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There are several fungicidal molecules available in the market, some of which are specific for certain diseases/pathogens while others are broad spectrum and can be used against a range of diseases. However, for proper control measures a knowledge of disease specific fungicide are very important. Ready-Reckoner for disease specific fungicide (Table 4) makes available the option for selection of alternative fungicide in the management of specific disease.

Introduction

Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate are considerable in the water quality management because they can be produced a toxic depending to their form and concentration. The solubilities of nitrogen contain in water at different temperatures and pressures. Nitrogen is a basic growth substance and an important element in aquatic ecosystems as well as in the pond water. It exists variously forms in water and manly classified in organic and inorganic.

Bougainvillea plants are native of South America from Brazil west to Peru and south to southern Argentina (Chubut Province). A native to coastal Brazil, the bougainvillea was discovered in 1768 in Rio de Janeiro by French naturalist Dr. Philibert Commerçon (also sometimes spelled Commerson). The plant is named after his close friend and ship’s admiral Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, who commanded the ship La Boudeuse that sailed around the world between 1766-1769, and in which Commerçon was a passenger. Twenty years after Commerçon’s discovery, it was first published as ‘Buginvillea’ in Genera Plantarum by A.L. de Jusseau in 1789. The genus was subsequently spelt in several ways until it was finally corrected to ‘Bougainvillea’ in the Index Kewensis in the 1930s. Originally, B. spectabilis and B. glabra were hardly differentiated until the mid 1980s when botanists recognized them to be totally distinct species. Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., a native of Brazil reported to be found wild in all provinces of that large country (Taillemite 1977, Forzza 2010). The oldest herbarium specimens of Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. were collected during the brief stop of the Étoile in Rio de Janeiro. Two are kept in the General Herbarium of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris (P 00169376, images in Monnier et al. 1993 : 176 and Jolinon 2004 : 79; P 00307018), and two in the Jussieu Herbarium conserved in the same institution (PJuss.; IDC 6206, No. 

Common name    :    English- Rattle pods
        Hindi- San 
        Odia- Junujhunuka

Family    :    Fabaceae

Habit & Distribution: 
It is a shrub (Fig. 38 a), common in waste places, roadsides and river banks. It is widely distributed in India.

General Characters
The plant is a perennial shrub, with stems ascending or erect, 1-2 m tall. Leaves are trifoliate, leaflets elliptic, ovate, 2.8-9.5 cm long and 1.2-4.5 cm wide. Flowers are yellow, 1-1.5 cm long, somewhat long inflorescence about 15-40 cm long. Pods brown at maturity, 3.5-3.8 cm long. The plant flowers and bears fruits during April.

This technique is used in the separation of ionised and ionisable compounds.It consists of an insoluble matrix to which charged groups are covalently bound. The charged groups are associated with mobile counter ions. These counter ions can be reversibly exchanged with other ions of the same charge without altering the structure of the matrix.

The ion exchanger is complex and polymeric. The polymer carries an electric charge that is exactly neutralized by the charges on the counter ions. These active ions are cations in a cation exchanger and anions in an anion exchanger. A cation exchanger consists of polymeric anions and active cations whereas anion exchanger consists of polymeric cations and active anions. Amberlite IR 120 and Dowex 50 WX are cation exchangers while Amberlite IRA 400 and Dowex 1X are anion exchangers. Ion exchangers should be insoluble in water and hydrophilic to allow the ions to pass through. It should be chemically stable and should be denser than water when swollen.

Principle
If a sample of feed is heated and dried in a hot air oven at the temperature of boiling water (100°C ± 2°C), the water present in feed sample escapes as vapour. The loss in weight is considered as moisture and the residue is termed as dry matter (DM).

Requirement
    1.    Aluminium/steel moisture cup or Iron trey
    2.     Analytical balance
    3.     Dessicator
    4.     Hot air oven
    5.     Metal tongs
    6.     Spatula

Aim

To determine the contours by radial line method using dumpy level.

Materials required

Dumpy level
Leveling staff
Measuring tape
Wooden pegs/chain pins
Field book

Principle

Soil moisture content is determined by drying a known quantity of soil sample in an electric oven at 105° C to 110° C and finding out the loss in weight.

Description and Distribution
Shallot belongs to the onion and garlic family and is similar in properties to those of garlic. It is a native of Palestine and is cultivated in the USA, some European countries and in Indian gardens for its bulbs and green leaves. Clusters of greenish-white or red cloves occur at the base of its hollow cylindrical leaves. A variety of Shallot, smaller and with larger number of cloves, is exported to Sri Lanka and Malaysia from Chennai, in Tamil Nadu, India.
Economic Importance
Shallot is gradually gaining importance, as is seen from the export of the same from India during 1994-95. There is much scope for its export development provided its cultivation is stepped up gradually. The encouraging export performance during 1994-95 can be seen from the following table (Table 19).

