exceeds 30 participants. Leaflets, bulletins, or handouts are suitable for one reader at a time, while public address systems or internet messages are suitable for large audiences.

2. Nature of Audience: Printed media are suitable for literate individuals, while exhibits, pictures, and symbols are more appropriate for those with lower literacy levels.

3. Teaching Objective / Expected Nature of Change: Audio-visual aids should be selected based on the objective of extension teaching, whether it aims to change:

• Thinking or knowledge,

• Attitude or feeling,

• Actions or skills.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
How to do edible packaging of food sample.

Introduction

Edible Packaging – An edible film or coating is simply defined as a thin continuous layer of edible material formed on, placed on, or between the foods or food components. The package is an integral part of the food, which can be eaten as a part of the whole food product.

Edible packaging can be done in two types:

Edible coating: Edible coating are applied and formed directly on food (e.g. by spraying, immersion, and fluidization) via a coating solution. This will be a part of the food and must not provoke unwanted change (organoleptic, physical, and chemical).

Common name    :    English- Orange
        Hindi- Santra 
        Odia- Kamala

Family    :    Rutaceae

Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a small tree (Fig.30a), commonly cultivated in hilly areas and widely seen in India and other subtropical countries.

General Characters
It is a small tree of moderate size, and grows up to 15-20 ft in height. The branches are slender, erect or spreading and spinous. The leaves of the plants are shiny and leathery, oblong to elliptic and grow up to 10 cm long having narrow wings in their petioles. The flowers are white in colour and are seen arranged in clusters of 1-6. Fruits are variable in size and shape, oblate and 7.5 cm in diameter ripen to light or deep yellow in colour. The plant flowers during January to June and bears fruits during November and December. 

Abstract

Nutrition is basic to sustainable development being concerned with ensuring food at all times in terms of quality and quantity. As a bridge between food and health it interlinks several variables such as environment and protection from illness and disease, which helps to lead to an optimal quality life. Despite the substantial progress made in India’s food production, serious nutritional challenges continue to threaten her development in human resource development more so rural women are particularly vulnerable to malnutrition. Poor nutritional status of women during adolescence and their resultant vulnerability to anaemia during pregnancy contributes to a higher level of low birth weight children and if it happens to be girl child then the vicious cycle continues. Although food is available through markets at the district and village level, food security at the house hold level becomes a challenge because of lack of purchasing power. Women contribute significantly to agriculture production; on an average their contribution will be around 55-65 per cent. Hence, conscious effort is needed to develop an intervention strategy. One such strategy would be empowerment of women through transfer of technology, which will help in income generation especially during lean agriculture seasons. Priority areas in the field of nutrition for technology transfer would be processing, preservation and value addition of agro based crops. However, training is required for skill upgrading and capacity building of women.

CORPUS

Fixation of rubber slipper over the foot, after application of fracture, immobilising devices the foot is protected with rubber slipper to avoiding soiling and affection of foot (Fig. No-1).

The foot protection the protective rubber slipper is applied given to both their foot (Fig No.2).

Gum bandage, immobilised limb (Fig No.3).

As well as POP cost application (Fig No. 4).

The rubber could be given anterior to posterior derection to avoid entering of soiling towards the foot.

The slipper retain in position with due to splint.

Bulk density to which a soil can be compacted is dependent on water content and force of compaction. Adsorbed water on soil particles acts as lubricant and every addition of water increases ease of compaction to progressively a greater density. However, this increase in density will occur only to a certain value of water content beyond that it decreases with further addition of water in soil. The moisture content at which maximum dry density is obtained for a limited and fixed effort is called as proctor moisture and the density at that point is known as maximum or proctor density”.

Principle

A soil at varying water contents, compacted with a specific amount of compaction energy, would result in a bulk density-water content relationship. The maximum bulk density obtained at the proctor water content represents 100 % compaction. The test can be performed in laboratory on various soils using Abbot’s compactor

1. Botanical Name : Allophylus serratus (Roxb.)Kurz

2. Family : Sapindaceae

3. Common Name : Tippani

4. Name in Indian languages: Lavate pan (Kodwa), Tippani (Hindi), Sidisale (Kannada), Mukkanamperu (Malayalam), Memdri (Marathi), Amalai (Tamil), Eravalu (telugu), Trputah (Sanskrit).

5. Description

It is an evergreen, low branching small tree or a large shrub about 3-6m tall. Trunk is straight with open canopy. The outer pulp and some time seeds are consumed in fresh state. It is frequently notice in degraded forest areas in Western Ghats. It is known to possess various therapeutic properties.

Introduction

Most of the bacteria, excepting the photosynthetic bacteria, are damaged by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV rays have lower energy content and are capable of producing lethal effect in cells exposed to wavelengths in the range of 200 nm to 300 nm. Nucleic acids absorb these radiations leading to formation of thymine dimers which distort the structure of DNA. Distortion in DNA brings the interferences in DNA replication and transcription. The germicidal effect of UV can be used to determine the minimum amount of exposure required to produce 100% mortality of micro-organisms.

Requirements

1. Nutrient agar medium
2. Card board
3. Incubator
4. Petri plates
5. Inoculating loop
6. Bacterial cultures

Market survey and analysis of different types of home appliances available in the market.

Regular deworming of cattle including young stock is essential for economic rearing as sever parasitic infection leads to reduced feed intake, decreased reproductive performance, lower milk production, decreased growth rate and increased incidence of diseases. So, deworming as per scientific schedule and dose rate is a must for animals to keep away these profit eating parasites.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
Physical tests of packaging material.
I. Determination of Machine Direction 
Introduction
Machine-made paper has two directions and two sides:

Directions

a) Machine Direction: The direction in which the paper or board aligns with the flow of material on the paper machine.

b) Cross Direction: The direction perpendicular to the machine direction

The publication of “Flora of British India” by Hooker (1872-1897) was followed by a series of regional floras by Cooke (1901-08) for Bombay presidency; Prawn (1903) for Bengal: Duthie (completed by Parker & Turrill, 1905-29) for upper gangetic plains and adjacent Siwalik and of sub Himalayan tracts; Kanjilal (1966) for the forest flora of Uttar Pradesh; Gamble (completed by Fisher, 1915-1936) for Presidency of Madras; Haines (1921-1925) for Bihar and Orissa: and Kanji et al (1934-1940) for Assam. Duthie’s work was completed by Raizada and associates (Raizada, 1954, Raizada et al. 1961; 1983; Raizada & Jain, 1964, 1966). Later, Raizada (1976) brought together all additions made to Duthie Flora. However, the trends of additions has persisted afterwards and is hoped to continue onwards as well. Revision of old floras has become all the more important because the nomenclature of a large number of species has changed in accordance with International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1956, 1961, 1966, 1972, 1978 & 1983).

Common name    :    English- Hill glory bower
        Hindi- Bhant
        Odia- Genguti

Family    :    Verbenaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a shrub (Fig. 31a), common in shady waste places, edges of forests, waysides etc. It is distributed throughout India.

General Characters
It grows up to 1-2 m high, with quadrangular branches covered with silky hairs. Leaves are oval, hairy and oppositely arranged with 10-20 cm long. The base of leaves is heart shaped. Flowers are white, tinged with pink, occur in large panicles. The 5 white petals are tinged pink at base. Four long stamens, 3 cm in size, protrude out of the flower. The plant flowers during January-March and bears fruits during April-July.

Classification of fracture and its repair in large animal practice by external completion method.

Aim

To know the different level of fracture limbs. In order to access their method of repair (Fig.1).