eChapters

The deviation from normal health is defined as disease. Health refers to the very absence of the disease. Therefore, health is a state where all the body
systems function normally and the activities continue within the physiological limits. So, the disease can be defined as the inability to perform physiological
functions at normal levels even when nutrition and other environmental requirements are provided at adequate level.

Browning is due to boron deficiency caused. In general, boron deficiency symptoms in the formation of the curd, the plant externally visible. In the early stages, immersion in water and curd in the stem region of the surface occurs. As plant growth, into the hollow, soaked in water covers the cavity inner wall tissue. In the absence of progressive steps, areas of brown or pink color are visible, and hence, it is also called brown or reddish-brown or dark brown rot affected by the bitter taste. D

Grape is one of the important fruit, crops being grown in area of 79.6 thousand hectare with annual production 1878.3 thousand MT. India is a major exporting country of grapes, it exported fresh grapes 24633.79 MT (2018-19) (Anonymous, 2018).

Important Points to Remember

• The word ‘Extension’ is derived from Latin roots ‘ex’ and ‘tensio’.
• The use of the term ‘Extension’ originated in England in 1866 with a system of University extension which was taken up first by Cambridge and then Oxford Universities.
• James Stuart is considered as father of University Extension.
• Dr. K.N. Singh is known as father of Extension in India.
• Agricultural extension operates within a broader knowledge system that includes research and agricultural education.

Modern silvicultural tools involve in a paradigm shift from a highly manual to mechanize or digital data recording and tight operational control. Now a days many machines or digital tool are being used in silviculture like pitting machine, tree planter, Laser geo hypsometer, Satellite system etc.

Curry leaf, Murraya koenigii (Linn.) is one of the most important plants exclusively known for its culinary and medicinal value. Leaves of the plant are widely used for flavouring food in Indian cookery. Leaves are also used in many Indian Ayurvedic and Unani prescriptions (Joseph and Peter, 1985). The whole plant including leaves, stems, flower, fruits and roots are used as tonic, stimulant, anti-flatulent, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant (Khan et al., 1997) and anti-carcinogenic (Khanum et al., 2000).

11.1 Introduction

More than 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by the ocean, the world’s largest solar energy collector and storage system. By utilizing only a small portion of this energy, we can meet all the energy needs around the world. As long as the sun shines and there are natural ocean currents, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) energy source is free, abundant, and continually replenished. It is estimated that 3 to 5 terawatts (1 terawatt is 1012 watts) of baseload power generation can be practically harvested without affecting ocean temperatures or the environment of the planet. this is about the twice the global demand for electricity. Oceans are therefore an abundant renewable resource, offering a sustainable method for the production of electricity in the future. 

The chapter deals with the empirical findings and analyses in order to offer ample interpretation for a reliable conclusion to be drawn. In order to enhance and supplement the textual materials in this chapter, tables and models are frequently employed. Discussion is helpful in putting the study’s findings into proper perspective and connecting them to related research.

Table 6.1: Descriptive Statistics of Variable with respect to Minimum, Maximum, Mean, Standard Deviation of Values, Variance, and Coefficient of Variance

Dryland agriculture refers to cultivation of crops entirely under natural rainfall without irrigation. It is a form of subsistence farming in the regions where deficit of the soil moisture retards the growth of water consuming crops like rice (Oryza sativa), sugarcane etc. Dryland areas are characterized by low and erratic rainfall and no assured irrigation facilities. Dryland agriculture is important for the economy as most of the coarse grain crops, pulses, oilseeds, and raw cotton are grown on these lands. Dryland areas receive annual rainfall between 500 and 1200 mm.