Bougainvilleas are widely grown in India for multipurpose uses.  There are numerous varieties and cultivars that are important from floriculture point of view. Bougainvillea profusely flowers almost all the year round except in rainy season and very severe winter. It has earned a pride place in the floriculture and landscaping due to its variegated foliage and colourful bracts. Bougainvillea belongs to the family Nyctaginacea and in the tribe Mirabileae. It is the only genus in the monotypic subtribe Bougainvilleineae (Gills 1976, Hammad 2009). The first generic name as Bouginvillea was published by A.L. de Jussieu (1789) in his work ‘Garden Plantarum’. The spelling of the generic name subsequently changed about half a dozen times. Finally as per International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, it was spelt as Bougainvillea as used by Spachs (1841) and published in the Index Kewensis (Suppl. 9 : 1931-1935; c.f. Sharma 1996). Heimerl (1900) recognized 10 species, three of which (B. spectabilis Wild., B. glabra Choisy and B. peruviana Humb. and Bonp.)

Common name    :    English- Wild cucumber
        Hindi- Khira
        Odia- Pita kakudi

Family    :    Cucurbitaceae
 
Habit & Distribution
It is a herbaceous climber (Fig. 39a) apparently wild in open waste lands and distributed all over India.

General Characters
The plant is a herbaceous climber with simple tendrils. Leaves are entire or shallowly 5 lobed with 12 cm across and 15 cm petiole. Flowers are yellow in colour, 1.7-2.5cm across. The fruits are oblong, yellowish-green, glabrous and covered with rigid hairs or soft spines. Flowering and fruiting occur during September-November.

Principle
Total ash is the inorganic residue which remains after a feed stuff is ignited to carbon free at 550-600oC in a muffle furnace. In other words, ash is that part of the material which does not disappear at 550-600ºC, while all the organic matter (OM) gets burnet.

Requirement
    1.    Analytical balance
    2.     Asbestos sheet
    3.     Dessicator
    4.     Heater /gas flame burner
    5.     Metal tongs
    6.     Muffle furnace
    7.     Silica basin/crucibles

Definition

Any fracture or discontinuity in bony structure like scapula and pelvic girdle present above the shoulder joint and hip joint respectively are called as highest level fracture.

Aim

To know the method of repair of highest level fracture.

Procedure

As there is no satisfactory method of external immobilisation till date, generally animal is kept under restricted movement. Sometimes application of charge (glue bandage) externally may give some satisfactory result.

Improved production technology is an integral part of hybrid seed production technology, which is a very high venture practice. This is because like several factors (climate, availability of parental lines and technical labour etc), success of hybrid seed production also depends on the success of crop management in the hybrid seed production field

Over most of the wetness range in which plant roots normally function, all the water in soil is controlled by matric forces. A relationship between water content and matric or soil water suction is referred to as water characteristics of the soil. Increase in matric suction is associated with decrease in water content in the soil and the process is known as desorption. On the other hand with decrease in suction soil moisture content increases and this process is known as sorption. The curves showing relationship during progressive intake and withdrawal of water are known as sorption and desorption curves respectively.

Tensiometer is suitable for finding out soil water characteristic at tension values below 2.0 kPa, whereas gas phase pressure is required for higher tensions. A pressure chamber containing a porous membrane or a ceramic plate with all its accessories to provide regulated compressed air is most convenient. A detailed methodology to determine water characteristic curve by pressure plate apparatus is described below.

STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

If μ = 0 and σ = 1, the distribution is called the standard normal distribution or the unit normal distribution, and a random variable with that distribution is a standard normal deviate. The approximate test is given by

Aim

To measure irrigation water by volumetric method

Apparatus required

Siphon tube

Stop watch

Measuring bucket

Bulk density is the mass per unit volume of soil including pore space. The normal range of bulk density in most soils is ranging from 1.02 to 1.80 g / cm³. The bulk density of coarse textured soils will be on the higher side while organic soils will have lower bulk density.

Particle density is the mass of soil per unit volume excluding pore space. Pore space is that fraction of soil volume not occupied by solid particles.

Principle

The bulk density and percent pore space are determined from the apparent and true volumes of the soil measures by adding a known quantity of water to a measuring cylinder contain a weighed quantity of soil.

The nematode feeding on plant can be divided into above ground feeders and below ground feeders.

Introduction

Demonstration of biological nitrogen fixation is usually accomplished by estimating the total nitrogen through use of some modification of the Kjeldahl procedure. This technique is accurate and reliable whenever a medium initially low in nitrogen is employed.

Principle

The dried organism is digested with sulphuric acid. Organic and nitrate nitrogen is converted to ammonium sulphate and the ammonia gas is distilled into boric acid forming ammonium borate making weak boric acid alkaline. The ammonium borate is back titrated with standard sulphuric acid until the reaction mixture changes its colour from green to pink due to formation of ammonium sulphate. The standard acid used in back titration of ammonium borate is a measure of nitrogen content of the organism.