eChapters

3.1 Training

Virtual orchards are sophisticated, simulated environments used to train agricultural robots in a controlled, risk-free setting. These virtual landscapes replicate real-world orchards with high fidelity, incorporating detailed models of trees, fruits, branches, and various terrain features. By leveraging advanced technologies like 3D modelling, physics-based simulation, and machine learning, virtual orchards provide a comprehensive platform for developing and testing robotic algorithms without the logistical challenges and costs associated with field trials. In these simulations, agricultural robots can perform various tasks, such as navigating through rows of trees, detecting and localising fruits, and executing precise pruning actions (Shamshiri et al., 2018). The virtual environment allows for testing different path planning and control algorithms, enabling researchers to fine-tune these systems for optimal performance.

Additionally, virtual orchards can simulate various environmental conditions, such as changing light levels, weather patterns, and the presence of obstacles, providing a robust testing ground for robots to adapt to dynamic scenarios. One significant advantage of virtual orchards is the ability to generate large amounts of training data for machine-learning models. Robots can be exposed to many pruning scenarios, enhancing their ability to generalize and perform effectively in real-world conditions. Furthermore, the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) can aid in training human operators to control and supervise these robots, improving their proficiency and reducing the learning curve (Sarker, 2021).

2.1 Introduction

Horticulture plays a pivotal role in global food production and is essential for ensuring food security and improving nutrition. However, the increasing pressure on agricultural resources, coupled with environmental challenges, necessitates the adoption of innovative technologies to enhance productivity and sustainability. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool in this regard, offering unprecedented capabilities in data analysis, pattern recognition, and decision-making. In horticulture, AI holds immense potential for revolutionizing crop and soil monitoring practices, enabling more efficient resource utilization and better management strategies.

2.2 Foundations of Ai in Crop and Soil Monitoring

Artificial Intelligence (AI) forms the backbone of modern crop monitoring techniques, enabling the processing of vast amounts of agricultural data and the extraction of actionable insights. This section provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles of AI, machine learning, and deep learning, elucidating their applications in crop monitoring within horticulture.

2.1.1 Understanding Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Definition and Scope: AI refers to the development of computer systems capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.

Types of AI: AI can be categorized into two broad types: narrow AI, which is designed for specific tasks, and general AI, which exhibits human-like intelligence across a wide range of domains. In the context of crop monitoring, narrow AI applications are more prevalent, focusing on tasks such as image recognition, predictive modeling, and decision support.

1.1 Introduction

Since the beginning of humankind, we have thrived as a species due to our unique capabilities. These skills have developed and progressed over the centuries to the point that, in recent decades, we have been able to build machines that can imitate our intelligence, as far as we comprehend it. A novel type of world may lie ahead of us.

Artificial intelligence is the future, and the future is here." - Dave Waters

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the replication of human intelligence in computers, which are programmed to think and behave in a manner similar to humans. Literacy, logic, problem-solving, perception, and linguistic appreciation are all manifestations of cognitive abilities. Artificial Intelligence refers to the development of computer systems, computer-controlled robots, or software that are designed to exhibit intelligent behavior similar to that of the human mind. The term artificial intelligence is composed of the word "Artificial," which denotes something created by humans rather than existing naturally, and "Intelligence," which refers to the capacity to gain and utilize knowledge and skills.AI is achieved by the analysis of patterns in the human brain and the evaluation of cognitive processes. The culmination of these studies leads to the creation of sophisticated software and systems with advanced intelligence. The term AI was coined by McCarthy et al. 2006 while working on Dartmouth summer research project in which they proposed that machines have the capability to emulate "every facet of learning or any other characteristic of intelligence."

Introduction to GIS

QGIS (Quantum GIS) is an open-source Geographic Information System (GIS) software has been used to showcase various exercises pertaining to viewing, editing, analyzing, and printing of the geospatial data. QGIS helps to allow the users to easily access and manage geographic data stored in folders on local disks or relational databases available on the user’s network. QGIS supports raster, vector, and mesh layers. QGIS also allows using data from external sources with the help of web services such as Web Map Service (WMS) and Web Feature Service. QGIS is a constantly developing software as anyone can add new features or update existing tools. Newer versions of QGIS are frequently released on the official website. It is a cross-platform software that can be installed in Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

Introduction

Rainfall is one of the climatic variables that varies very highly spatially and temporally. Understanding this micro-level variation is a crucial indicator for planning future water requirements and preparing for management strategies. Numerous researchers have delved into the distribution, variability, and trends of rainfall across diverse spatial scales, ranging from global to regional and basin levels. Nair et al. (2014) analyzed the rainfall trend and seasonality index for Kerala state in India over the last 100 years. The rainfall trend was found to be decreasing significantly in almost all the regions of the state. Nischitha et al. (2013) provide insights into the spatial and temporal variability of daily monsoon rainfall in the Tunga and Bhadra River basins in Karnataka state. Paradkar et al. (2019) evaluated the pattern of weekly rainfall by using statistical parameters such as mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis for five stations in Pratapgarh district.

