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Purpose:- To know the method of fitting the immobilised fractured hind limb in Thomas splint.

Description

The fractured site is immobilised properly covering the area joint below and joint above from the fractured site.

The immobilised limb is kept within the prepared Thomas splint.

The immobilised limb is kept straight and come close with the front extension bamboo of the Thomas splint.

The foot is fixed to the distal end of the Thomas splint with bandage roll.

In the first attempt the immobilised limb is secured with the front bamboo splint with bandage roll at several places to avoid posterior movement of the immobilised limb.

At the time of fixing the immobilised limb with anterior extension bamboo of Thomas splint, the limb is fixed with the netting of Thomas splint to avoid medial movement of immobilised limb.

Finally the immobilised limb is covered with bandage roll wrapping around both the anterior and posterior extension bamboo of the Thomas splint to avoid outer movement of the immobilised limb.

The method of immobilisation of the hind limb with Thomas splint has been shown in the figure.

Etiology

The condition is characterized by formation of granuloma to pyogranulomatous dermatitis with paniculitis. The causative organism is normally present in the macrophage which may be Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M? bovis and M? microti.

The separation of essential oils responsible for odour/fine smell from different plantparts by gentle heating is known by centuries ago. A large number of such components being volatile are called as ‘Essential oils’. Presently, it also covers many of the less volatile constituents. The essential oils (extracts of the plant) with different types of flavours/odours are aromatic components, which can be separated by steam/hydro-distillation or extraction by solvents.
Essential oils largely contain terpenic compounds, made up of two or more isoprenyl units (C-5). Besides, a large number of other compounds which have nothing to do with isoprene units, have also been reported by various workers. Essential oils are of quite use in perfumes, flavour and aroma-therapy industries and their economic production is very much essential from farmers’ point of view. The optimum stage of harvest is very crucial for high quality and quantity of the essential oil from different parts of the plants (leaves, inflorescence, entire herb, roots, seeds, rhizomes etc.).
The quality of the essential oils largely depends on the kinds of the metals (copper, aluminium, mild steel, stainless steel) used in distillation unit, as some of the essential oils react with free acids present in the oil and thus imparting off-smell of aroma and colouration. Presently, distillation units made up of stainless steel are preferred which has no reaction to phenolic, acids, etc., and oils produced are very clean, less coloured and of high quality preferred by the cosmetic and perfumery industries engaged in formulation of various types of essence and scents.

Common name    :    English- Mango
        Hindi- Aam
        Odia- Amba 
            
Family    :    Anacardiaceae

Habit & Distribution
It is a tree (Fig. 61 a) grows wild in valleys and widely cultivated throughout tropical India.

General Characters
The plant is a large, erect and ever green tree gowing up to 30-80 ft in height with a broad and rounded canopy. The leaves are variable in size and shape, usually lanceolate, entire, acute to acuminate with 10-20 cm in size. The flowers are greenish-yellow, small and polygamous with 5 lobed calyx which are ovate-oblong or elliptic in shape and remain spreading. There is a great variation in the size, colour and flavour of the fruits. They may be nearly round, oval, ovoid-oblong or somewhat kidney shaped and usually yellow in colour when ripe. The plant bears flowers during January-March and fruits during April-May.

The cotton aphid :Aphis gossypii: Aphididae

Both nymphs and adults cause the damage by sucking the plant sap from shoot tips, flowers and leaves.  Severe infestation may result in complete drying of affected parts.  Attacked leaves curl up, wither and fall. These are yellowish green or brown coloured aphids.  The total life cycle from first instar nymph to adult occupies an average of 8-10days.  It reproduces parthenogenetically and viviparously.  The female may produce 10-30 young ones in a life span of 10-12 days.  The nymphs transform into adult in 5-8 days after passing through four moults.

Standard solution: Standard solution is defined as a solution whose strength is known. e.g. 1 N solution.

Molar solution: Molar solution can be defined as a solution containing the number of moles of a solute (substance) i.e. molecular weight in gram per litre of the solution. e g. Mol. wt. of NaCl 23+35.5 58.5,

So 58.5 g NaCl per 941.5 ml of water= 1 M NaCI solution. Molarity is generally designated by M.

Molal solution: Number of moles of a substance/solute per litre of solvent makes a molal solution. Mobility is generally designated by m.

Basically we need to mount and prepare the slide for observation of various stages of EPN as detailed below in Table.1

Synonym – Cutaneous ancylostomiasis

Etiology

Hook worm dermatitis is uncommon or rare skin disease due to larval migration of the normal life cycle of Ancylostoma braziliensis and Ancylostoma caninum. It is mainly due to hypersensitive reactions against migrating third stage larvae in the distal extremities.

Globally the field of veterinary is dominated by women as 55% of veterinarians are women. In India 76% girl graduates were in the year 2021. Lady Veterinarians have been successful at their jobs especially in recent years. This brings out whether there is a psychological relation to this. “Animals are good companions for women.”, said Sreeja Arangottukara to The Hindu.[1] Gender is an identity which develops in a child around the age of 2 or 3 which is influenced by socialisation, culture, and biology.(Penn State College of Liberal Studies)[2] Various psychological researches have shown that women and men differ in intensity of certain attributes. From the ages of 21-64 years assessed with Rytt’s Psychological Well Being Scales and Bem Sex Role Inventory conducted under general Spanish population of 1700 men and 1700 women.(National Library of Medicine) It was found that women were better in positive relations which helps in developing trust between the veterinary team and clients and achieving a positive public perception of the veterinary profession.(today’s veterinary practices)[3] Women are better at understanding facial and body cues which lead them to understand the requirement of the client/patient in medicinal branch of veterinary. Moreover, women are better at verbal skills too their memory and analysing ability makes them capable of research and advancement in the field of animal husbandry. In a profession like veterinary women have better psychological ability and resultingly better at their job.

