eChapters

ABSTRACT

In social Hymenoptera, the females carry out nest building, brood care and foraging, while males generally do not take part in any of these social behaviours and act solely as reproductives. The interesting phenomena of cooperation and altruism

Soil Organic Matter (SOM) is the seat of nitrogen in soil and its determination is often carried out as an index of nitrogen availability. The top soil (surface soil) range from 0.5% to 3.0% organic carbon for most upland soils and less than 0.5% are limited to desert soils. Soil organic matter averages about 58% carbon, it follows that soils generally range from about 2 to 6 % organic matter (% O.M. = %C x 1.724, The factor 1.724 = 100/58). There is also a close relationship between carbon and nitrogen in soils. Most organic matter average about 5% nitrogen so that the N: C ratio is 1:11.6. Therefore by multiplying the soil organic matter percentage by 0.05 an approximate value for the soil nitrogen, percentage is obtained. In soil the chief source of some of the nutrients essential for plant growth is organic matter, such nutrients are N, S and boron is also largely derived from organic matter.

Thisprocedure estimates aggregatestabilitytoimpact ofraindropsand water erosion. Wet sieving procedure was originally proposed by Yoder, 1936. Later, the procedure was modified byKemper and Rosenau, 1986.

Equipment

1. Yoder type sieve shaking electrically operated machine (3/4 inch stroke at 30 strokes per minute)
2. Concentric sieves of various sizes of pores to fit properly into the machine.
3. Weighing balance

1. Botanical Name : Docynia indica Syn. Docynia hookeriana, Syn. Docynia rufifolia, Syn. Malus docynioides, Syn. Pyrus indica, Syn. Pyrus rufifolia

2. Family : Rosaceae (Pomeae)

3. Common Name : Mehal

4. Name in Indian languages

Sohphoh (Khasi), Mel, Mehal (Nepali), Tong, Thung kakpa (Bhutan).

5. Description

Docynia indica is deciduous tree found in India and South East Asia. The trees are medium to tall in height. It requires a well-drained soil in a sunny position. This species can tolerate temperatures down to about -5 to -10°C. Fruits are acidic and greenish with red tinged. Fruits are eaten as fresh or pickles as well used in jelly preparation. It is also used as rootstock for imparting semi-dwarf in apple.

This tumour may occur due to specific mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. This is one of the most common epithelial tumor of dog. It is classified into well differentiated, moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated tumour.

Background
Leishman stain (named after W. B. Leishman, a British surgeon) is one of the Romanowsky- type stains. It is a differential stain used to stain the different components of the cells variably. The Leishman stain is one of the best for routine blood staining and can be used for FNAC smear staining. It stains the peripheral blood smear when examining blood film under the microscope (Figure 20).
Leishman stain combines Azure B (blue) and Eosin Y (orange) dyes. Azure B has an affinity for DNA and acidic groups in cell nuclei, while Eosin Y has an affinity to basic groupings in cytoplasm. The staining results show crisp blue nuclei while the cytoplasm takes a purple hue.
Procedure for Leishman Staining
Sample Preparation
• Obtain a thin blood smear or FNAC sample.
• Air-dry the smear thoroughly.
• Flood the slide with methanol for 3-5 minutes for fixation
• Air dry the smear.

Common name    :    English- Fever root
        Hindi- Ruwel

Family    :    Acanthaceae
 
Habit & Distribution
It is a herb (fig. 79 a), often found in wastelands, cultivated land, waysides etc. sometimes in gardens also. The plant is widely naturalized in India.

General Characters
The plant is a tropical perennial herb, growing up to a height of 6.5 inches with hairy stem. The leaves are simple, opposite and elliptic-obovate with 4.10-1.8-4 cm in size. Flowers are blue or violet with 3-4 cm in long. The ripe fruits in a pod carry 7-8 seeds each in it. The plant flowers and bears fruits during June-February.

Thrips: Thrips tabaci : Tuberose thrips Franklinella schultzei: Thripidae

These minute insects, preferring hot humid weather, rasp and suck the cell sap, causing bronzing, withering and drying up of leaves and flowers. This is the most serious pest on tuberose. Damage to young plants results in stunted growth.