Geographical Information System (GIS) proved to be an effective tool in handling information and analyzing rainfall patterns, providing visual representations, and facilitating the decision-making process (Kadir et al. (2016) and Rao et al. (2017)). Anand et al. (2020) analyzed the long-term spatial and temporal trends of rainfall in the Lower Bhavani basin in Tamil Nadu, India using GIS and statistical methods. Earls et al. (2007) compared different interpolation methods such as Inverse Distance Weighting, Spline, and Kriging (ordinary and universal) to generate a 30 m representation of the rainfall data. Spatial interpolation techniques perform differently and their evaluation should not rely solely on quantitative assessment. Wu & Hung (2016) compared the performance of three spatial interpolation techniques i.e., IDW, kriging, and spline using quantitative assessment, 2D visualization, and 3D visualization. IDW and kriging performed similarly in terms of quantitative assessment, while spline performed worse. IDW and spline performed similarly in 2D visualization, while kriging showed different behavior. Kriging was observed to be an inexact interpolation in 3D visualization, while spline tended to create extreme values along the edges of the study area. Some studies discovered that the accuracy of Kriging in the study area is higher than that of IDW or Thiessen interpolations (Earls et al. 2007; Song et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2010). GIS applications have the capability to integrate spatial data and non-spatial data like rainfall and to visualize, model, and analyze how rainfall distribution varies across space and over time, providing insights into climate change, water resource management, agricultural planning, and disaster management. The present study aims to analyze annual rainfall data pertaining to Kerala state in the GIS environment.

Introduction

Climate change and human activities have emerged as significant factors affecting water resources in diverse regions (Kumar et al. 2022; Haddeland et al. 2014). The escalation in human water consumption for domestic and industrial purposes enhanced by the impacts of climate change has resulted in an overall decline in water availability (Liu et al. 2017; Paul et al. 2021). Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns directly influence water availability for ecosystems and agriculture potentially leading to greater evapotranspiration rates, intensified rainfall events, and prolonged droughts (Sharannya et al. 2021; Myers et al. 2023). Furthermore, urbanization, deforestation, and agricultural practices alter landscapes, affecting water resources in these areas.

Water shortages pose threats to ecosystem health, and socio-economic development and disrupt agricultural production (Piao et al. 2010). Thus, ensuring sustainable and efficient water usage necessitates accounting for water usage and quantifying it in a changing environment. To comprehensively assess the significance of water resources in the environment, Falkenmark (1995) introduced the concept of blue water (BW) and green water (GW) water, particularly for managing water resources in water-stressed regions. Green water refers to the portion of precipitation that infiltrates into the unsaturated soil layer and is subsequently utilized by plants through transpiration and soil evaporation. In fact, “blue water” represents surface and groundwater flow in rivers, lakes, and aquifers (Abate et al 2024; Sharannya et al. 2021). While numerous studies have investigated the spatial and temporal variation of BW and GW using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) (Feng et al. 2021; Li et al. 2009; Lyu et al. 2019), fewer publications have focused on assessing these variations and uncertainties at the basin scale under varying climate scenarios (Sharma et al. 2023). Hydrological models such as SWAT, serve as valuable tools for simulating past and future hydrological changes in the watersheds using projected climate data. SWAT specifically can simulate both blue and green flows at the watershed scale.

Introduction

Groundwater resources are under stress globally due to various reasons including increasing water demand, impending climate change, industrialization, land use/land cover changes, etc. Adequate sustainable development strategies have to be adopted for the management of groundwater resources. Irrespective of the developmental status of countries all over the world, groundwater serves as a crucial resource for meeting fundamental needs. However, increasing population, water demand, surface water contamination, and recent patterns of climate unpredictability have caused increasing reliance on groundwater as reported by several researchers (Adimalla and Taloor 2020; Aladejana et al. 2020; Cuthbert et al. 2019; Green 2016; Hamed et al. 2018; Jasrotia et al. 2019; Khalaj et al. 2019; Li 2016; McGill et al. 2019; Morsy et al. 2017; Taloor et al. 2020).

