eChapters

Introduction

Any computer that has Microsoft office excel in it can operate this statistical calculator. Operating system requirement is Windows 7 or its higher version. Usually looking at a data we become nervous and start thinking that how to analyse the data using computer programme, how to write the report of the research analysis etc. This newly developed statistical calculator will remove the fear of data analysis and make our life easy. This calculator will get the data analysis done within a very reasonable computing time.

This chapter introduces a new statistical calculator which provides a step-by-step guide to data analysis of the research data generated in agriculture, biological sciences and in other fields (Singh and Chaudhary, 1985; Chandel, 1998; Bhattacharya and Chowdhury, 2010). The process used to develop the program is quite involved with statistical theories and is not understandable to those who do not have any background in statistics and data analysis. Here we will explain the procedure adopted and the programme used, step-by-step so that it becomes easily comprehensible. We have provided examples in each spreadsheet for analysis. Data analysis with this statistical programme is not really difficult. According to the draft format required for analysis, you only need to arrange and enter the raw data. It does not require much information and knowledge about the formula used as well as the program developed to analyze the data (http://www.sbear.in/).

Introduction

The Food Security is one of the most important dimensions of livelihood security of household (Rahman and Akter, 2010), because all efforts of the family members are directed towards fulfilling the family need including food. Food security defined as “access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life”. Food security includes at a minimum: (1) the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and (2) an assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways (Anderson, 1990). It is also an indicator of sustainability of any vocation be it fish, crop, livestock production or combination of it. In case of Tripura very little study has been made in this aspect. Therefore, in this paper it is attempted to assess the status of food security of fish farmers of Tripura, using Index of Food Consumption (IFC) and Clustering Technique.

Data and Methodology

This study was undertaken in Tripura state and study area comprises 6 Rural Development Blocks viz. Bishalgarh, Melagarh and Mohanpur of West Tripura district; Hrishyamuk, Rajanagar and Matabari of South Tripura District. From these blocks a sample of 105 fish farmers was selected using stratified sampling method for gathering the primary data. The pretested, semi structured survey schedule was administered to collect the data during 2010.

Abstract

Plant genetic resources constitute the chief component of agro-biodiversity and comprise of land races, modern cultivars and obsolete varieties, breeding lines, genetic stocks and wild species. They provide the basic materials to the plant breeders to utilize genetic variability for the development of high yielding cultivars with a broad genetic base. The utilization of these genetic resources, however, depends upon their efficient and adequate characterization and evaluation, which in turn entails efficient characterization standards and appropriate strategies.

Introduction

Analysis of trait data generated from characterization and evaluation of the genetic resources is used to understand and use diversity. Currently, a large number of distance measures are available for analyzing similarity/dissimilarity among accessions based on different traits representing different types of variables. The selection of the most appropriate distance measure for each trait is the prerequisite for diversity analysis. One of the approaches is to form clusters where accessions between clusters would be more diverse than the accessions within a cluster. The clustering algorithms require a distance/similarity matrix between the accessions which can be calculated depending upon the nature or type of traits such as morphological and agronomic traits and/or molecular markers.

ABSTRACT

Ground water is an important source of water supply throughout the world for irrigation, industries, municipalities and rural homes and the dependence of an Indian village is on its water source only. The quality of water is as important as its quality. The quality required of a groundwater supply depends on its purpose such as drinking or agricultural or industries. To establish quality criteria, measures of chemical, physical, biological constituents must be specified as well as standard methods for reporting and comparing results of water analysis .For that a case study is to be made. Cuddalore district is a rapidly growing urbanized industrial area and lies at the east coast of Tamil Nadu in India. It mainly depends on the ground water. Water quality data for the observation wells from the year 1989 to 1999 were collected and spatial distribution of the groundwater quality is analysed using geographic information system. The important factors such as pH, Chloride shows higher level and generally occur in the central belt of the study area which is rich in mineral wealth. Compared to the eastern half the western half shows better quality of water. From the analysis, 80% of the study area is suitable for agricultural purpose and 75% of the study area is suitable for domestic and drinking purpose.

Sample Preparation

a) Plain products: Sample should be softened at room temperature. Since the melted fat tends to separate and rise to the surface, it is not advisable to soften the sample by heating on a water bath or oven or flame. Mix thoroughly by stirring with spoon or eggbeater or by pouring back and forth between beakers.

b) Ice-cream containing Fruits and Nuts: Fill one third part of the cup with ice cream sample. Melt the product at room temperature and mix until insoluble particles are finely divided (about 3-5 minutes for fruit pieces and upto 7 minutes for nut pieces). Otherwise, the product may be ground in a porcelain or glass pestle and mortar. Don’t let temperature exceed 25oC at any time during softening and mixing steps. If fat separation occurs, discard sample otherwise immediately pour mixture into wide jar and cap tightly. If allowed to stand, shake vigorously before taking sample for analysis.