Object: To demonstrate that light and carbon dioxide are essential for photosynthesis (Moll’s half leaf experiment). 

Material Required: A potted plant, a wide mouthed bottle, caustic potash, splits of rubber Cork and vaseline etc. 

Hip joint is a ball and socket joint which involves cotyloid cavity of os-coxae and head of femur. Hip dislocation can be corrected by external immobilization of the area with POP cast and keeping the animal in a mobile sling for several weeks.

The dislocation involves cotyloid cavity and head of femur and the affected limb deviate outward. (Fig.1)

The fracture site is immobilized extending joint below and joint above level initially with plaster of Paris.(Fig.2)

Cloth bandage is applied over it for support involving joint above and joint below which should not be too tight or too loose.(Fig.3)

Second layer of cloth padding is provided over the first layer to provide more strength and further immobilization.(Fig.4)

Final immobilization is done by application of rubber belt or suspensory bandage. (Fig.5)

At the end the entire animal is kept in mobile sling for proper immobilization for some weeks and housed in limited space(Fig.6)

Squash: It is a type of fruit beverage containing at list 25% fruit juice or pulp and 40-50% TSS commercially. It’s also containing about 1% citric acid and 350ppm sulphurdioxide or 600ppm sodium benzoate. Generally it is diluted before serving. Mango, orange, pineapple, lemon, lime, guava, litchi etc are commercially used for squash making using KMS as preservative. The coloured fruit like jamun, passion fruit, peach, phalasa, plum, mulberry, strawberry and grapefruits are also used for making squash but due to bleaching effect KMS is not used as preservative. In such types of fruits sodium benzoate used as preservative.

ABSTRACT

Activity patterns of Grey Jungle fowl, Gallus sonneratii were studied at Gudalur Range (9º 37’ N, 77º 16’ E) which is 23² km area in Theni Forest Division, Western Ghats, Tamilnadu from January to December 2005.

1. Botanical Name: Elaegnus parviflora Wall. Ex. Royle

2. Family: Elaeagnaceae

3. Common Name: Autumn Olive

4. Name in Indian languages

Giwain, Kankal (Hindi, Kumoani), Heiyai (Manipuri), Guenlee (Nepali).

5. Description

Autumn olive is a small tree or shrub, often spiny. The small white (fading to yellow) flowers have a sickly-sweet aroma.

6. Origin and distribution

Autumn olive is found in the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan, Assam and western China, at altitudes of 1300-3000 m.

Common name    :    English- Sugarcane
        Hindi- Ganna
        Odia- Akho

Family    :    Poaceae

Habit & Distribution 
It is a tall herb (Fig. 80 a), widely cultivated in Odisha and also throughout the hotter parts of India.

General Characters
The plant is a giant grass. The stem is erect, jointed, 3-5 m tall, 2-3 cm thick with plenty of juice. Leaves are elongate, rigid, mostly 4-6 cm wide, with a very thick midrib. The flowers are white, appear in plume like panicles, 20-60 cm long. The plant flowers and bears fruits during November-January.

The students in batches will visit the laboratory of Plant Pathology for their acquaintance with different appliances, tools, glassware‘s and other miscellaneous items, which they will use for various exercises and experiments to be conducted. A list of some of them is given below:

Object: To demonstrate that O₂ is evolved during photosynthesis. 
 

Material required: Hydrilla plant, beaker, test tube, funnel, pond water and pyrogallol. 
 

Theory: Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, which is evolved in presence of light and chlorophyll during photosynthesis.

A pesticide is any material intended to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate any pest, which is defined as a living organism that occurs where it is not wanted or that causes damage to crops, humans, or other animals. There are many different types of pesticides, each is meant to be effective against specific pests. The term “-cide” comes from the Latin word “to kill.”

Material balance data

Guava pulp : 5.00 kg

Amount of sugar added : 4.50 kg

Amount of glucose added : 500 gm

Amount of SMP added : 700 gm