Even in India, water scarcity has been reported in many parts, though the country receives relatively higher rainfall. However, the rainfall pattern has changed over the last few years. The country has been experiencing significant spatiotemporal changes in rainfall patterns, leading to fewer rainy days and more extreme rainfall, which many studies have attributed to global climate change and anthropogenic influences. The rainfall variability has substantial impacts on water availability, agricultural productivity, and welfare of the 1.2 billion people in India because agriculture in India feeds about 17.2% of the global population and more than 56% of the agricultural land is rain-fed. Rapid and heavy patterns of rainfall result in the draining of most of the rainfall as surface runoff particularly on higher slopes, and reaches the surface water bodies, thereby reducing the infiltration and subsequent groundwater recharge. These variations in rainfall have ultimately affected the groundwater behavior and availability in many river basins.

Introduction

Watershed management has emerged as an important research area in recent years. Understanding the morphology of the catchment is one of the widely used methods for watershed management. Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth’s surface, shape, and dimension of its landforms (Agarwal 1998; Obi Reddy et al., 2002). The study of watershed is very useful in drainage basin evaluation, silt erosion control, flood frequency analysis, watershed prioritization, natural resources management, and conservation (Waikar and Nilawar, 2014). The significance of morphometric analysis is highlighted in the basins that are either un-gauged or difficult to access. The morphometry is usually analyzed through measurement of linear, aerial, relief, gradient of channel network, and contributing ground slope of the basin (Magesh et al., 2012). The hydrological behavior of a basin can be easily determined through the areal parameters (Mahala, 2020.) The evolutionary history of any basin can be best understood through the implication of different relief morphometric measures of drainage basin (Sharma and Sarma, 2013).

GIS and RS techniques are proven convenient methods for morphometric characterization of sub-watersheds and prioritization of watersheds. As the satellite images provide a synoptic view of a large area, the RS and GIS methods become very useful in the analysis of drainage basin morphometry (Rai et al., 2017). Thus, the morphometric analysis using spatial techniques has emerged to be the fast and efficient method as compared to most of the conventional methods (Rao et al., 2010) such as manual extraction of drainage network and assigning the stream order from a published Survey of India topographic map. The present study aims at using remote sensing and GIS technology to compute various parameters of morphometric characteristics of the Chaliyar River basin.

Introduction

The term “Remote Sensing” was coined in 1950s by Ms. Evelyn Pruitt, a geographer with the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and the term is now commonly used to describe as the science and art of identifying, observing, and measuring an object on the earth surface, without having any direct contact. This process involves the detection and measurement of radiation of different wavelengths reflected or emitted from distant objects or materials through which they may be identified and categorized by class/type, substance, and spatial distribution (National Aeronautics and Space Administration—NASA). Remote sensing technology has been widely applied in various applications such as water resources, agriculture, geological studies, forestry, land use, resource exploration, etc.

Elements of Remote Sensing

The remote sensing process involves an interaction between the incident radiation and the targets of interest, exemplified by the use of imaging systems in which the following seven elements are involved; however, remote sensing also involves sensing of emitted energy and using non-imaging sensors

Date:

Objective: To visit a newspaper organization to understand its structure and functions.

Description: A newspaper is a periodic publication containing written information about current events and other information that is of interest to the readers. A newspaper organization usually consists of the following departments:

a) Editorial department: The editorial department collects, processes and finalizes all content and images that are published in the newspaper. News/ information collected by the journalist or contributed by various writers is made readable, presentable and attractive to the readers through editing and proof reading by the editorial team.

Date:

Objective: To write an article for a farm publication.

Description: Print media can be used at the receivers’ convenience and can be preserved for future reference. It can also be used to reach the readers at a relatively low cost and the information can be verified by the reader. Due to these advantages, print media is an important form of communication, especially for development purpose. The term “farm publication” is used to refer to any publication that is prepared by an extension agency/ development department and contains information related to improvement of farming practices. Farm publications can be of various types such as leaflet, folder, magazine, newsletter, etc. Farm publications are very useful for literate farmers and can also be used by illiterate farmers with the help of others.

Date:

Objective: To write a script for a short video production.

Overview: A script is a written document that contains description of the setting, characters, dialogue, and stage directions for an audio-visual production. It is used to communicate information about actors, costumes, sets, and other aspects of production to those who will be involved in program production. While screenplay tells a story, a script (especially shooting script) mainly helps in production. Another difference between a screenplay and a script is that the former conveys what the audience will see on the screen, whereas the script guides the production team. A storyboard refers to pictorial representation of shots in a sequential order. It is very handy during shooting short videos like commercial or public service messages.