Abstract

Wild plants of medicinal value are the embodiment of knowledge perception gift from our ancestors and these plays a significant role in curing various human health disorders. This gifted knowledge of economic plants used by the local people usually has long narrations for use in their daily activities. Considering the value of indigenous knowledge associated with plants, a study was undertaken on herbaceous communities in Atraulia area (Burhanpur tehsil), district Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh. During the investigation, a total of 71 informants (22 females and 49 males) were interviewed and data regarding ethnobotanical information on wild plant species were documented and analysed. The results indicated a total of 169 species belonging to 41 families used in indigenous herbal preparation as medicine from Atraulia area by local tribal people. The dominant growth forms were the annual herbs represented by 91 species, followed by 46 species of perennial nature and 32 species of biennial growth. Therefore, we can conclude that this region is rich in herbaceous plants and plant used as medicine is wide spread in the study area. This communication deals with demography of the informants, botanical name of herbaceous plants, family, part used, disease cure, use report, frequency of use and recommendation for conservation of unique valueable resources.

10.1 Introduction

Industrial effluents, which are deteriorate their quality, and push them to the brink of extinction in the process of unplanned discharge, giving rise to the need for suitable conservation strategies for the receiving water body. Unfortunately, over the years, less attention has been given to industrial effluents world over. The degradation of the industrial effluents has altered their functions, affecting the ecological balance. The objectives of carrying out the physico-chemical and biological analyses of water bodies are as follows:

1. Generally, industrial effluent functions directly relate to their physical, chemical and biological integrity. Water quality evaluation for industrial effluent leads to information about their misuse by indicating the pollution status. 1st define water quality objectives as the overall direction and purpose of the industrial effluent and furthermore define goals as milestones to be met during the course of a book. Since the quality of aquatic life depends on the water quality, a thorough assessment of the water quality is an integral part of industrial effluent toxicity evaluation. The assessment of the chemical criteria of the industrial effluent helps in

Groundnut is one of the main oilseed crop of India.Unlike many oilseeds, Groundnut can be consumed directly in various farms and hence now it is also being considered a supplementary food crops. In india groundnut is grown in an area of about 6.5 hectares with a production of  about 7 million tones of pods per annum (2007). It is one of the few crops that can be cultivated even on marginal lands under low input conditions. Unfortunately average productivity of groundnut in india is quite low (1000kg) compared to (USA-3000 kg/ha, China- 2600 kg/ha, Argentina-2100 kg/ha  and  Indonesia-1550 kg/ha).

Sampling of Milk for Analysis

A careful and accurate sampling is of utmost importance for the analysis of milk. It is a fundamental principle of sampling that the quantities withdrawn, must be proportional to the quantities contained in the respective containers and uniform throughout in its composition.Thorough mixing of milk must first be ensured either by stirring or by shaking gently. If milk from an individual animal is to be sampled, the sample should be taken from the middle of vessel containing the whole amount of milk. If the sample bottles have been standing for sometime, resulting in the separation of fat in the cream layer or lumps of fat appear, the bottles may be heated in a water bath upto 40°C to melt the fat before mixing. Milk should not be shaken very violently under any circumstance as it may result in an uneven distribution of fat.

Considering the economic importance of chlorophyll variegation in floriculture trade attempt was made for cytological, anatomical and biochemical analysis of chlorophyll variegated mutants for better and clear understanding of origin of chlorophyll variegation (Kirk and Tilney-Bassett 1967, Datta et al. 1995). Following chlorophyll variegated mutants and their respective original varieties were analysed –

‘Los Banos Beauty’ (LBB) : Original double bracted Bougainvillea with green leaf.

Introduction

Ammonia, nitrite and nitrate are considerable in the water quality management because they can be produced a toxic depending to their form and concentration. The solubilities of nitrogen contain in water at different temperatures and pressures. Nitrogen is a basic growth substance and an important element in aquatic ecosystems as well as in the pond water. It exists variously forms in water and manly classified in organic and inorganic.

