eChapters

Abstract

Formulation  of  any  action  plan for women needs understanding of their  access  to  and  control over the resources. To have deep  insight into  this  aspect, a study  was  undertaken with 240  small  and  marginal  farm  women  randomly  selected  from  eight  villages  of  four districts  in  Andhra Pradesh  in  consultation  with  officials of agriculture department. Using an interview schedule, impediments  for development  of  farm  women  (social, economic, psychological, extension and technical)  were  collected  and  prioritized  through  matrix ranking.
To  overcome  social  and  economic  constraints, gender  mainstreaming  and  budgeting  are  now recognized as the most important strategies  for  women’s empowerment at all stages of any developmental  programmes. Such an approach necessarily aims at achievement  of  gender equality. Organizing capacity building programmes in managerial, entrepreneurial, negotiating and leadership skills improves risk taking  ability (psychological) and enhances active participation of farm women in developmental activities.

Important nurseries and seed merchants of Uttar Pradesh

1. Azad Nurseries, Laxmi Gate, Saharanpur.
2. American Seed Store, Ayodhya.
3. Ashoka Seed Farm (Regd.) Darwaja Road, Ayodhya
4. Beiz Nursery, Azmatgarh Palace, Varanasi.
5. Ganesh Bagh Nursery, Kamachchha, Varanasi.
6. Ram Das & Co. Kamachchha, Varanasi.

1. Botanical Name : Canthium dicoccum var. umbellatum syn. Pelectronia parviflora Gaertn.) Merr

2. Family : Rubiaceae

3. Common Name : Ceylon Boxwood, Malakafe

4. Name in Indian languages

Amme pannu (Kodwa), Hanage (Kannada), Nanyul (Malayalam), Arsul, Tupa (Marathi), Nanjul, Nallamandharam (Tamil), Nalla balasu, Balasu naikinna (Telugu).

The pH is defined as negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration or the log of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration (Sorenson, 1906).

Principle

A glass electrode in contact with hydrogen ions of the solution acquires an electric potential which depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions. This is measured potentiometrically against some reference electrode which is usually a calomel electrode. The potential difference between glass electrode and calomel electrode is expressed in pH units.

Two electrodes are used in the determination of pH. One is reference electrode which provides a standard voltage and is usually a saturated calomel electrode which has two layers of saturated solution of KCl and mixture of solid HgCl₂ and Hg. The outer tube is usually 5-15 cm long, 0.5-1 cm in diameter. The mixture of solid HgCl₂ + Hg paste is contained in an inner tube that is connected to the saturated KCl solution in the outer tube by means of small opening. The resistance developed by this type of electrode is 2000-3000 Ohms.

The outer electrode is glass electrode that consists of a tube enclosing a lead wire made up of Ag coated with AgCl. This wire is again enclosed in a wax insulation. To the tube at the bottom is attached a glass bulb made up of a special kind of glass which is sensitive to hydrogen ions. The thickness of the glass membrane varies from 0.03 to 0.1 mm and has a resistance of 50 to 500 mega Ohms.

When these electrodes are dipped in solution, the saturated solution of KCl comes out of reference through small holes and forms an invisible ionic bridge between electrodes through which current passes. The hydrogen ions are absorbed by glass electrode and depending upon the amount of hydrogen ions present in the solution, an electric potential develops between electrodes. This potential difference is measured in terms of pH units by suitable Galvanometer.

Common name    :    English - Gold mohar
        Hindi - Gul mohar
        Odia - Krusnachuda

Family    :    Fabaceae

Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a tree (Fig. 44 a), commonly planted in gardens and avenues. It is widely planted throughout India as a street tree.

General Characters
The plant reaches up to 30-40 ft in height. Leaves are feathery and grow up to 60 cm long with 11-18 pinnae pairs and many leaflets. The flowers are orange or red in color and more than 10 cm across and appear in corymbs along and at the ends of branches. Pods are 30-60 cm long, green and flaccid when young and turn dark-brown later. The plant bears flowers in the month April-June.

Abstract

Major occupation of women in Bijapur area is agriculture with an average land holding of 1-2 ha. Most of them are unaware of advantages of vermicompost. In recent times, dependence on agriculture is becoming very difficult for them. Majority of the women population in these areas are below poverty line (BPL), because of increased cost of production, and fluctuations in market prices of major crops grown by them. Erratic and ill distributed rain fall pattern makes life hard for them. The ill effects of chemical fertilizers have lead to interest in organic farming through vermiculturing using farm and urban wastes in order to produce risk free crop at reduced cost of cultivation.