Date:

Objective: To understand shot sizes in a video production.

Overview: Shot, in video production refers to one continuous recording by the camera. It comprises of a series of frames (still images) and There are 24 frames in one second. A shot includes eeverything recorded between switching on and switching off the record button on the camera. It can contain movement of both camera and talent.

Date:

Objective: To visit a video production facility to understand the process and set up.

Overview: Video programs are often produced in a studio environment as it is convenient, easy to manage and there are very few disruptions. A typical video production facility comprises of two areas – control room and the studio floor. Director, assistant director, video and audio technicians sit in the control room. The control room has a series of monitors that display the final and camera outputs. It may also have “on air” and “preview” monitors which display images being broadcast and to check the image before recording, respectively. The control room also has a production console, which is used to select the video and audio output.

Date:

Objective: To understand basics of photography and practice taking good quality photographs.

Overview: Photograph refers to any image which is created when light falls on a photosensitive surface. With the advent of mobile phones and decreasing cost of technology, many people are taking up photography as a hobby or profession. Photographs are very useful in communication, extension and education, as they arouse interest, simplify complex ideas/ things, can be used to convey messages to illiterate people, and enhance credibility of the information. Apart from technical expertise, it is important to know the basics of composition to take good photographs.

Date:

Objective: To write a radio script for infotainment program.

Overview: Radio is an electronic audio medium that can broadcast messages to a large number of dispersed audience. Radio has several advantages as a medium of communication, especially in rural areas:

a) Radio can be carried around.

b) Low cost of production and ownership.

c) Usage is not limited by literacy and technical know-how.

d) It can be used by the listener while doing other tasks.

e) Usage is not limited by power supply.

f) Easy to operate.

Date:

Objective: To practice giving an entertainment or special occasion speech.

Overview: Entertainment and/ or special occasion speeches are short, simple and often meant to be humorous and entertaining. Special occasion speeches include welcome address, award presentation/ acceptance speech, after dinner speech, farewell speech, eulogy, etc. Entertainment or special occasion speech is often an impromptu speech i.e. they are usually given without any preparation.

Date:

Objective: To practice public speaking.

Description: Public speaking refers to communication with a large number of audience in a face-to-face situation. Public speaking differs from most other types of communication as the roles of sender and receiver are distinct and different. Also, in case of public speaking, the onus of taking the interaction forward primarily lies with the speaker. Consequently, many people find it daunting and stressful and try to avoid public speaking situations.

Date:

Objective: To make group presentation.

Description: Group presentation refers to presentation of subject matter by few or a group of people. Group presentations are fairly common in professional life and hence, one should have a mastery over how to prepare and make group presentations. If handled properly, group presentations have several advantages over individual presentations. They are more attention grabbing and interesting as the mere presence of more than one individual introduces variety into the process. Work can be shared among the team members and knowledge and resources can be pooled for better outcome.

Date:

Objective: To practice group task.

Overview: Teamwork and good interpersonal relationships are of great importance in professional life. Hence, organizations often use various methods to test qualities such as communication/influencing/leadership skills. One commonly used method is assigning group task to the candidates. Group task requires striking a balance between team goals and individual success. The team members are expected to contribute to the overall goals while furthering their individual objectives. Additionally, the evaluator can observe leadership skills, team spirit, communication skills, analytical and decision-making skills of the group members without being intrusive. One can also judge the role for which a particular member is best suited. The time assigned for a task-based group discussion/ group task can range from 10 to 60 minutes depending upon the complexity of the task.

Date:

Objective: To practice case-based group discussion.

Overview: A case is a detailed description of anything that has happened in real life. In a case, real names are often changed to ensure confidentiality and protect the privacy, but it is not a fictitious account. A case presents a situation, or a problem and the learner is expected to suggest a solution based on the information given in the case. Case based group discussion is often used to test the analytical and reasoning ability of the participants. While participating in a case-based group discussion, the students should start by recognising and defining the problem. This is followed by listing as many solutions as possible with contributions from all the group members. In the next step, each solution is evaluated critically by the group members keeping in mind the information/ data/ facts given in the case. Finally, the best possible solution is put forth by the group. It is important to remember that there are no right or wrong solution as any option is often a trade-off.

Date:

Objective: To practice group discussion and understand the do’s and don’ts of group discussion process.

