eChapters

1. _____________ coined the term wildlife. (William Hornday)
2. National Biodiversity Board is situated at_____________. (New Delhi)
3. The term biodiversity was coined by_____________. (Edward Wilson)
4. The study of combination of animal behaviour and ecology is called as_____________. (Ethology)
5. _____________ is the place where an organism or community lives. (Habitat)
6. _____________ is the living medium of the habitat in a wetland. (Water)
7. _____________can be defined as the functional status of an organism in an ecosystem or the role played by a species in its natural habitat. (Niche)
8. The food which is totally non-nutritive and is consumed by the animals only to fulfil its stomach is called ___________. (Stuffing food)
9. The period in which the food is not sufficiently available and causes trouble to the animal, is called __________. (Pinch period)

INTRODUCTION

‘Wilting’ is a broad terminology used by Plant Protection Scientists.  Any disturbance or damage to the normal physiology of the plant leads to ‘wilting’ of plants.  Wilting in cotton is attributed to many factors and it is necessary to single out the actual cause for wilting before suggesting any remedial measure (Kannan, 1991).
Wilting in cotton could be due to any one or more factors as indicated below:

A big layer of air called the atmosphere surrounds the earth. The air within this layer moves from place to place when it warms up or cools down. This moving air is known as wind. In other words, air in motion is called wind. Winds move moisture and heat around the world and also produce much of our weather.

The strength of the wind can vary enormously. Sometimes air moves slowly and the wind is barely noticeable. When the weather is clear there may be a gentle breeze. When the wind is still very light, but it can be felt and there may be rustlings by leaves. At other times, the air can move very quickly and become a gale or hurricane, blowing down trees and damaging electric poles and buildings.

Winds are part of a global air circulation system that acts to balance temperature and pressure around the world. Different parts of the world receive different amounts of heat from the sun. This differential heating in turn results in differences in temperature and air pressure around the world, which drives the world’s winds.

As equatorial areas are heated most, the air above them warms and rises as it becomes lighter than the surrounding air, causing an area of low pressure. In cooler areas, the air sinks because it is heavier and results in an area of high pressure. Winds will blow as air is squashed out by the sinking cold air and drawn in under the rising warm air. Any difference in temperature like this will always cause a difference in air pressure, and therefore winds will blow. These movements result in a global wind pattern, with air moving between different areas around the world and also at different heights in the atmosphere. Colder air from the poles tends to sink and move towards the equator closer to the surface of the earth. In contrast, warm air from the equator rises and moves towards the poles high in the atmosphere because it is lighter.

Air in motion is called wind. Winds move moisture and heat around the world and also produce much of our weather. Winds are part of a global air circulation system that acts to balance temperature and pressure around the world. Any difference in temperature will always cause a difference in air pressure, and therefore, winds will blow. There are two types of movement in the atmosphere, horizontal movement and vertical movement. The term wind generally refers to the horizontal movement of air relative to the earth’s surface. Vertically moving air columns are called as currents. Upward and downward air currents are referred to as updrafts and downdrafts, respectively. Vertical motion in the atmosphere is of significance for the formation of clouds, precipitation and various types of storms. The horizontal differences in air pressure are far more variable than vertical changes and give rise to a wide range of air motions. Uneven distribution of pressure over the globe is balanced through the movement of winds. Winds also act as a means of transporting heat, moisture and other properties from one part of the earth to another.

10.1 Introduction

Winds are the motion of air around the Earth. This movement in air is caused by the uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. The idea of using wind as a form of power is not new. The traditional applications of wind were primarily as sources of kinetic energy for rural, agricultural and a limited number of industrial uses such as pumping water and grinding grain.

Presently wind energy can be used for two major applications, such as wind mills for pumping water for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes and second application is as aero-generator for electricity generation for domestic and industrial uses. In addition to this, presently wind energy battery charger are also available, which can store energy for lights, radio communication, hospital equipment and to power various emergencyrelated equipment.

The wind energy has an enormous resource, but the problems of utilizing the winds are many and varied. Wind energy is very diffuse in nature and local topographical features significantly alter the prevailing winds, thus leading to the extremely site specific nature of wind energy.

Scientists have estimated that as much as 10% of the world’s electricity could be prepared by wind generators by the middle of 21 century. India has estimated wind power potential of 40,000 MW. India now, ranks fourth in the world in wind power generation.

The world’s largest wind farms are in California (USA), where wind turbines can generate power up to about 1120 MW. The first wind mill used as source of electric power was built in Denmark in 1890.

