eChapters

Common name    :    English- Giant dodder
        Hindi- Amar bel
        Odia- Nirmuli
 
Family    :    Cuscutaceae
 
Habit & Distribution
It is a parasitic plant (Fig. 40 a) that usually grows in a profilic manner over other plants as support. It is widely distributed throughout India. 

General Characters
The plant is a creeper with yellowish-green or yellow stem and often in dense mass. The flowers of the plant are white or pinkish and almost 6-7.5 mm long. The corolla of the flower is tubular with short reflected lobes. The fruits are fleshy and globose with conical in shape. It bears flowers during October to December and bears fruits during December-Jnauary.

Principle

The portion of the total ash which is insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid is called acid insoluble ash (AlA) and it is the part of ash which is having unavailable mineral matter like silica and sand. Silica is the part of mature plant materials which are highly lignified or woody like straw, husk, stems and stalks, while sand inters in feeds by faulty handling in the fields or as an adulterant.

Equipment/glass wares
    1.    Asbestos sheet
    2.     Filter paper (Whatman No.1)
    3.    Funnel stand
    4.    Glass funnel
    5.     Glass rod
    6.     Hot plate/heater/Bunsen flame
    7.     Metal tongs
    8.     Silica basin (crucible)
    9.     Volumetric flask
    10.     Wash bottle with distilled water

Fracture of scapula, shoulder dislocation, fracture of pelvic girdle, hip dislocation have been grouped under highest level fracture.

For large animal, immobilization of bone & joint have not been developed satisfactorily/ till date. Hence after correction of dislocation or rearrangement of fractured the site Is kept immobilized with application of gum bandage.

Overview of Inland Fisheries Status

In Thailand, inland capture fisheries are carried out mainly in rivers, lakes, swamps and reservoirs. These fisheries are an important source of animal protein for the rural people. Since 2005, production from inland capture fisheries has increased by almost 13 percent. Gillnets, longlines, hook-and-line, scoop nets, cast nets, and lift nets are some of the fishing gears being used. Among these fishing gears, gillnets are the most popular and efficient, particularly in swamps and reservoirs. Thai silver barb, snakehead, walking catfish, local carps, and Nile tilapia are caught. Nile tilapia, hybrid catfish, silver barb, snakeskin gourami, giant river prawn, striped catfish and striped snake-head contributed 95 percent in quantity and 92 percent in value in fresh water aquaculture.

Common name    :    English- Bermuda grass
        Hindi- Dub
        Odia- Duba ghasa

Family    :    Poaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is fairly common in lawns, roadsides, cultivated lands, damp grounds, wastelands etc. It is widely distributed throughout India. (Fig. 41 a)

General Characters
It is a variable perennial creeper with hairy leaves, 3-7 spikes (rarely 2) together at the top of the stem. The stem is erect and often grows 1-30 cm in height. It has a deep root system that grows to over 2 m deep in to the soil. It flowers and bears fruits throughout the year.

Mealy bugs: Ferrisia virgata, Planococcous lilacinus, P. pacificus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Perisopneumon ferox: Pseudococcidae

The fruit is seen covered with a mealy coating due to colonies of small reddish-white mealy bugs. They also infest leaves, shoots and buds. Due to sucking of sap by nymphs and adult female mealy bugs, fruits remain small in size and become shrivelled. Large number of mealy bugs is seen in the tip of the petiole abd also on the grooves of fruits epicarp. The fruit also becomes blackish due to the development of sooty mould.

Abstract

Rural Indian women are extensively involved in agricultural activities and play a major role in agrarian scenario. Majority of the rural farm women are actively involved in various operations related to mixed farming system existing in India. Women and men participate in agricultural and animal husbandry practices as a family unit on the farms. Men perform major share of work quantitatively on agriculture side, where as on the animal husbandry side most of the management operations are being carried out by women in addition to their household activities. Dairy production is less influenced by rain failure compared to crops and is invaluable in sustaining family income during drought. Dairy development is now considered as an important tool for rural development or poverty alleviation. In fact, dairy farming occupies a special place in rural society with its linkage with religion and culture apart from providing sustained income. Most of the cattle and buffaloes are commonly kept in every farm household primarily for socio-economic reasons and more importantly for gaining drought power and as a secondary source of nutrition subsistence in the form milk and milk products for the whole family. In this context, a study was conducted in Karkala taluk of Udupi district with the major objective of studying the form and extent of participation of farm women in various operations of animal husbandry. The attempt made in this regard has revealed that rural women are fully involved in majority of the operations either as manual workers or as supervisors. Hence, it is suggested that for massive empowerment of rural women, animal husbandry programmes need to be launched as they are inherently profitable.

Aim

To know the use of Conjoined ‘U’ Plate with Padded ring for fracture side immobilization.

Site to be immobilized

Upper 3^rd metacarpus, Carpo - meta carpo joint dislocation, Radio - Carpal Joint dislocation. Lower Radius & Ulna fracture are can also be immobilised with this device

GENERAL CHARACTERS

• The majority of the members are saprobic. A few Zygomycetes are weak parasites, attacking plants and animals.
• Most Zygomycetes produce a well developed and branched mycelium, consisting of coenocytic hyphae.
• Cell wall is mainly composed of chitin.
• Motile cells or zoospores are absent.
• Asexual reproduction takes place by non motile sporangiospores called aplanospores.
• Sexual reproduction takes place by gametangial fusion.
• Gametangial fusion results in the production of a thick walled resting spore, called zygospore.