Overview: Group discussion is a form of discourse, which occurs when more than two people recognize a common problem, exchange and evaluate information and ideas. Their efforts may be directed towards a better understanding of the topic or solving a problem. Group discussion occurs in a face-to-face or co-acting situation. It is a democratic method in which equal opportunity is given to every participant to express his/ her opinion. In formal settings, group discussion takes place under the direction of leader. Group discussion is often used by academic institutions or employers to assess certain traits and skills of the participants. The number of participants usually is around eight, but there is no hard and fast rule. When being used as a method of assessment/ evaluation, the group is given a topic.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a projected audio-visual aid (power point presentation).

Description: Audio-visual aids that are magnified and projected on to a screen are called as projected audio-visual aids. There are three methods of projection:

a) Direct projection: In this case, light rays from the source of illumination pass through condenser lens, then hit the object and go through objective lens and fall on the screen. Slide projector is an example of direct projection.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio visual aid (poster).

Description: Poster is a placard displayed in a public place to raise awareness. A well-made poster must attract attention of passers-by and motivate them to take action. Here are a few tips for making effective posters:

a) A good poster should rely on pictures rather than words. While there is no strict rule regarding the number of words, try to use no more than 10- 12 words.

b) The font size should be big enough to read from a distance as posters are displayed at public places. If there is a variation in font size, increase the size as you move from top to bottom. In addition, while choosing colours, keep the background against which the poster will be displayed in mind.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio-visual aid (folder).

Description: Folder is a single thick sheet of paper, which is usually folded once or twice. Folder contains essential information about a place, event, etc. which is printed on a good quality paper. A folder is prepared as and when needed and is distributed free of cost.

Date:

Objective: To prepare a non-projected audio-visual aid (chart).

Description: Audio visual aids are media that can make communication more effective through use of sound and visuals. They are of two types – projected and non-projected aids. Non projected aids are visual materials that are used as it is by the instructor and do not need any device or equipment. Examples include charts, posters, leaflets, flash cards, etc. They are easy to prepare, carry and use. They can be prepared as and when needed and multiplied at low cost.

Date:

Objective: To understand the characteristics and limitations of language.

Description: Language is the structured system of symbols, which are called as words. Semantics refers to the study of the relationship between symbols and their meaning. All languages are arbitrary as the word symbol is not the thing it represents (i.e. if all of us agree, we can refer to a “cat” as “donkey”, without turning it into one!). Words can be both abstract (things that cannot be sensed directly) and concrete (things that can be experienced through sensory organs).

Date:

Objective: To understand gap in communication process.

Description: Communication is never 100 percent efficient. In other words, even an ideal situation does not lead to complete and full understanding between the sender and receiver. Often, the receiver may understand the message differently or receive only a part of the message. This happens as every individual has a different frame of reference. Frame of reference is the set of experiences, beliefs and values which influence a person’s behaviour and acts as a benchmark against which all new stimuli are interpreted. Based on the frame of reference, every individual develops a perception. Perception is the process of receiving and interpreting stimuli.

Date:

Objective:To understand the concept of perception and its role in communication.

Description: Human body receives stimuli through various sensory organs and the brain processes these stimuli and assigns meanings leading to a reaction. This process of organizing, identifying and interpreting of sensory stimuli leading to an understanding of the environment is called perception.

Date:

Objective: To practice giving appropriate feedback.

Description: Communication is a cyclic process. The message originates from the source and is reaches the receiver. The receiver then decodes the message (i.e; makes sense)and sends a message back to the sender to convey his/her understanding or agreement with the message that has been received. Feedback not only completes the communication cycle, but also takes the process forward.

Date:

Objective: To understand the importance of paralanguage in verbal communication.

Description: Paralanguage is the variation in voice and includes vocal characteristics such as pitch, range, resonance, tempo, etc. Though it is an integral part of verbal communication, it is quite distinct from the actual signs and symbols that are used by the communicator.

Date:

Objective: To understand the significance of non-verbal communication.

Description: Non verbal communication refers to communication without the use of words. It can encompass a wide range of communication behaviour from body language to choice and use of architectural objects. It is used for repeating, substituting, complementing, regulating verbal messages and deceiving. Some of the common non verbal means of communication include: Gestures: Gestures are movement of body parts and kinesics refers to the study of body movement.

Date:

Objective: To understand communication process and its elements.