Types of Dryland Agriculture

Depending on the amount of rainfall received, dryland agriculture has been grouped into three categories:

Dry farming: It is production of crops without irrigation in areas where annual rainfall is less than 750 mm. Crop failures are more frequent under dry farming condition owing to prolonged dry spells during crop period. The growing season is less than 200 days. It is generally practiced in arid regions of the country

Introduction Chinese cabbage (Brassica compestris var. pekinensis i.e., heading type and Brassica compestris var. chinensis i.e., non-heading type) with chromosome number 2n=20 is a green leafy vegetable that has come under the same family Cruciferae as cabbage. It is also called as celery cabbage, Bok choy, Peking cabbage, snow cabbage, napa cabbage etc. according to the places. It is originated from China and later adopted to other countries, mostly in Asian countries. Even though not being a member of cole group, it is regarded as one because of the similarity in cultural practices, breeding systems, same growing season and many other features that resembles apart from being a brassica vegetable. The best planting season for Chinese cabbages is in early spring to harvest as a late spring and after mid-summer for a fall crop. The inner leaves of the plant are light yellow colour with long (oblong) shaped head which is covered by compact wrinkled, profuse and light green leaves. Generally, the crop has high nutritional value due to which its demand is increasing tremendously. The potassium content of the crop is high with low fat content. It is also rich in vitamin C, fiber, folate as well as beta carotene and calcium are also more as compared to the cabbage due its leaves colour

The mast cell tumors are focal or multicentric in nature in the skin and occasionally in the internal organs. It is more common in middle aged dogs without sex predilection.

Background and Technology Intervention

Tanks are one of the oldest structures in India that has been serving as an important water harvesting device since time immemorial. The total number of irrigation tanks in India is estimated to be around 2, 08,000 of which, three states in South India viz., Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka accounts for nearly 1, 27,000 tanks irrigating 1.8 million hectares of land (Gandhiraj, 2009, Siva Subramanian, 2006, Sakthivadivel et al. 2004, Vaidhyanathan, 2001). In Tamil Nadu for instance, there are more than 39,000 tanks at present many of which were constructed during 18th and 19th centuries by kings, zamindars and Britishers (Jagadeesan, M 2011; Palanisami and Easter 2000: 9). Similarly in Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, tank irrigation developed extensively since ancient times. The district of Warangal and Karim Nagar have several old irrigation tank structures.

Introduction

The dawn of the 21st century brings with it unprecedented challenges for agriculture - challenges that demand a departure from conventional practices and a harmonious integration of spirituality and sustainable methodologies. In this pursuit, Bio Dynamic Farming emerges as a beacon, guiding farmers to cultivate not only crops but also a deeper understanding of the spiritual dimensions intertwined with the earth's rhythms. Rooted in the visionary teachings of Rudolf Steiner and his anthroposophical principles, Bio Dynamic Farming transcends the mechanistic view of agriculture, offering a holistic paradigm where spirituality and sustainable agriculture dance in unison.

Introduction

Genetic markers are genes or DNA sequences associated with a specific gene or trait, often arising from mutations or alterations in genomic loci (Samarai and Kazaz, 2015). Recently, there has been a growing interest in molecular markers, which reveal polymorphisms at the DNA level. These markers play a crucial role in animal genetics studies, as they help identify genetic resources and differences between domesticated and wild animals. Cytological markers, which use chromosome karyotypes, bandings, repeats, translocations, deletions, and inversions, are widely used for elucidating species origin and classification (Becak et al., 1971; Jonker et al., 1982).

Requirements: Insecticides of different types

Insecticide chemicals in their “raw” or unformulated state are not usually suitable for pest control. These concentrated chemicals and active ingredients may not mix well with water, may be chemically unstable, and may be difficult to handle and transport. For these reasons, manufacturers add inert substances, such as clays and solvents, to improve application effectiveness, safety, handling, and storage. Inert ingredients do not possess Insecticidal activity and are added to serve as a carrier for the active ingredient. Manufacturers will list the percentage of inert ingredients in the formulation or designate them as “other ingredients” on their labels.