A. Concentrated Organic Manures

Asia and the Pacific collectively feed over 4.5 billion people and account for one?third of global agricultural trade. Yet the region’s agri?food supply chains face mounting pressure from climate change, geopolitical disruptions, infrastructure gaps, and volatile markets. This report analyzes fifteen focus countries to distill common challenges, showcase good practices, and highlight investment and policy opportunities that can transform regional agri?food systems into resilient, inclusive, and sustainable engines of growth.

Common name    :    English- Thron apple
        Hindi- Dhatura
        Odia- Duddura

Family    :    Solanaceae

Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a shrub (Fig. 42 a), commonly found in road sides, waste lands, damp grounds and also in forests. It is widely distributed throughout India and is of cosmopolitan nature.

General Characters
It is an annual shrub growing up to a height of 8 ft. The stem is green or purple in colour and leaves are ovate and irregularly lobed about 5-12.5 cm long. Flowers of the plant are white or purple in colour and 6.2-12.5 cm in size. The fruit is an egg shaped spiny capsule almost 5 cm in diameter. The plant flowers and bears fruits in the month of November.

Stem-borer: Batocera rufomaculata, B. rubus, Olenecamptus bilobus:Cerambycidae

These are large dark brown adult beetles that lay eggs in loose bark.  Grubs bore into the trunk and make tunnels in branches and main trunks.  This causes drying and wilting of the branches. Adults of O. bilobus are pale whitish with long serrate antenna.
 
When bark is suspected to have the grubs, try mechanical removal of them. Paste the tree trunk with mud paste containing insecticides like chlorpyriphos or carbaryl. In endemic areas, spray the bark with Carbaryl 4gm /l, Malathion one ml/l, or Chlorpyriphos 2.5ml/l

Abstract

Entrepreneurial training was offered to village women in the field of agriculture especially for women members of Self Help Groups. These women were trained in the production, utilization and marketing of Bio dung compost and vermicompost from agricultural wastes. They were also trained in the production, utilization and marketing of vermiwash (a liquid foliar spray), Panchagavya, biopesticides and herbal pest repellents using locally available plant materials. An attempt was also made to educate the people on the importance of food and nutrition through diet counselling and the importance of nutrient (kitchen) gardens. They were trained about Circular (Ring) Gardens and Double Digging gardens. The women were given these trainings as part of converting them from dependence on chemicals in agriculture to organic farming. There was overwhelming response, and the women now use these agricultural products in their own fields.

Definition

Handing pin cast is used for management of longbone fracture. Pin which is used for immobilisation of fracture of proximal radial and tibial bones is called hanging pin cast.

Special equipment

Intramedullary pin, hand driven drill, plaster of paris bandage Procedures :,

Problem- Calculate the amount of farm yard manure, urea, single super phosphate and murate of potash for one hectare tomato crop which require 100, 60, 60 kg ha N, P, K respectively. 1/3 quantity of nitrogen should be given through farm yard manure and rest through chemical fertilizers

(Keen-Rackzowski/Hilgard Apparatus Method)

Principle

With the capillary rise of water, the soil immediately above a water table gets saturated. The height upto which the soil is saturated depends on the texture, structure and packing of the soil mass. The experimental technique discussed herein permits approximation of maximum water holding capacity while determining the amount of water held in the soil at the point of saturation.

Construction details

They had a total of 36 tanks, and most of them were made of tin. Each tank had a diameter of 6 meters, was 1.2 meters deep, and could hold up to 30 tons of water. Inside these tanks, there was a plastic lining. Additionally, there were 4 to 5 tanks made from bamboo. Bamboo tanks have a shorter lifespan, lasting 1 to 2 years, while tin tanks can last for 8 to 10 years.

Culture details

The species that was cultured over there was Red tilapia. Culture practice was intensive. The nursery-rearing period was 70 days. In the first step, fish were raised from 0.5 grams to 10 grams in a separate tank for 35 days. The second step involved the growth of fish from 10 grams to 30 grams for the next 35 days in another separate tank. The fishes were bought from outer sources and they were all male fishes.

2.1 Purpose and Scope This report provides a comparative assessment of agri?food supply chains across fifteen Asia?Pacific countries, examining how each nation navigates production, aggregation, processing, logistics, and market access. The study integrates quantitative data (GDP, export volumes, logistics indices) with qualitative insights from multilateral agencies, peer?reviewed studies, and practitioner case studies. 2.2 Defining Agri?Food Supply Chains An agri?food supply chain encompasses the full spectrum of activities

Common name    :    English- Rose wood
        Hindi- Shisham
        Odia- Sissoo

Family    :    Fabaceae

Habit & Distribution
It is a tree (Fig. 43 a), commonly planted along roadsides. The plant is widely distributed throughout India.
 
General Characters
The plant is a medium sized tree with thick, gery or pale brown bark. It reaches up to a maximum of 25m in height and 2-3 m in diameter. The leaves are leathery, alternate and about 15 cm long. The flowers are yellowish in colour and 1.5 cm in long. The pods are oblong, flat, thin and 2.5-7.5 cm long with 3-4 seeds in it. The plant flowers during March-June and bears fruits during November-February.