Common name    :    English- Tiger’s claw/Devil’s claw
        Hindi- Ulat kanta
        Odia- Bagha nakhi

Family    :    Martyniaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a herb (Fig. 62 a), commonly occur in roadsides, waste lands, and also naturalized. It is widely distributed in India.

General Characters
It is an erect, often branched herb that grows up to 2 m in height. Leaves are kidney shaped to circular, mostly 6-15 cm wide, both surfaces are equally hairy, margins with shallow lobes and leaf stalk is 9-14 cm long. Flowers are bell shaped purplish white with dark purple markings. Fruit is capsule, more or less ovoid, 2 valved, with the style splitting into 2 curved, lignified and spiny processes with curved claw of about 1 cm. The plant bears flowers and fruits during August-January.

The cotton aphid: Aphis gossypii: Aphididae

Symptoms of Damage

Both nymphs and adults cause the damage by sucking the plant sap from shoot tips, pods and leaves. Severe infestation may result in complete drying of affected parts. Attacked leaves curl up, wither and fall. These are yellowish green or brown coloured aphids. The total life cycle from first instar nymph to adult occupies an average of 8-10days. It reproduces parthenogenetically and viviparously. The female may produce 10-30 young ones in a life span of 10-12 days. The nymphs transform into adult in 5-8 days after passing through four moults. 

Organic material especially, seeds, grains, leaves, fruits and nuts contain prominently three groups of compounds. They are carbohydrates, proteins and fats/oils, mostly in that order. They also contain 3-5% minerals and smaller quantities of vitamins and other minor constituents. Cereal grains contain more of carbohydrates while oilseeds and nuts contain more oil. Tree nuts and even oilseeds may contain 30-50% protein while cereal grains contain 5-8% protein only. The starch and sugar contents of oilseeds may be less than 10% while the oil content of cereal grains ranges around 5%. The actual content and the composition of these groups of compounds really account for their quality as well as commercial value.

Purpose: The estimation of total soluble constituents gives the approximate amount of water soluble substance present in the sample. Among the various soluble substances the amount of sugar is 80-85 percent. The TSS value is roughly considered to be the amount of sugar and soluble minerals present in fruits and vegetables. The total soluble solid content can be determined by hand refrectometer.

Material and equipments: Hand refrectometer, juice, muslin cloth or tissue paper and glass rod.

ABSTRACT

Insect societies such as those of ants, bees, wasps and termites are characterized by reproductive division of labour and cooperative brood care. Thus these societies consist of one or a smallnumber of reproductives (usually only queens but also kings in the case of termites) and a large number of sterile or nearly sterile workers

The condition is one of the most common pruritic skin disease caused by hypersensitivity reaction to the flea salivary antigens. Type I immediate hypersensitivity, type II delayed hypersensitivity and cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity to the flea salivary antigens have been recorded. Late phase IgG mediated reaction also caused in this condition. It occurs in dogs mostly between 1 and 3 years of age.

Class: Pentastomida

General characters

1. Usually, they are considered as aberrant arthropods as some authors suggest it to be related to annelids.

2. They are elongated, tongue like and transversely striated or sometimes, deeply ringed giving beaded appearance especially at the anterior end.

3. Two pairs of strong hooked claws are present at anterior-ventral surface.

4. Eggs contain fully developed larvae when laid

8.1 Limitations

1. The research was limited to a specific geographic area.

2. The study was constrained by limitations in time and reSources.

3. The study relies on the subjective opinions of the participants, which may be influenced by their individual perspectives and biases, despite the researcher’s efforts to gather them as objectively as possible.

4. It would have been advantageous to include a broader range of relevant variables in the study.

5. A suitable statistical model could have been employed to provide thematic support for the behavior and functioning of the system.

6. The selection of variables could have been expanded by incorporating additional variables that would have demonstrated resilience in domain interactions.

Sex hormone plays a vital role in the occurrence of canine mammary cancer. It is well established that canine mammary cancer is sex-hormone dependent. The risk of developing canine mammary tumour is 0.05% if the dog is spayed before its first estrous and the risk of developing a mammary cancer is increased as the number of estrous cycle increases. Mammary cancer is often hormone responsive, since growth or regression of tumours can be modulated by suitable hormonal manipulations. Estrogen and Progesterone appear to be major hormones in regulation of mammary tumour development. It is also reported that about 40-50% malignant mammary tumour in the dog have either or both estrogen and progesterone receptors. Benign tumours in dogs have also female sex hormone receptors and they can be stimulated by hormonal cycling. Mammary carcinoma can be induced in male and female rodents by administration of estrogen. Transsexual males given high doses of estrogen to induce mammary development have developed mammary cancer. So measurement of different sex hormones or sex steroids is an essential step during any study related to development and efficacy of treatment of canine mammary cancer.

Common name    :    English- Touch me not/sensitive plant
        Hindi- Lajwanti
        Odia- Lajakuli 
            
Family    :    Mimosaceae

Habit & Distribution
The plant is a common weed mostly found in roadsides, waste places, damp sites, agricultural lands etc. It is widely distributed throughout the better parts of India. (Fig. 63 a)

General Characters
It is a small prostrate or ascending herb with prickly stems and grows up to a height of 50 cm with a spread of 30 cm. The leaves are bipinnate, fern like and pale green, closing when disturbed. The flowers are pale pink or purple in colour, round to ovoid heads (8-10 mm in diameter) and the flower heads arise from the leaf axils. The plant bears flowers and fruits during August-May.