Description: Communication is the process by which a person shares knowledge, feelings, ideas, and information, etc. with another person(s) in such a way that each gains a common understanding about the meaning and intent of the message. Major functions of communication include sharing information, issuing instructions, persuasion and motivation. There are several elements in communication process. Anyone who takes the initiative and starts the communication process is called the source or communicator. The intended recipient of the communication content is called as the receiver. Any sign or symbol which has the same meaning for the source and the receiver is called is the message. Receiver is the intended recipient of the message and what the communicator hopes to accomplish is the objective of communication process.

Date:

Objective: To get acquainted with classmates.

Description: This is the first lab activity and has been designed to make the students feel comfortable in their new surroundings. The aim is also to help them get acquainted with their classmates as they are still new to each other. This short fun activity will help them mingle and set the tone for upcoming activities.

4.1 Introduction

According to Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (2019), presently there are 275 operational community radio stations. There are ten communi radio stations in the state of Uttarakhand. One is called Kumaon Vani which is licensed to the well known environmental non-profit group called The Energy andResourcesInstitute (TERI) based in Mukteshwar district.The otheris called Radio Khushi licensed to Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary School and based in Mussoories and third is Hello Doon licensed to National Institute of Visually Handicapped (NIVH) and based in Dehradun. The fourth is Hevalvaani in Chamba (Tehri Garhwal) whuch is licensed to NGO Aastha Jan Kalyan Evam Vikas Samiti . The fifth is Pantnagar Janvani licensed to Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT) and based in Pantnagar. The six is Himgiri ki Awaaz licensed to Himgiri Nabh Vishwavidyalaya (University of Sky) in Dehradun. The seventh is Radio Zindagee licenced to Graphic Era Educational Society. The eight is Radio Dehradun licenced to one NGO name Swantarta Senani Lokbandhu Ram Murti Pawsey Sewa Nyas Trust. The ninth is Hello Haldwani which is licenced to Uttarakhand Open University. The tenth is Mandakini Ki Awaz in Rudra Parayag which is licenced to NGO Mandakini Ki Awaj Sewa Samiti.

3.1 Introduction

Government of India has made significant impact in empowering girl child through initiation of various schemes viz; Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana etc. After initiation of such types of programme for girls, Child Sex Ratio was increased during 2021-22 i.e; 929 females per 1,000 males. Recently Government of India has initiated new innovation in Beti Bachao Beti Padhao programme. Present Paper aim is to discuss the new innovations during 2017 to 2022 under this scheme.

In India under the leadership of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi foresee rural India as ability laden with great prospective to speed of Sustainable Development Goal. Looking at splurge of schemes targeting girl child like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, Ladli Yojana and several other schemes empowerment of girl child seems to be heart of a plan to attain dream of Aatma Nirbhar Bharat.

2.1 Introduction

Women and Girls are born in to social and cultural system steeped in inequality and discrimination. They receive an unfair shape of opportunities, attentions and resources from the moment of their conception. One of the most inequality is Violence against Women and Girls [VAWG]. Violence against Women is a serious obstacle to development, peace and equality. It dehumanizes women and nullifies human rights and fundamental freedom. Present Article explains types of domestic violence and Government support system against Gender based Violence.

Violence againstWomen [VAW]is globally pervasive.It existsin every country, cutting across boundaries of culture, class, caste, education, income, ethnicity and age. These trends are also reflected in the status of women in India. Census data shows that while the sex ratio has risen since the last decade, it is still low at 933, the juvenile sex ratio in India hasreached an all time low of 927. Census data 2001, official statistics from the National Crimes Record Bureau [NCRB] reveals a trend of rising crimes Record Bureau [NCRB] reveals a trend of rising crimes against women. Cultural practices in India such as dowry, child marriage, sati, the Devadasi tradition and ill treatment of widows enhance girls and women’s vulnerability to the experience of violence. Gender differential treatment related to nutrition, health care, education, mobility and other life opportunities places girls and women at a higher risk of gender violation.

1.1 Introduction

The state of Uttarakhand was formed in November 2000. At the state level, it is the Department of Women’s Empowerment and Child Development that has overall responsibility for formulating and implementing schemes relating to Women’s Empowerment. As the nodal agency, the responsibility for preparing the Women’s Policy was given by the Government of Uttarakhand to Department of Women’s Empowerment and Child Development. Presently the Government of Uttarakhand is running various schemes/programmes through the different departments of the Government to bring about women’s development and their empowerment. For lack of an overarching policy that would have provided a common understanding and a unified vision, each department has defined and operationalized empowerment through its own prism and from its own perspective and understanding. In the case of some departments, the stated goal is not to bring about women’s empowerment, but rather, the emphasis is on bringing about their overall efficiency and economic development.