Principle

Carbohydrates are divided into two groups i.e., crude fibre (CF) and nitrogen free extractives (NFE). The NFE comprises the sugars, starch and a large part of the material classed as hemicellulose.

The NFE is not determined by analytical procedures. This is calculated as the figure obtained when the sum of water, ash, protein, fat and crude fibre of a feed is subtracted from 100. Since the figure is determined by difference, it includes the cumulative errors of the other determinations and thus it is not an exact value.

Requirement

Following analysed volumes of a feedstuff are very much essential to derive the nitrogen free extractives of the same feedstuff.

Calculation
The nitrogen free extractives can be derived from the following formula:

The ratio of soil air-to-soil water permeability indicates the magnitude of breakdown of structure as a result of wetting. A value of one indicates no change in structure and a value greater than one reflects a deterioration of soil structure.

Principle

The permeability of soil to air can be obtained essentially in the same way as the permeability of soil to water. The measurement of permeability of soil to air involves the preparation and placement of the soil in a suitable container with provision for monitoring pressure differential across the sample and the rate of flow of air through it. For steady state case, this involves measurement of inlet and outlet pressures and the volume flux of air. The suitable form of the Darcy’s equation for calculating permeability of soil to air is:

The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soil is a measure of soluble salts present in the soil and is expressed as millimhos/cm or dSm^-1.

Principle

As the amount of the soluble salts in a solution increases, the electrical conductivity also increases. This electrical conductivity is measured in terms of resistance offered to the flow of current using a conductivity bridge.

It is known that solutions offer some resistance to the passage of current through them, depending upon the concentration of the soluble salts present. Hence, EC is measured in terms of electrical Resistance between parallel electrodes immersed in the soil water suspension.

In such a system, the solution between the electrodes becomes the electrical conductor to which the physical laws relating to resistance are applicable. The electrical resistance ‘R’ is directly proportional to the distance ‘L’ between the electrodes and inversely proportional to the cross sectional area ‘A’ of the conductor.

We visited the CPF (Thailand Public Company limited) in Samutsakorn on 12/ 10/23 at 1:30 pm. The purpose of the visit was to know about the feed ingredients and production process.

1) Overview

Product like shrimp feed and fish feed are prepared by the company. Company was spread in 61 Rai( 24 acre) area. 400 employees are working in the company.Working hours is 3 shift / day and working days – 6 days / week.Shrimp feed unit have the capacity of 13,000 T/M and actual production was 7000 T/M. 8 line pellet machine was used for this purpose. Fish and frog feed unit have capacity of 11,000 T/M and actual production 7000 T/M. 6 line extruder machine was used.

Climate change presents a formidable challenge for agriculture, particularly in regions like South Asia and parts of the Pacific. Severe flooding in Bangladesh, droughts in Afghanistan, and rising sea levels in Fiji exemplify how erratic weather patterns disrupt food production. In Pakistan, erratic monsoons damage crop cycles, while in Nepal and Bhutan, glacial melt threatens downstream water availability. Vietnam and Thailand are increasingly vulnerable to salinity intrusion in the Mekong Delta, jeopardizing rice productivity. According to FAO estimates, post- harvest losses in South and Southeast Asia exceed 15% due to inadequate storage and handling (FAO, 2022). Investment in improved storage facilities, resilient farming systems, better transportation infrastructure, and post-harvest technologies is crucial to mitigating such losses. 4.2 Infrastructure Deficits Infrastructure gaps are a major bottleneck for efficient agri-food supply chains. The Regional Logistics Performance Index (LPI) average for South Asia is 2.6, compared to 3.5

Common name    :    English- Elephant apple
        Hindi- Cwhalta
        Odia- Awoo

Family    :    Dilleniaceae
 
Habit & Distribution: 
It is a tree (Fig. 45 a) which is frequently planted and often grown in gardens. The plant is widely distributed in evergreen forests throughout India.

General Characters
The plant is a moderate sized evergreen tree growing up to 15 in tall. The leaves are deep green in colour, oblong to lanceolate and 15-36 cm in long. The flowers are white, large, up to 5 inches across/ the fruit is rounded, 5-12 cm in diameter aggregate of 15 carpels and each carpel containing 5 seeds embedded in the pulp. The plant flowers during May- June and bears fruits in September-February.

