eChapters

Wood apple is also known as kaith, kavat, curd apple and monkey fruit. It is found almost throughout the country. It is one of the very hardy tree found growing in arid and semi arid regions of the country. Hill region of northern India and Ceylon are supposed to be its native land (Reuther et al., 1967). Chundawat (1990) thought it to be a native of India and Sri Lanka. It is a popular tree of forest, Indoor yard garden and can be exploited for regular cultivation in dry areas. The cricket ball size fruits have sweet and aromatic pulp, eaten fresh or used for drinks, chutneys, jellies etc. In forests of Rajasthan, it is commonly found in Aravalli range and Hadoti Plateau.

Wood apple (Feronia limonia (L) Swingle) is a thorny tree commonly found in dry deciduous forests. In India, it is known by several common names like elephant apple, curd apple, monkey fruit, kavat, curd fruit and kath bel. In Malaysia, it is known as gelinggai or belinggai; in Thailand, ma-khwit; in Cambodia, kramsang; in Laos, ma-fit; in French, pommed’ elephant, pomme de bois or citron des mois. The tree is very hardy and has tolerance to drought and salinity. Its cultivation as a fruit tree is rare, but fruits of naturally occurring trees in community lands, forests and on roadsides are  used for chutney and pickle making. Fruits being rich in pectin, minerals and vitamins offer unique opportunity to utilize them extensively for processing. Extensive root system and synchronization of its reproductive phase with high moisture availability make it a suitable crop for arid zones.

Origin and Distribution
The wood-apple is native and common in  wild in dry plains of India and SriLanka and cultivated along roads and edges of fields and occasionally in orchards. It is also grown throughout Southeast Asia, in Northern Malaysia and on Penang Island. In India, the fruit was traditionally a “poor man’s food” until processing techniques were developed in the mid-1950’s. It is one of the very hardy trees  growing all over the plains of India, especially in the semi-arid and arid regions. It is more common in Deccan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Chhatishgarh, Bihar and Jharkhand. Iit also occurs in the Western Himalayas upto an elevation of about 500 m amol.

This chapter introduces the scientific principles underlying the structure, properties, processing, preservation, and utilization of wood. It examines the anatomical organization and chemical composition of wood and explains relationships between structure and important physical and mechanical properties. The chapter also discusses moisture interaction, dimensional behaviour, mechanical performance, durability, seasoning, preservation, and wood-processing technologies. Engineered wood products and modern approaches to wood utilization are considered as important components of forest-product development. Together, these topics provide an understanding of wood as an important renewable material and its efficient, durable, and sustainable utilization.

1. Physiologically heart wood is_____________. (Dead)
2. Sapwood is rich in_____________ material. (Starch)
3. Growth rings are also called as_____________. (Annual rings)
4. Earlywood and late wood are referred as and_____________ respectively. (Spring wood and Summer wood)
5. _____________ is the light coloured outer portion of a tree log consisting of the youngest growth rings. (Sapwood)
6. The deep coloured central portion of wood is_____________. (Heartwood)
7. _____________ and_____________ are function of sapwood. (Conduction of sap and Food storage)
8. The function of the heartwood is_____________. (Mechanical strength)
9. Vessels and fibres are absent in_____________ wood. (Non-porous)

• Its constitution makes the tree one of the useful medicinal plants of India.
• Soils including degraded soils of the arid region and can tolerate salinity to a certain extent.
• It is mostly grown in dry portions of subtropical and tropical regions of the country.
• The mature plants can tolerate temperatures as low as 0-15°C and as high as 47.5°C.
• Commercial propagation of seed / In-situ budding.
• Ideal Planting distance required is of 8 to 10m
• Opening of flowers starts in the 2nd week of March.
• The flowers are mainly staminate and hermaphrodite.
• Ripe fruits are available from October-March.
• The tree can produce about 200 to 250 fruits per annum.

ABSTRACT

Traditional herbal drug preparations are known for centuries to protect several human diseases such as peptic ulcer, diarrhea, piles and dysentery. Current days knowledge about the underlying biochemical mechanism for most of the gastric ulcers and majority of the duodenal ulcers deserve appropriate consideration and due weightage while consolidating regarding the efficacy of a plant extract. The present investgation relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of lyophilized extract or at least one bioactive fraction obtained from flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, along with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives or carriers. The present results provides a composition for treating ulcers such as stress induced ulcer, peptic ulcer, cold restraint induced ulcer, drug induced ulcer and acid induced ulcer, and also the composition used as specific inhibitor of gastric H+, K+-ATPase. Herbal formulation in the form of capsules were conducted on marker-based stability studies as per ICH Q1 guidelines at accelerated and real time stability studies (40±2°C, 75% ± 5% RH and 30±2°C, 65%±5% RH, respectively), and also stability testing investigation was done as per stability specifications at intervals of 0, 3, 6 months for accelerated stability studies and 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36 months for real time stability. The present data reveals that this species is one of the potent Indian medicinal Plant which helps in curing ulcer and associated diseases.

This chapter introduces the recovery and productive utilization of materials generated throughout the wool value chain. It examines wool grease and lanolin, suint salts, noil, short fibre, low-grade wool, waste wool and pelts. Particular attention is given to converting keratin-rich wool waste into biomedical materials, cosmetics, fertilizers, soil conditioners, filtration materials, bioplastics and composites. Insulation, horticultural applications and oil-spill sorbents are also discussed within a circular-economy framework that aims to minimize waste and increase resource efficiency.

This chapter introduces the principles of colouration and finishing of wool fibres and fabrics. It examines the relationship between keratin chemistry and dye uptake and discusses major dye classes used for wool. The chapter also covers temporary and permanent setting, milling, shrink-resist treatments and functional finishes. Processing conditions such as pH and temperature are considered in relation to colour uniformity and fibre protection. Modern approaches increasingly emphasize lower-water, lower-chemical and enzyme-assisted finishing routes to improve sustainability

This chapter introduces harvesting as the first major stage at which fleece quality can be preserved or lost. It discusses shearing methods, timing, hand and machine shearing and appropriate animal handling. Post-shearing operations including skirting, rolling, classing, pressing, baling, storage and transportation are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on contamination control, especially prevention of dark fibres and synthetic materials. Indian shearing practices and opportunities for improved training, hygiene and automated systems are also discussed.

This chapter introduces the natural, acquired and processing contaminants found in greasy wool and examines defects that reduce fibre value. Wool grease and suint, dirt, dust, sand, vegetable matter, branding materials and synthetic contaminants are considered. The chapter discusses kemp, medullated fibres, pigmented fibres, tender wool and other defects and explains their effects on processing and end use. Clean wool yield is introduced as an important quantitative measure for determining the amount of usable fibre recovered from greasy wool.

This chapter introduces the complete processing sequence through which greasy wool is transformed into yarn and fabric. It covers sorting, scouring, drying, carbonising, carding, combing, drawing, spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing and finishing. The distinction between woollen and worsted processing systems is explained in relation to fibre length and alignment. The chapter also addresses effluent management, grease recovery, energy use, chemical consumption and cleaner processing technologies, emphasizing the connection between processing efficiency and environmental sustainability.

Shearing is an operation of clipping the wool from sheep body. It is essential to get the wool from animals as well as to provide comfort to the sheep and enhance the economic status of sheep farm. The time of shearing is twice in a year preferably once at beginning of summer (march-April) and second at the start of winter (September – October). However, for veterinary reasons and other requirements of animals, shearing can be performed any time.

This chapter introduces objective wool testing and the instruments used to generate reproducible measurements of fibre quality. It examines sampling and conditioning procedures and methods for measuring fibre diameter, staple length, staple strength, yield, vegetable matter and colour. Projection microscopy, airflow measurement and automated optical analysers are compared. The chapter explains how objective testing supports certification, sale by description, quality assurance and fair marketing and highlights the importance of standardized methods and representative samples.

This chapter introduces the major animal-derived textile fibres and distinguishes wool from fur, pelts and specialty fibres. It examines the structure of mammalian fur coats and the characteristics of fibres such as cashmere, mohair, angora and pashmina. The chapter discusses fibre fineness, scale structure, medullation, source animals and end uses. It also highlights the premium value of specialty animal fibres and their importance in luxury textile markets, particularly India's pashmina sector.

1.0. Objectives

• To impart the concept of word formation
• To train to use and change words in various category
• To provide the knowledge of affixation, conversion and compounding

2.0. Word Formation

The term ‘word formation’ does not impart an exact, universally endorsed usage. It focuses on all processes associated to changing the form of the word by, for example, affixation basically refers to morphology. In broad sense word formation depicts the processes of forming new lexical units. These changes can be noticed and understood easily, sometimes it becomes complex too.

1.0. Objectives

• To study the elements of the sentence and its order in that
• To identify elements of the sentence and observe the changing of words’ order in that
• To teach to label elements used in the sentence
• To teach that every language has its conventions for word order

2.0. Grammatical Units

To know any language knowledge of its grammar is highly required. As it is set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases and words in a language. On the basis of function, words’ categories are described. Utterance, morpheme, words, phrases, clauses and sentences in language are called grammatical units. Here few lines are given below following the description of grammatical units used.

In GADVASU, under the DBT sponsored project on “Development and evaluation of serodiagnostic assay for timely diagnosis and prognosis of mammary tumors”, we have generated and used hyper-immune sera raised against certain canine recombinant mammary tumor associated proteins for the standardization of sandwich and indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of canine mammary tumor. The sensitivity and specificities of the assay’s ranges between 85-88% and 80-85%, respectively. However, an antibody against a single marker when used for different histotypes of CMT, its specificity reduced significantly. Multiplex assays are capable to detect many specific antigens in a single run whereas a traditional ELISA is used only to detect a single antigen. It has high-throughput potential, providing more results per sample, with lower sample volumes and with utmost sensitivity and specificity. Attempts are being made to increase the sensitivity and specificities of the assays by multiplexing various markers together (Fig.4).

Abstract

In today’s scenario every human being is continuously juggling the demands of career and personal life. Achieving the insidious “work-life balance” can often been taken as an impossible goal, especially for those who struggle to give their best to personal and professional life. In todays time “do more with less” competing reality, managing careers and families, and feel satisfied with both can be a messy task. Life filled with conflicting responsibilities and commitments, work life balance has become a major issue in workplace in today’s time. This study attempted to provide an understanding of the term work life balance as well as the conceptual paradigm of work life balance, discussions of different causes and consequences of WLB, and the importance as well as the strategies of WLB.

The strategies outlined in this paper are proposed as recommendations for managers and supervisors to consider for implementation in their work areas to assist employees achieve a better balance between work, family, and life commitments.