2.1 Introduction

Women entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who take initiative to set up a business enterprise and to run it smoothly. According to Government of India, women entrepreneur is defined as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women and having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women entrepreneur are those women those women who generate business ideas or select the best opportunity, mobilize resources, combine the factors of production, undertake risks and operate the enterprise in the most effective manner with a view to earning profit.

The verb empower means to bestow power. Empowerment of women implies creating conditions for enabling the women to be motivated for task accomplishment by taking personal responsibility. In the context of empowerment through enterprise, empowerment of women involves access to resources and markets, actual ownership and active control. These factors act as the bullwork for empowering women through enterprise.

2.1 Introduction

Empowerment means change, choice and power. It is a process of change by which the individuals and groups with no power and ability to make choices that affect their lives. Women empowerment is a stage of acquiring power for women in order to understand right and to perform her responsibilities towards oneself and others in effective way.

Empowerment is a multi-faceted, multi-dimensional and multi-layered concept. Women's empowerment is a process in which women gain greater share of control over resources- material, human and intellectual [knowledge, information, ideas] and financial resources and control over decision-making in the home, community, society, nation and to gain `power'. According to the Country Report of Government of India, "Empowerment means moving from a position of enforced powerlessness to one of power". In this process, women should be empowered socially, economically, educationally and politically that can help them take Self-decision regarding education, mobility, economic independency, political participation, public speaking and awareness to exercise rights.

1.1 Introduction

Gender mainstreaming, a concept that emerged from international frameworks and global development agendas, is a strategy aimed at achieving gender equality by integrating gender perspectivesinto allstages of policy-making and organizational practices. Originating from the recommendations of the 1985 Third World Conference on Women in Nairobi and formally endorsed at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, gender mainstreaming has evolved into a fundamental approach within international development efforts. It was adopted as a methodology by ECOSOC in 1997, marking a significant commitment across the United Nations system to advance gender equality goals comprehensively.

In essence, gender mainstreaming is not merely about inclusivity; it represents a proactive stance towards challenging and reshaping societal structures and ideologies that perpetuate gender disparities.

3.1 Introduction

To remove the inequality in technology development and its use, the concept Gender and technology arises. Economic resources should be equally distributed among the men and women. Technology can also help challenge and break gender stereotypes and biases that often limit women's potential. First of all, much equipment tends to be gender-typed. There are machines and tools suitable" for men as saws, trucks, wrenches, guns and forklifts. Some other technologies are "suitable" for women as vacuum cleaners, typewriters and food processors. The main focus of year 2023 is on innovation and technology for gender equality. Innovation and technological change are deep shifts reshaping life in the twenty-first century. Technological progress allows for unprecedented advances with the potential to improve social, economic and political outcomes for all.

 

2.1 Gender Analysis

Inequalities between men and women are becoming more visible and glaring particularly in developing countries of the world triggering serious concern over developed experts. UNESCO statistics reveals that women perform 75 per cent of work, earn 10 per cent of the income and own 1 per cent of property. The 3rd UN Millennium Development Goal (MDG) has called for gender equality and the components of women to battle poverty, hunger and disease and to restorative development that is precisely sustainable.

The Beijing Platform for Action (1995) very well support this fact in form of twelve objectives and action points viz., women and poverty, education and training for women, women and health, violence against women and armed conflicts, women and the economy, women in power and decision making, institutional mechanism for the development of women, human rights of women, women and media, women and environment, and the girl child. Prior to the above declaration there were First, Second and Third World Conference on Women at Mexico (1975), Copenhagen (1980) and Nairobi (1985), respectively.

1.1 Introduction

Gender permeates every facet of society, influencing power dynamics, access to resources, and opportunities. Understanding gender requires not only defining its conceptual framework but also acknowledging how these concepts manifest in everyday life, often creating deep divisions. Gender divides whether in education, employment, health, or political participation are enduring realities that reflect the unequal distribution of opportunities and rights between men and women, as well as between those who identify beyond the binary. These divides are more than social phenomena; they have concrete economic, political, and developmental impacts. Recognizing the persistent gaps in access and outcomes between genders has led to the development of gender-sensitive policies, such as gender budgeting. Gender budgeting is a critical tool for addressing these divides by ensuring that public resources are allocated equitably to benefit all genders. By focusing on the differential impacts of policies and budgets on women, men, and gender minorities, governments and organizations can work toward creating more inclusive and fair societies.