4.1 Introduction

The wind is caused by the motion of air. In different regions, there are pressure differences that cause winds. There is a tremendous amount of energy carried by them. The use of wind energy can be profitable in regions with strong winds for a significant part of the year. The wind is a form of solar energy. The wind is caused by uneven heating of air and land by the sun. The earth’s rotation and geological irregularities also play a role. Heating causes air to rise, and cooling causes cooler air to fall to fill the space. As a result, the air mass moves. On a global basis, the poles exert a primary forcing function that allows the equator to receive surface winds from the poles. 

If the earth’s surface is perfectly smooth, the wind flows parallel to the earth’s surface without any friction and the wind velocity will be uniform at different heights above the earth’s surface. As the earth’s surface is not smooth, it offers friction, slows down the movement of the wind near the surface. Therefore, the wind velocity increases very slowly with increase in height up to a certain level, and there after the wind velocity increases with increase in height more rapidly (Fig.5.1). When the wind speeds are measured at different heights above the ground and plotted on a graph with height Z in logarithmic scale on y-axis and wind velocity on x-axis, the wind velocity will be zero at certain height above the ground and thereafter the wind velocity uniformly increases with increase in height. The height at which the mean wind velocity is zero due to roughness is called roughness parameter (d). Therefore, the roughness parameter is defined as the height at which mean wind velocity is zero due to roughness of the earth’s surface. In a cropped soil, the crop also obstructs free movement of air. If wind profile measurements are taken in a cropped soil and are plotted on a graph with height on y-axis in logarithmic scale and mean wind velocity on the x-axis, the mean wind velocity will be zero at a height above the roughness parameter. The difference in height (Z-d) at which the wind velocity is zero when the height is plotted on logarithmic scale is called zero plane displacement (Z0). Therefore, the zero plane displacement can be defined as the height by which the roughness parameter increases due to presence of the crop (Fig.5.2).

Air Constantly moves from place to place due to pressure differences which are caused by difference in temperature.

Wind has been defined as air in horizontal motion. According to Byers, “The wind is simply air in motion, usually measured only in its horizontal component”. According to Trewaitha, “Wind is simply air moving in a direction which is essentially parallel with the Earth’s surface.

There are two types of movement of wind in the atmosphere.

1. Horizontal movement

2. Vertical movement (Currents)

The primary wind circulation in Northern and Southern hemispheres is seen in figure on page 51.

Introduction

Increasing use and rise in the cost of chemical fertilizers, pollution due to their application and decline in soil fertility and micro flora are worrying facts to the farming community. Increased awareness about organic produce among the consumers is another reason to find out an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Vermicompost production on farm and its use in crop production is one way of mitigating these problems. Among the different methods, Windrow method of vermicomposting is the production of compost by piling organic matter or biodegradable waste, such as animal manure and crop residues as long rows (Windrows) on the surface of soil under the shade of trees without any permanent structures and later releasing required quantity of earthworms in wet beds. This vermibed technology is simple and cost effective and sustainable to adopt.

The prototypes have been exhibited in the premises of Dairy unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad since long and many farmers seeing these were of the opinion that technology was simple and easy to adopt using the farm generated biomaterial waste with no additional cost. During 2020-21, when farmers of remote villages Dharwad district were interacted, it was noticed that still the technology was not followed by the farmers.Therefore, a team of Green Foundation based in Dharwad made an attempt to reach the farmers of remote villages of Dharwad district to make aware of this technology. After interactions with different categories of farmers, a modest attempt has been made to identify small and large farmers of remote villages viz. Basavarsikoppa and Holtikoti of Dharwad district during 2021-22 to sensitize and demonstrate windrow method of vermicompost production. The results, experiences of the farmers and finally the impact of the technology are discussed here in this presentation.

1. INTRODUCTION

Wine is the alcoholic product obtained by fermentation of fruits like grape, plum, peach, pear, apple and apricot (see chapter 25). Different types of wine which can be made from various fruits are:

• Table wines
• Fortified wines
• Sparkling wines

In preparation of table, fortified and sparkling wine many steps are common. It is out of scope of this text to discuss these specialized wines. But the general steps involved to in wine making are described here.

Equatorial Asia is home to winged beans (Geneva). On atrip to Thailand, Baker Creek’s founder, Jere Gettle, first observed flying beans. Because the winged bean is a tropical crop from the tropics, it takes a long time to flower, setting pods right before frost in our Missouri environment. The winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) is a tropical herbaceous legume plant also known as cigarillas, goa bean, four-angled bean, four-cornered bean, manila bean, princess bean, asparagus bean, and dragon bean. From the Philippines and Indonesia to India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka, winged bean thrives in hot, humid equatorial climates. It’s well-known, yet it’s only farmed in limited quantities in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea.

