eChapters

Particulate soil organic matter (POM) is one of the important soil organic matter (SOM) pools and matches the characteristics of a slow, decomposable or stabilized SOM pool. The POM fraction is considered as one of the indicators to changes in management and thus has been used in soil quality assessment studies.

Fig 8.1: A scheme for fertigation program working with automation

In modern farming with fertigation machines (NutriCare) and automated drip irrigation systems, fertigation set up schemes like the above are put into practice. This scheme will stream line the installation, operation and monitoring of the entire process. An informed grower would be able to control crop performance more precisely and achieve his objectives.

Benign/malignant tumor may arise from fibrous tissue. Fibroma mostly occurs in the dermis or subcutis of limbs and head.

Common name    :    English- Indian Tinospora
        Hindi- Gulbel
        Odia- Gulochi

Family    :    Menispermaceae
 
Habit & Distribution
It is a shrub/climber (Fig. 85 a), frequently found in forests and widely distributed throught tropical India.

General Characters
The plant is a climber, with stems about 5 cm diameters with light grey and papery bark. The leaves are about 7.5-14 cm long, broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply heart shaped at the base. Flowers are racemes which are 7-14 cm in long, greenish yellow in colour and arranged in 3+3 sepals in 2 layers, the outer one are small, the inner one are large. Fruits are red, globose to subglobose with 6-8 mm across. The plant flowers during August-December and bears fruits during March-May.

Spindle bug: Carvalhoia arecae :Miridae

Nymphs and adult bugs suck the plant sap from spindle leaf and tender leaves.  Feeding marks are seen as necrotic lesions in the spindle and fully opened leaves.  The pest is seen in the nursery plants round the year but incidence is high during rainy season.

After the agricultural activities a number of by-products are obtained and these are known as agricultural waste. These include residues of different crops like stalks, straws, leaves, roots, husks and shells. The animal waste is in the form of manure. All these agricultural wastes are free of cost however; they can be utilized as an important resource (Lionel and Arnold, 1931). Agrawal (1998) has mentioned India as the final dumpyard. The wastes obtained from various resources can be converted into heat, steam, charcoal, methanol, ethanol, biofuel, compost, energy, biogas, construction and high valued chemical compounds. Many times these agri-industrial wastes are not completely utilized and either they rot in open areas or are burned in the fields.

Structure of turmeric process

Boiling

• Boiling figures in water in copper vessels/galvanized iron/earthen vessels
• If water is acidic then add NaCO₃
• Stopped boiling when froth starts coming out and white fume appears
• Then dried in the sun for 10-15 days till they become hard and brittle

Principle

Carbonate (CO₃) and bicarbonate(HCO₃) ions are species of the same acid, carbonic acid. Their proportionate content is a function of pH. The CO₃ starts to form as pH rises above 8.4. Carbonate and bicarbonate are generally determined in soil saturation extract by titration with 0.01 N H₂SO₄ to pH 8.3 and 4.5, respectively.

Apparatus Required

Burette, pipette, conical flask and mechanical shaker etc

Soil respiration is a good estimator of overall biological activity and thus is often used for describing soil quality. Soil respiration is estimated as the flux of CO₂ emitted from the soil surface. It represents the sum of CO₂ produced by root respiration and by heterotrophic decomposition. This procedure is a laboratory method where soil is incubated for a given period of days and the released CO is trapped by sodiumhydroxide (NaoH). This is also known as alkali trap method.

PRACTICAL 1: PREPARATION OF READY-TO-COOK MUSHROOM PASTA

Pasta is a product originally made from wheat and is of different shapes and sizes. It is generally rich in carbohydrate but is deficient in protein especially amino acid balance. Therefore, addition of spices and dried vegetables may solve this problem. Moreover, fortification of pasta with tomato, garlic, mushroom or spinach makes it nutritious for consumption. Since instant foods are widely becoming popular and consumed throughout the world and is also a fast growing sector of the noodle industry because of busy life schedule of people.

The tumour is most commonly seen in adult and aged dogs. It occurs anywhere on the body surface. It is due to trauma, chronic inflammation, vaccination, genetic predisposition etc.

Common name    :    English- False white teak
        Hindi- Pindar
        Odia- Jandakhai

Family    :    Euphorbiaceae
 
Habit & Distribution 
The plant is a tree (Fig. 86 a), commonly found along riverbanks, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. It is distributed throughout India.

General Characters
It is a large deciduous tree, growing up to 10-20 m tall, with a smooth grey bark. The leaves are oppositely arranged ovate, 7-17 cm long and are heart- shaped at the base and have tapering tips. Leaf-stalks are 3-7 cm long. Flowers are small and greenish. Male flowers are borne in 7-19 cm long racemes and are carried on slender stalks. Female flowers are borne singly on long stalks. Fruit is round, with 2-4 compartments, 2-4 cm in diameter, smooth or hairy, exocarp thick and fleshy. The plant flowers and bears fruits during December-March.

Object: Determination of the viability of seeds by tetrazolium test. 

Material required: Healthy seeds, tetrazolium solutions, beakers, water and petridishes. 

Theory: Viability of seeds shows their potential towards germination.

When two or more chemicals can be used in combination or mixed safely, they are said to be compatible. These combinations can be a pesticide mixed with another non-pesticide chemical, or can be two or more pesticides that are combined in the same tank mix. The reasons for combining pesticides are:

1.To control different types of pests with a single application. Often, several types of pests need to be controlled at the same time. It is generally more economical to combine the pesticides needed and make a single application.

2.To provide superior control than that obtained from one pesticide. Applicators at times combine active pesticides to kill a pest that has not been effectively controlled by either chemical alone. Many combinations are quite effective, but in most cases it is not known if the improved control is a result of an additive effect or a synergistic action of the combined chemicals on different segments of the pest population. One should always check the label prior to verify the safety and legality of mixing pesticides.

3.To increase the effectiveness of one of the chemicals. As mentioned above, this is called synergism. The material added to increase the effectiveness of the primary chemical is called a synergist. The synergist may not necessarily be pesticidal by itself, but increases the effectiveness of the pesticide with which it is combined.

Curing- Curing is a process in which produce is subjected to undergow through a special treatment to get the quality product.

Soluble chloride (Cl) concentration in the extract is determined by silver nitrate titration. This method quantifies the concentration of Cl (meq/L) in the saturation paste extract. Chloride may be determined using anion selective electrode (potentiometric). Plant tolerance to Cl can be related to its concentration in the soil saturation paste extract. The method detection limit is approximately 0.1 meq/L, dependent on the method of analysis, and is generally reproducible within ± 10 %.

Apparatus Required

Burette, pipette, conical flask and mechanical shaker etc

This is a distillation method proposed by Subbiah and Asija (1956), where the soil is distilled with alkaline KMnO solution. The ammonia liberated is trapped in boric acid and then determined by titration against a standard acid. This procedure estimates the easily mineralizable nitrogen in soil.

Lipoma is a benign tumor of adipocytes and it is more common in dogs and mostly observed in the trunk, thigh and proximal limbs with rare presence of ulceration.