This chapter will introduce key gender-related concepts that form the foundation for understanding how gender influences social, economic, and political life. It will explore the roots and ramifications of gender divides across various sectors and explain how gender budgeting is employed as a strategic approach to reduce these disparities. Through this exploration, we will highlight the importance of integrating gender perspectives into policy and resource distribution to foster equity and social justice.

2.1Introduction

Agriculture includes both self-employment and wage employment. This require precise information about who does what. Majority of farmers have small Land holding and landless labourers. This needs understanding of activity performance of men and women. Gender-based division of labour is universal, but culture and community diversities cause differentiation. Gender, therefore, has to be recognized as the social characteristic that cuts across caste, class, occupation, age and ethnicity. It is gender that differentiates the roles, responsibilities, resources, constraints and opportunities of women and men in agriculture for which precise gender information is the need of the day. Building gender into agricultural development will lead to: Building inherent strength of women and men to mutually learn, Overcoming gender based prejudices etc.

2.2

Importance of Gender in Agriculture Agriculture play an important role in livelihoods of the rural poor and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Agriculture can be the engine of growth and is necessary to reduce poverty and food insecurity. The changes in Agriculture sector generate new sources of opportunities for livelihoods and food security, they also pose significant qualms. Equity distresses are being raised.

The concept of gender, distinct from biological sex, serves as a lens through which societies organize individuals and define roles, expectations, and relationships. Gender is not merely a matter of identity but an intersectional construct shaped by cultural, social, economic, and political influences. It reflects how different societies understand and express masculinity, femininity, and other gender identities, often dictating the power dynamics, opportunities, and constraints placed on individuals.

The understanding of gender has evolved significantly over time. Initially, it was viewed as a binary construct aligned strictly with biological sex; however, modern perspectives recognize gender as a fluid and dynamic concept, shaped by individual experiences, social interactions, and institutional norms. This evolution has brought about greater recognition of diverse gender identities, challenging traditional binaries and expanding the conversation to include non-binary, transgender, and gender non-conforming identities.

At the heart of gender are the societal structures that enforce roles and expectations. These structures differ across cultures and historical periods but commonly emphasize the division of labor, power, and resources between men and women. Gender not only influences individual identity but also informs how societies function, shaping everything from economic participation to political representation.

4H: An agricultural club for children that features hands-on learning

Abiota: The nonliving component of an ecosystem, including the soil, water,

and air.

Aborigines: The original or native inhabitants of a country or region.

Absorption Losses: Loss of water from a canal or a reservoir by capillary

action and percolation and in case of canal during the process of delivery.

Absorptive capacity: The maximum amount of waste that can be absorbed

by the environment.

Acclimation: Adaptation to changing or new conditions.

Acid precipitation: Rain, snow, fog, or dew containing sulfuric and nitric acids

produced by fossil fuel combustion.

Acid soil: A soil which is deficient in available bases, particularly Ca and which

give an acid reaction when tested by a standard method.

Acre foot water: The amount of water that would cover an area of land to a

depth of one foot assuming no seepage evaporation and run off.

Acre inch day: Term used principally in irrigated section of united state for

measuring quantity of flow of water. It is equal to a flow which will cover

one acre to a depth of one inch in a 24 hours period or 0.042 cubic feet per

second.

Acre inch: It is a measure of quantity of flow of water and is equal to the flow

which will cover one acre to a depth of one inch.

Acre: (43560 sq. ft) an area of land about 220 feet long and 198 feet wide.

Active solar heating: The use of solar panels to collect and concentrate the

sun’s energy for heating.

Adaptation: Biological modification that allows species to better exist in a

specific environment.

Additives: Chemicals added to food, often con- sidered to represent a threat

to human health.

A

Adenocarcinomas 3, 7

Adenomas 7

ALDH1 17, 18

Anaplastic carcinomas 7

B

Babesiosis 1

Bcl 17, 21, 23

Benign tumors 3, 5

Biomarkers 17, , 29, 30, 31

BRCA 31

C

Canine 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19,

19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34

Canine distemper 1

Canine Mammary Tumors 1, , 5, 7, 8, 13, 17,

19, 29, 32, 33

Canine parvoviral diarrhoea 1

Carcinogenesis 10, 25

CHEK2 15

Classification and Grading 7

Companion animals 1, 9

COX inhibitors 21, 26

Cyclooxygenases 23, 26, 35

D

Deracoxib 21, 26

Diagnosis 19, 20

Doxorubicin 21

E

EMT 17, 25

Epidemiology 11

Estrogen receptors 20

FGFR2 15

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