Shoot and fruit borer : Diaphania (Margaronia) caesalis :  Pyraustidae

The shoot-and fruit-borer D.caesalis is a major pest of jackfruit in India. The larvae are reddish brown with pale brown head and thin hairs from black warts. The caterpillars bore into the shoots, buds and fruits.  Affected shoots wilt or dry up and the fruits rot and drop. The adult is brown with grey elliptical patterns on the wings.

Abstract

Empowerment strategy is today emerging as a unique Indian response to the challenge of equality and development. As per the population census, women constitute more than 50 percent of total population, but rural farm women are the most deprived in today’s world.  Farm women are poorest among poor. Even though they work the longest hours on farm and have achieved more with lesser resources, they are not recognized and appreciated for their contribution. In India 78 percent of all economically active women are engaged in agriculture. Almost 50 percent of rural female workers are agricultural labourers and 37 percent are cultivators. The rural poor also demand development through creating income generating activities for women in rural areas. Women empowerment gained momentum after independence through different governmental programmes such as education, creating income, self help groups, subsidy programs to women etc. Women can derive income from subsidiary enterprises such as dairy, duckry, poultry, etc., and preparation of vermi-compost, vegetable cultivation, preparation of jam, jellies, papads, pickles, embroidery, tailoring, honey bee keeping, kitchen garden, value addition and food processing etc.

Clsssification

Fracture of upper third humerus, shoulder dislocation and scapula has been grouped under highest level fracture. (Fig.1)

Purpose

To know the method of casting the highest level fracture by modified valeau sling application.

Requirement

Thick 8 layer cotton padding, adhesive gum, 6"-8" long bandage rolls.

Common name    :    English- Lucky bean tree 
        Hindi- Putija/Putranjiva
        Odia- Poitundia/Poichandia

Family    :    Euphorbiaceae

Habit & Distribution 
It is a tree (Fig. 46 a), growing in hills, in wild often planted and self shown. It is distributed throughout tropical India.

General Characters
The plant is a moderate sized evergreen tree growing up to 12 meter in height. Leaves are simple, alternately arranged, dark green and shiny in colour. There are two types of flowers with short stalk, in rounded axillary clusters; females are green and 4 mm across. Fruits are ellipsoid or rounded drupes, white velvetly, seed normally one, stone pointed and very hard. The plant flowers during March-April and bears fruits during January-March.

Fruit borers : Criptophlebia illepida, Rapala varuna, Deudorix epijarbas, D. Isocrates : Lycaenidae

Of the four species, C.illepida is more damaging to litchi fruits. The larvae bore into developing fruits and seeds, filling the bore-holes with excreta and the infested fruits start rotting.

Abstract

Women emancipation, women liberation, women awareness, women upliftment, women empowerment, gender equity etc. are the buzz words our media cashes on. But the question remains: What has made us all to talk about her in 21st century? Unfortunate, but true that women, constituting one half of the total world population, have been treated as second class citizens and denied even the basic rights. Men have dominated her by neglecting her talent, capabilities and potential. Many measures were undertaken by the Government for the betterment of the women such as the creation of National Commission for Women, Parliamentary Committee on Empowerment of Women, Gender Budgeting besides creating many disciplines in various institutions/Universities for women studies and passing several   pro women laws to protect her rights. But this is not enough. What is needed is the freedom from disability of any kind lying in the minds of various sections of the society. A woman need not be pitied but given the due she deserves.

Proper selection of plant health medicines like fungicide, bactericide, antibiotics, algaecide, viricide, nematicide, weedicide, plant harmones and auxins and its application at the correct dose and the proper time are highly essential for the management of plant health. The basic requirement of an application method is that it delivers the chemical to the site where the active compound will prevent the pathogen/pest damaging the plant. 

Frog farming in Thailand started 20 years ago. The frogs commonly found and farmed in Thailand are the local species, Rana tigerina and Rana rugulosa. The first imported bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana was introduced in 1980 and is popular in the northern part of the country. Rana tigerina is olive brown in colour which is about 15cm long when fully grown. The adult weighs about 300g. Rana rugulosa is another local species that is olive-brown in colour with a dark head. It is about 13cm long when fully grown and weighs about 270g. The imported species, Rana catesbeiana is olive-brown to green in colour. It is 17 cm long when fully grown and weighs around 459g.