eChapters

The word administration is derived from Latin word Ad + Minister means “to care for” or look after people / to manage affairs.

Why Study Management Theory
Theories are perspectives with which people make sense of their world experiences. A theory is a coherent group of assumptions put forth to explain the relationship between two or more observable facts.
    i.    Theories provide a stable focus for understanding what we experience. A theory provides criteria for determining what is relevant.
    ii.    Theories enable us to communicate efficiently and thus move into more and more complex relationships with other people.
    iii.    Theories make it possible indeed, challenge us-to keep learning about our world.

In the soil environment plants are constantly exposed to a range of microorganisms which are likely to influence one another, as they occupy the same habitat. Phytonematodes are often considered as pathogens in their own right and are capable of producing a single, recognizable disease. Apart from this, they also get associated with other soil pathogens that result in the complex diseases, which are more devastating and cause huge crop losses. Phytonematodes are major predisposing factors for other potential soil pathogens, which deserve more attention. In the case of soil borne pathogens, further opportunities exist for interactions with other microorganisms occupying the same ecological niche. The significant role of nematodes in the development of diseases caused by soil borne pathogens has been demonstrated in many crops throughout the world. In many cases, such nematode–fungus disease complexes involve root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), although several other endoparasitic (Globodera spp., Heterodera spp., Rotylenchulus spp., Pratylenchus \spp.) and ectoparasitic (Xiphinema spp., Longidorus spp.) nematodes have been associated with diseases caused by soil borne fungal pathogens (Back et al., 2002).

The word estuary is derived from the latin word ‘aestus’ meaning tide and the adjective ‘aestuarium’ means tidal. This means low ground covered by the sea at high water.

Milk, on reception at the dairy factory is subjected to various unit operations on its way to product manufacture. Processing is applied as a means to convert liquid milk into products or to render the milk (and products) safe from harmful organisms. The basic processing operations to which milk is subjected at processing units have been described in this chapter. The common processing operations employed are depicted in Fig. 4.1. Several of these operations are routine compulsory processes common to all dairies, while certain others are undertaken for specialized purposes in some dairies.

4.1. Filtration and Clarification

At the time of milking various foreign materials such as dirt, feed, manure, dandruff, hair, flies, dust particles, worn out cells, cell debris and many other undesirable substances may find their way into milk. The process of removal of this extraneous matter (solid particles of higher density than that of milk) is called filtration or clarification. This can be achieved either by simple filtration through specially woven filter cloth or continuous process of centrifugal clarification that helps

Abstract

Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is a perennial crop and grown as a monoculture on large contiguous areas in India. Being a plantation crop, tea provides a relatively stable microclimate and food supply for several notorious pests such as insects, mites, nematodes which cause substantial loss of foliage. However, region-wide variation in faunal diversity exists as a result of autochthonous and heterochthonous recruitment and the influence of climate, altitude and age of the plantation. This publication provides the details on pest information (identification, crop damage, alternate hosts, pest life cycle) and their possible management strategies. On account of complex pest situations, total avoidance of pesticides in tea is not possible; although due to the sensitive nature of the crop pesticide use must be minimal. A tentative IPM strategy for tea cultivation in India has been proposed in this paper which may ensure low – cost, eco-compatible, pest management package with minimal residue problems.

Soil genesis, or pedogenesis, is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes working on soil parent material (rocks & minerals). Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has accumulated and colloids are washed downward, leaving deposits of clay, humus, iron oxide, carbonate, and gypsum, producing a distinct layers. These constituents are moved from one level to another by water and animal activity.

Aerides

Aerides consists of more than 60 species. These are monopodial epiphytic orchids grown on trunks or branches of trees.  The stems are round, leafy and branched with aerial roots. The strap leaves are thick, leathery and bilobed. The inflorescence is auxillary and drooping. The flowers are many and 2cm in diameter closely set on the inflorescence and generally fragrant.

1.    The first step in an econometric study should be to___________.

(a) Develop the specification

(b) Collect the data

(c) Review the literature

(d) Estimate the unknown parameters

2.    OLS stands for what in Econometrics?

(a) Optimally linearized solution

(b) There is no such thing in econometrics

(c) Ordinary least squares

(d) None of these

I. Crop Wastes

Crop residues are the main sources for recycling of the organic and plant nutrients removed from the soil during the growth of crops. These residues have competitive uses such as fuel and cattle feed. There was an estimated demand of 583.6 million tonnes of dry fodder against the supply of aljout 398.8 million tonnes (Singh, 1997). Besides the use of crop residues as animal feed, industrial uses of crop residues also pose competitive demands. The potential of crop residues of some principal crops was worked out by Bhardwaj (1995). It was assumed that not more than one third of the total crop residues (273.63 million tonnes) was available for recycling as plant nutrients (Table 21). Out of a total 5.61 million tonnes (N+P2 O5 +K2 O) available in the form crop residues, only 2.47 million tonnes can be mobilized either through composting or in situ incorporation or mulching. Based on these estimations, Sekhon (1997) projected that approximately 4.82 and 5.79 million tonnes of N+P2 O5 +K2 O will be available from recycling of crop residues by the year 2011 and 2025 with utilizable value of 2.21 and 2.26 million tonnes respectively (Table 22).