INTRODUCTION

Several biophysical factors govern the agricultural productivity of a region. Among the key biophysical factors, weather and more particularly rainfall has the over riding impact on agricultural productivity since rainfall is a primary source of water and the first requirement for raising any crop. This element influences various dynamics of crop growth and development and accounts from nearly two thirds of variation in agricultural productivity. The amount of rainfall at a particular place is important; an equal important factor is its temporal distribution, which is uneven, uncertain and erratic in most part of the country. Breaks in monsoon are common phenomenon during the monsoon period. The analysis of rainfall characteristics such as occurrence and distribution of dry or wet spell is essentially required for successful crop planning, development of befitting agro techniques, recommendation of suitable crop variety, designing of water harvesting ponds, earthen dams and other soil conservation structures. It is also an established fact that the crop development will be affected if the dry spell coincides with sensitive phonological stage of the crop and sometimes beneficial if it coincides with the ripening stage. Hence for the purpose of crop planning and to carry out the agricultural practices, it is important to know the sequence of dry and wet periods. An attempt has been made in this paper to analyse the rainfall in standard meteorological week as well as monthly basis at different probability levels for Lembucherra by using computer based forecasting technique.

1 Analysis of Chemical Composition of Milk

 1.1 Determination of Acidity of Milk

 Introduction

The acidity of milk can be determined by titrating the milk against standard sodium hydroxide solution using an indicator like phenolphthalein and is expressed in the terms of lactic acid. Though natural acidity in milk is due to its constituents such as casein, albumin, citrates, phosphates and carbon dioxide but it is customary to express in terms of lactic acid. As one gram equivalent weight of an alkali neutralizes one gram equivalent weight of an acid, the volume of standard alkali required to neutralize lactic acid of fixed volume of milk gives percent acidity of milk according to the reaction.

Abstract
The assistance/credit provided by banks is classified as priority sector lending and non-priority sector lending. Priority Sector Lending (PSL) is one which has got the order of preference over other sectors by the target groups in availing bank credit as per the directives of RBI. It is one of the important steps taken by the government for the cause of rural development. It involves rising the socio-economic status of the rural population on sustainable  basis through the optimum utilization of local resources. In the words of Planning Commission1 rural development could be achieved through strategies, policies and programs  for the development of rural areas and the promotion of activities carried out in such spheres as agriculture, forestry, fishing, rural crafts and industries, the building up of social and economic infrastructure, with the ultimate aim of achieving a fuller utilization of available physical and human resources and earns higher income and better living conditions for the population. According to Desai2, the preamble to the Bank Nationalization Act, 1970 clearly lays down that the banking system has to function in alignment with priorities and objectives. According to Srinivasan3  during 1969-89, the PSL has considerably increased and radical transformation has taken place in the allocation of pattern of credit. The trend analysis in between 1969-89 indicated that banking system has achieved a good blend of social and commercial banking.

Introduction

In recent past vegetable cultivation took enormous turn over because of increased population, inflow of tourists and increased per capita income in the Bay Islands as well as India. Population in these islands is increasing due to immigration of people from main land and the land area is limited.

Where Y is the average yield of a crop in a sequence over a period of years “n” and S is the standard deviation of yield over a period of years, Y max is the maximum yield of a crop in a certain year.

Example 1. Six crop sequences were evaluated in simple randomized block design replicated four times at Durgapura. The sequences tried are pearl millet-wheat, cluster bean-wheat, pearl milletmustard, cluster beanbarley, cowpea-mustard and pearl millet-Chickpea under irrigated conditions.

Introduction

India has shaped its economic growth and transformed through information technology and digitalisation/ The Digital India initiative has tremendously improved its economic development. India’s efforts to revolutionize its information technology have taken the road ahead among the developed countries/ The contribution in the digital payment system has shifted in the banking and financial services sector. The emergence of technology upgradation through the internet has gained momentum in shifting towards internet and mobile banking technologies. The advent of technology has revolutionized the banking system through the evolution of financial technology with sustainable technological architecture through artificial intelligence which has enhanced ease of access for customers in the banking and financial sector. Artificial intelligence revolutionized various industries especially in the banking sector which has enhanced the way for interact the customers. The AI technology helps in reducing the cost for the Financial Sector. The Banks are welcoming the new age technology to serve betterment of the modern banking services.

True/False

Q.1.    According to Prof. RA Fisher “ANOVA” is the separation of variance assignable to one group of causes from the variance assignable to other group of causes.
Q.2.    The basic purpose of ANOVA technique is to test the equality (homogeneity) of several population means from the same 
experiment.

11.1 Introduction

The analysis of variance is a powerful statistical tool for tests of significance.  The test of significance based on t-distribution is an adequate procedure only for testing the significance of the difference between two sample means. In a situation when we have three or more samples to consider at a time an alternative procedure is needed for testing the hypothesis that all the samples are drawn from the same population, i.e., they have the same mean. For example five fertilizers are applied of four plots each of wheat and yield of wheat on each of the plot is given we may be interested in finding out whether the effect of these fertilizers on the yields is significantly different or in other words, whether the samples have come from the same normal population. The answer to this problem is provided by the technique of analysis of variance. Thus basic purpose of the analysis of variance is to test the homogeneity of several means.