6.1 Introduction

Water deficit stress is a serious and frequently encountered abiotic stress in the terrestrial surface. Its deleterious effects on plant growth and productivity are well documented. Plant responses to water stress are believed to be complex as these operate at various levels of plant organization. Several in built physiological and biochemical mechanisms provide resistance to plants against stress. An understanding of the processes linked to these mechanisms is vital for optimizing crop growth and productivity under stress. Plants respond and adapt to water stress by altering cellular metabolism, thus invoking stress tolerance. Alteration in endogenous concentrations of growth regulators along with accumulation of osmolytes, modifications in antioxidant cascade, changes in protein profiles and induction of gene expression in plants under stress are important characteristic metabolic changes that invoke stress tolerance at the cellular level. Alteration in endogenous concentrations of plant bio-regulators under stress helps plants through better turgor maintenance and efficient water usage by influencing stomatal functioning, hydraulic conductivity and morphological adaptation. Progress made in plant adaptation to water stress is an outcome of advances made in analytical techniques on endogenous growth regulator analysis and powerful and reliable molecular and genetic techniques.

K ration: It is a lightweight packaged ration of emergency foods developed for the U.S. armed forces in World War II (Plate 371).

Kaiser rolls: A round crusty roll often used for sandwiches (Plate 372).

Kalamata /calamata: It is brine cured black olive grown in Greece.

Kamucha: Tea cider or fermented tea beverages is known as kamucha. The fermentation process take place by the presence of yeast and bacteria

Kanji: Clean, black coloured, crisp and sound product of characteristic flavor prepared by full fermentation (chiefly lactic acid fermentation) of black carrot with 2.5% salt, 1% powder mustard and some amount of water. It is fermented to make ready to serve drink which is known as Kanji. Each kilogram of the grated carrots yields just 7-8 litres of kanji.

Karl Fischer Titration: Karl Fischer Titration is used for estimation of moisture content of foods (low moisture products).

Kasseri cheese: The simple unpasteurized sheep’s milk cheese (sometimes mixed with goat’s milk) is called kasseri. It is popular in Greece. It is made in the shape of wheel, fairly firm and pale yellow (Plate 373). The word kasseri comes from the Turkish kasar which means that it has ability to hold its shape when heated.

Trees have been used in cropping systems since the beginning of agriculture. Throughout the world, at one period or another in its history, it has been the practice to cultivate tree species and agricultural crops in intimate combination. In the tropics, human beings underwent a transition from hunting/gathering to the use of domesticated plants and livestock. As a part of the process, they cut down trees, cleared the debris by burning and sowed crops in the ash enriched soil. It was the ‘slash-and-burn’ agriculture, a primary forerunner of the present-day agroforestry and a practice that might have originated in the Neolithic period, around 7000 BC.

There are innumerable examples of traditional land-use practices involving combined production of trees and agricultural species on the same piece of land in many parts of the world. Trees were an integral part of these farming systems and they were deliberately retained on farmlands to support agriculture. These practices are now known as agroforestry. However, the ultimate objective of these practices was not tree production but food production.

The economics of modern farming is a dynamic and complex field, reflecting the intricate interplay between technological advancements, market forces, policy frameworks, and environmental considerations. This article explores the multifaceted economic dimensions of contemporary agriculture, including production costs, market structures, supply chain dynamics, and the impact of government policies. It examines how modern farming practices, such as precision agriculture and biotechnology, influence productivity and profitability. The article also delves into the challenges and opportunities faced by farmers in today's globalized economy, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and resilience to climate change. By understanding the economic principles underlying modern farming, stakeholders can better navigate the evolving agricultural landscape and promote a more sustainable and profitable farming sector.

1. The technique of acquiring information about some object by recording devices, without being in physical contact with the object under study is_____________. (Remote sensing)
2. The term remote sensing was coined by ____________. (Ms. Evelyn Pruitt)
3. Father of Indian remote sensing is ________________. (Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty)
4. In remote sensing_____________ type of radiation is utilized for photography.(Infra red)
5. First aerial photograph was taken in 1858 by Felix Tournachon, known as ________, from a tethered ballon over the Bievre Valley in France. (Nadar)
6. Remote sensing systems which provide their own source of energy for illumination are known as_____________. (Active sensors)
7. _____________ sensors are very useful in detecting and mapping forest fires. (Thermal sensors)
8. Land cover classification using three levels of the scale of 1 : 100000 was developed by _____________agency. (NRSA)
9. The forest survey of India (FSI) conducts forest cover survey once in every_____________. (2 years)