Tea is the most important non-alcoholic beverage worldwide gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’. It is consumed as a morning drink by 2/3^rd of world population. Tea was used initially as a medicine and subsequently as beverage and now has proven to be a potential raw material for pharmaceutical industry. Tea is mainly consumed in the form of ‘fermented tea’ or ‘black tea’, ‘non-fermented’ or ‘green tea’ and semi-fermented or ‘oolong tea’ are also popular in Japan and China. Green leaves are also used as vegetables such as ‘leppet tea’ in Burma and ‘meing tea’ in Thailand.

6.1 Introduction

When rainfall strikes a ground surface, some losses like initial and infiltration will occur. After these losses are fulfilled, runoff will begin. The runoff will ultimately reach a stream. The main routes through which runoff flows are (i) overland flow, (ii) interflow and (iii) groundwater flow. Overland flow which is also called as surface flow flows over the land mass and reaches a stream. Overland flow soon reaches a stream and if it occurs in sufficient quantity, it forms an important element in the formation of flood peaks. In small and moderate storms, there may have predominant initial and infiltration losses resulting minimum amount of surface runoff and this is especially true in case of permeable soils. If the soil is impermeable, then there may have reasonable runoff. However, surface runoff is an important factor in streamflow only for heavy or high intensity rainfall.

1. Tea rust is caused by

a. MLO

b. Virus

c. Bacteria

d. Algae

2. The Colletotrichum falcatum produces

a. Zygospores

b. Oospores

c. Ascospores

d. Conidiospores

“Knowledge Management is the process by which an organization identifies, creates, manages and delivers information to enhance workforce performance. The purpose of knowledge management is to provide information collected from employees, best practices, clients, competitors and other sources in a format that employees can use to the productivity and quality of their work”

Before attempting to address the question of knowledge management, it’s probably appropriate to develop some perspective regarding this stuff called knowledge. Consider this observation made by Neil Fleming [1996] as a basis for thought relating to the following points.

1. Introduction

The peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is an important fruit crop of temperate regions, all over the world. Important centers of commercial production usually lie between latitudes 30° and 45° North and South. At higher latitudes, minimum winter temperatures and spring frosts are the limiting factors. The peach flower bud is hardy and can tolerate minimum temperature of about -23 to -26° C. Its northern range is extended where minimum temperature are ameliorated by large bodies of water, as western continental seaboards, the great Lakes in the U.S.A. and Canada and the Caspian and Black seas of Eurasia. Mid continental areas are characterized by lower winter temperatures and usually more severe spring frost hazards. Most peach cultivars require 500 to 1000 chill hours below 7.2° C to foliate and bloom. At lower altitudes, the winter requirement is not met. The peach with its smooth skin mutant is known as nectarine. Nectarines can be used in the same way as peaches, and may be considered as substitutes for peaches.

Construction of any building, airplane, poultry farm, dairy farm, agricultural business, even a new product are known as projects that require money and time, thus, all projects need to be finished in the least amount of time possible. All projects involve multiple activities, and all these actions need to be logically coordinated and successfully completed within the expected time frame. PERT and CPM are useful techniques for this purpose. PERT stands for Program Evaluation and Review Technique and CPM represent Critical Path Method. These techniques separate projects into various tasks and events and organize them logically in a diagram called a grid. Time estimates are obtained to conduct these different tasks and the total project time is decided based on these estimated times. With the help of these methods, the project can be completed in the given time and it also provides important information about the various activities related to the project and the project manager knows the importance of the various activities to which he pays more attention to reduce the time spent on the project.

4.1    Hydraulic Formulae/Head Losses in Pipes
    
4.2    Lateral Design
    
4.3    Sub-main Design
    
4.4    Design Charts
    
4.5    Main Line Design
    
4.6    Farm Drip System Design Examples
    Questions & Problems
        
References

This chapter on electrocardiograms for self-exercise is designed to provide opportunities to the readers to assess their understanding of reading and interpreting electrocardiograms and to increase their confidence. Each electrocardiogram has its detail and a question to answer. On the reverse side of each electrocardiographic tracing, detailed reading and interpretation is provided to match your assessment and to improve your interpretation skill. It is to be remembered that each electrocardiogram should be evaluated in conjunction with complete data base (history, clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations, radiological observations, and echocardiographic observations).

Q. 1 When flow parameters change with time but remain constant with space the flow is called as:-
(A) Unsteady uniform flow       (B) Steady uniform flow
(C) Steady non-uniform flow   (D) Unsteady non-uniform flow

No country is self-sufficient in plant genetic resources, and until recently this was thought to be sufficient to ensure the free flow of germplasm among nations. However, the concepts of ownership, sovereignty and intellectual property rights (IPR) have increasingly been invoked of late in discussions of how best to conserve and use plant genetic resources. This has resulted from the growing realization that germplasm has real economic value. At the same time, awareness has grown that the repercussions of overexploitation of natural resources, of the extinction of species and the disappearance of crop landraces, of environmental damage and of habitat destruction can be global, transcending national boundaries and short-term financial considerations (Anon. 1995). Therefore important international agreements/legislations on plant genetic resources management have been enacted from time to time. The important ones are as follows :

There is widespread belief now that forests can be used to reduce the costs of slowing climate change. While the role of forests in the global carbon cycle has long been acknowledged, recent discussions within the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as efforts to write climate change legislation in the United States, have emphasized the role forests might play. The most recent policy efforts have focused on near-term actions to reduce deforestation in tropical countries. The rationale for considering forests at all in the policy mix stems partly from the physical components of the issue. The world’s forest estate is exceedingly large: