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In dry combustion technique, the combustion of soil sample (about 250 mg and mm sieved) is carried out at high temperature (about 1000 ºC) through feeding in an inert boat in the electric furnace. The CO₂ produced from the oxidation of carbon present in the soil sample at high temperature is carried towards non dispersive infrared detector (NDIR) by a carrier gas where it is quantified and total carbon content is determined.

1. Botanical Name : Elaeocarpus munronii (Wt.) mast)

2. Family : Elaeocarpaceae

3. Common Name : Kalarudraksha

4. Name in Indian languages

Idanji pan (Koodwa), Nari Bikki, Kal Bikki (Kannada), Rudraksham (Tamil), Kalarudraksham, Shirukodala (Malayalam).

5. Description

Elaeocarpus munronii is plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found only in India. It is threatened by habitat loss. Trees grows up to 15 m tall.Trunk is greyish, smooth and blaze cream. Leaves are simple, alternate, 4-9 cm long , ovate Flowers axillary in racemes, white. Fruit is Drupe, elliptic and 2 cm long, smooth with single seed

This is a benign/malignant tumor originating from the apocrine and eccrine sweat glands in dogs. It is usually recorded in the head and neck region but it may occur on any site.

Cytology reveals clusters of moderate to severe exfoliated neoplastic cells which contain round nuclei slightly eccentric in position in the light pale granular cytoplasm. In carcinomas, clusters of basophilic epithelial cells had large nuclei and prominent nucleoli. It may also contain one or two large secretory droplets.

Common name    :    English- Tropical soda apple
        Odia- Denga bheji/Bheji baigana

Family    :    Solanaceae

Habit & Distribution
It is a perennial shrub (Fig. 81 a), is commonly found in grassland, thickets and disturbed places such as roadsides and river banks.

General Characters
The plant is an erect perennial shrub, reaches up to 50-150 cm high with shortly pubescent stems and branches with recurved prickles up to 5 mm long. The leaves are broadly ovate up to 20 cm long and 15 cm wide, generally dark green in colour, and glossy above. The flowers are white, 1.5 cm across arranged in clusters. The fruit is a globose berry, mottled green when young and yellow at maturity, with 2-3 cm across. The plant flowers and bears fruits throughout the year.

A biological sample received in the laboratory should be processed as below:

Fresh Green Sample: During metabolism trial period it is always advisable to take a sample of fresh green fodder daily so as to  avoid chemical composition variation from place-to-place in a field. Take about two and half kilo sample from the bulk, cut the whole plant including the stem and stalks with a pair of scissors into small pieces and mix thoroughly. Weigh about 100g accurately in the aluminium tray 23156cm approximately for estimation of moisture. It is always recommended to weigh the sample immediately in the laboratory so as to avoid the losses of moisture.

Procedure

1.Peeled Potato slices are cooked in 500 ml of water by the time till they are easily penetrated by a glass rod.

2.Filtered with the help of muslin cloth.

3.Agar-agar is melted in another 500 ml of water.

4.Potato extract is added to the melted agar.

5.Dextrose is added in this mixture and stir well with the help of glass rod.

6.Make the volume to 1000 ml, by adding required water.

7.Medium is sterilized in an autoclave at 15 lbs pressure for 20 minutes at temperature of 121.6^oC.

Object: To demonstrate anaerobic respiration. 

Material required: Soaked pea or gram seeds, mercury, test tube stand, forceps and KOH pellets. 

Theory: Generally, plants at certain stage have the capacity to respire in absence of oxygen i.e. anaerobic respiration. In this process, oxidation of carbohydrate takes places, ethyl alcohol and CO2 being end products and only a little amount of energy is liberated-

A pesticide may be referred to by several different names, which can cause confusion. The same pesticide may be referred to by a number of different names, or different pesticides may have similar names.

Pickles:- Pickles are a product which is prepared by using the common salt or vinegars of fruits and vegetables. It is a good appetizer and adds to the palatability of a meal. It’s also help full to stimulating the flow of gastric juices and thus helps full indigestion. Pickles are mainly preserving by salt, vinegar, oil and it can also be preserved by the mixture of salt, spices, vinegar and oil.