Edible legumes are excellent sources of dietary protein and oils. Winged bean, otherwise known as Goa bean, Manila bean, princess pea, asparagus pea or four angled bean is becoming popular as a tropical legume vegetable. It is a multivitamin and multimineral packed legume. This wonder vegetable was considered as the vegetable of the twentieth century. It is also known as ‘soya’s rival’ or ‘God sent vegetable’. All parts of the plant are edible namely leaves, flowers, immature pods, immature seeds, mature seeds and tubers. It is also named as ‘a supermarket on a stalk’ because the plant combines the desirable characteristics of common bean, pea, spinach, mushroom, soya bean and potato. Its vernacular names are:  Bengali, Chara-koni-sem or lakar-sem; Tamil, Morisuavarai; Kannada, Shambe kayi; Malayalam, Chaturapayar or irachipayar and Marathi, Chavdhari ghevda.

As the temperature drops and snowflakes begin to fall, it’s essential to ensure that your beloved canine companion stays warm, healthy, and happy during the winter months. While winter brings its own set of challenges for pet owners, with some extra care and attention, you can make sure your pet thrives even in the coldest of seasons. Here are some essential tips for caring for and managing your pet dog during winter:

1. Provide Adequate Shelter: If your dog spends time outdoors, make sure they have a warm and dry shelter to retreat to when the weather gets harsh. Whether it’s a sturdy doghouse or a cozy insulated shelter, ensure it provides protection from wind, rain, snow, and low temperatures. Consider adding blankets or straw bedding for extra warmth.

2. Limit Outdoor Exposure: While dogs may enjoy playing in the snow, it’s crucial to limit their time outdoors during extreme cold weather. Frostbite and hypothermia are real dangers for dogs, especially those with short fur or small breeds. Keep outdoor activities short and supervise your dog closely to prevent any weather-related emergencies.

3. Protect Their Paws: Snow, ice, and road salt can be harsh on your dog’s paws, causing irritation, dryness, and even chemical burns. Invest in a pair of dog booties to protect their paws during walks or consider using paw balms to moisturize and create a protective barrier. After walks, wipe your dog’s paws with a warm, damp cloth to remove any salt or ice-melting chemicals.

World Intellectual Property Organization

http://www.wipo.int,http://www.wipo.org

The World Intellectual Property Organization - referred to in abbreviated form as WIPO in English, and OMPI in French and Spanish - was established by a convention signed at Stockholm on July 14, 1967, and entitled “Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization.” The WIPO Convention entered into force in 1970. WIPO became a specialized agency in the United Nations system of organizations in 1974 and dedicated to the use of intellectual property (patents, copyright, trademarks, designs, etc.) as a means of stimulating innovation and creativity.

WIPO promote the development and use of the international IP system through Services, Law, Infrastructure and Development.

12.1 Introduction

“Precision farming,” also known as site-specific management, describes a bundle of new information technologies applied to the management of large-scale, commercial agriculture. Precision farming technologies include, for example: personal computers, satellite-positioning systems, geographic information systems, automated machine guidance, remote sensing devices and telecommunications. If they function as designed, ubiquitous wireless sensors will become an essential tool for bringing this vision of precision farming to maturity.

ABSTRACT

Herbal systems of medicine have been acceded by various drug regulatory authorities across the globe. In modern days, people prefer herbal medicines for the cure of various gentle to extreme and chronic disease, and another option is of allopathic system of medicine. In the present communication, the herbal formulations utilize extracted constituents of the various parts of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, a member of the famly Solanaceae, and commonly known as Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, Asgand or winter cherry. This is a principal medicinal plant that has been used in various Ayurvedic formulations from more than 3000 years. Wide distribuion of this species have been reported from the various Indian states like are Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu. This plant is commonly used, either alone or in combination, with other herbs for the cure of various conditions e.g stress and inflammation. The major phytochemicals of this species are alkaloids and steroidal lactones, and due to presence of various bioactive compounds, this plant species possess various multitudinous biological activities such as adaptogenic, antibiotic, aboritifacient, aphrodisiac, astringent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, sedative, deobstruent, anti-stress, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-aging, cardio protective, hypothyroid activity, immunomodulatory. Keeping these aspects into consideration, this herb has enormous potential for the management of a number of diseases. In the market, W. somnifera is available in various forms including decoctions, infusions, ointments, powder, tablet, capsule and syrup. This communication provides an account of various chemical constituents and their associated various biological functions.