Ingredient of 1kg mango pickles: Mango piece 1kg, salt 150g, fenugreek powder 25g, turmeric powder 15g, nigella seed 15g, red chilli powder 10g, clove headless 8 number, black pepper 15g, cumin 15g, cardamom large 15g, aniseed powder 15g, asafoetida 2g and mustard oil 350ml.

The total potassium content (K) of a soil varies from 0.05 to 2.5%. The total K is distributed in mineral form (90-98%), fixed non-exchangeable (1-10%) and exchangeable plus water soluble K(1-2). Exchangeable K represents an average of 2-15% of the sum of exchangeable bases and 1-3% of the total capacity of cationic exchange.

Principle

It is based on the principle of the equilibrium of the soils with an exchangeable cation mode of the solution of neutral ammonium acetate, in a given soil:solution ratio. During the equilibrium, ammonium ions exchange with the exchangeable K ions of soil.The K content in the equilibrium solution is estimated with a flame photometer.

This is one of the commonly used method to estimate organic carbon content in soil. In this wet digestion method, soil organic matter is oxidised with a mixture of K₂Cr₂O₇ and concentrated H₂SO₄ utilizing the heat of dilution of H₂SO₄. The unused K₂Cr₂O₇ is back titrated with ferrous sulphate or ferrous ammonium sulphate.

It is one of the common epithelial skin tumors. It is more common in head but also recorded in other sites such as back, tail, limb, trunk and eyelids. It is a tumor of sebaceous cells. In sebaceous gland adenoma, it has predominantly sebocytes with less of basaloid reserve cells while in sebaceous epithelioma variant, more of basaloid reserve cells are seen with less of sebocytes.

Common name    :    English- Marigold
        Hindi- Genda 
        Odia- Gendu

Family    :    Asteraceae

Habit & Distribution
It is a herb (Fig. 82 a) commonly cultivated in gardens. It is a very popular flowering plant commonly found in India and other countries.

General Characters
The plant is a very popular aromatic annual herb with 50-100 cm in height. The leaves are pinnately divided, in to oblong or lanceolate. Flowers are yellow, orange in colour, and large head with 3-5 inches across. The plant flowers mainly during cold season.

Object: To demonstrate that oxygen is used up during respiration. 

Material required: A conical flask, some germinating seeds, glass tube having two bends at right angles, mercury, beaker, small tube and caustic potash (KOH).

Theory: Plants at some stage have a capacity to respire more rapidly in presence of oxygen i.e. aerobic respiration. In this process, oxidation of carbohydrate occurs resulting in conversion of carbohydrate into carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water with release of large amount of energy.

Aim: Regular flushing of compound and fracture using topical antibiotic or antiseptic required to bring the open wound and fracture either to a aseptic stage or to reduce the degree of infection and pus formation.

Procedure

After through cleaning the exposed bone as well as the wound of the compound fracture the wound is placed inside its part.

A thick walled rubber tube / plastic tube threaded with two end of a suture with a straight needle is carried to a higher site from the fracture within the wound.

The suture and needle is brought out, the sutures separated and again threaded and the flushing catheter is fixed with suture. Fig.1.(a) and Fig. 2. (a), (b).

The wound is protected with a thick absorbant sterile cotton padding, keeping the flushing catheter out through a small hole within the bandage. Fig. 1 (b) and Fig.2.(c)

The limb is immobilized as per the recommended procedure depending the level of fracture, outer end of the flushing catheter is kept outside, of the immobilization for carrying out regular flushing of the wound.

Ingredient of 1kg mixed pickles: Cauliflower + diced carrot + turnip slice + vegetable pea each in equal amount of 1kg, salt 100g, ginger chopped 20g, onion chopped 50g, garlic chopped 10g, red chilli powder, black pepper, turmeric, cardamom large, aniseed powder, cumin, fenugreek powder each of 10g, clove headless 5 number and mustard 50g, vinegar 200 ml and mustard oil 450 ml.