eChapters

4.1 Introduction

Experts predict that the global population will exceed 9.6 billion by 2050. This, coupled with the rise of urbanization, the scarcity of arable land, and the destructive effects of climate change, poses significant challenges for agriculture and food production worldwide. To combat these challenges, new horticultural research techniques must be implemented to enhance productivity and efficiency, improve nutrition, and ensure food security, especially during times of crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Greenhouse technology has made remarkable strides in recent years, allowing for the manipulation of internal growth elements like temperature, light intensity, and CO2 concentration to create optimal growing conditions

5. 1 Irrigation Channels

Canal or channel is an artificially made conduit through which water is supplied to the field from river, tank, reservoir or wells. The open channel is the most common type of water conveyance system. If the pipes and drains are partially full behave like open channel. The irrigation channel may be lined or unlined and the flow is either uniform or varied.

The canal may be classified in following ways.

(a) Classification based on the source of supply

(i) Permanent or perennial canal

(ii) Inundation canal

5.1 Irrigation Channels
Canal or channel is an artificially made conduit through which water is supplied to the field from river, tank, reservoir or wells. The open channel is the most common type of water conveyance system. If the pipes and drains are partially full behave like open channel. The irrigation channel may be lined or unlined and the flow is either uniform or varied.

The canal may be classified in following ways.

a) Classification based on the source of supply i) Permanent or perennial canal ii) Inundation canal

A canal is said to be permanent when it is fed by a permanent source of supply and has permanent networks of distribution of supplies. Inundation canals draw their supplies from river usually when water stage exceeds a predetermined level. Headworks are not provided for diversion of river water to canal. However, canal head regulators are provided to regulate the canal head as required time to time to accommodate the changing pattern of river course.

A canal of approximate discharge of less than 80 cumecs (3000 cusecs) discharge may be called a medium or low capacity canal).

3.1 Mehboob Section

A Mehboob Section is only a modification of best trapezoidal section by making its complete bottom circular as shown in figure 3.1. Also see figure 1.6 and para 1.7. That is why these canals are also known as canals of zero bed width, or trapezoidal canals with curved bottom, or cup shaped canals.

But these cannot be called as triangular canals with curves, as often spoken. In fact it is a truncated triangle circumscribing the semi circle. Trapezium is also a truncated triangle circum scribing a circle.

More accurately it can be said as a combination of semi circular and best trapezoidal section so as to take full advantage of their hydraulic efficiency and practicability.

This is such a beautiful section that the designer can never commit a mistake, even if he wants to commit a mistake. The dimensions are so geometrically fixed that no one can play with any dimension.

The value of this section was realised for the first time by Er S I Mehboob (1943) in his Punjab Irrigation Branch Paper No.260" Lining of Canals". There after this canal section became well known as Mehboob Section after his name. He also stated that the most economical section i.e. the maximum area for the minimum perimeter is when the centre of the arc is at the full supply line of the section. This is also evident in figure 1.6. This is also the condition for all best hydraulic sections. This section is also useful to a higher silt carrying capacity than a wide shallow one..

Abstract

The paper presents the innovation of solar tunnel dryer; it is a walk in type semi-cylindrical poly house framed structure with UV-stabilized polythene sheet, where products on large scale could be dried under controlled environment. Chilly drying in solar tunnel dryer to reduce the moisture content from 83.4 % (w.b.) to about 9 % (w.b.) and Aonla pulp from moisture content of 81 %(w.b.) to safe moisture content 9.5 %(w.b.) successfully dried. 20-30^ºC of higher temperature was obtained in solar tunnel dryer over the ambient temperature, depends on product. In comparison to open sun drying to obtain the same level of moisture contents resulting in a net saving in drying time of 40-50% for solar tunnel dryer over open sun drying.

A. Rectangular Canals

5.1 Design of Best Rectangular Canals

After the Mehboob and Trapezoidal canals, next best section is rectangle. This section is also generally adopted for small discharges say upto 10 cumecs (350 cusecs). This section ranks at No. 4. Yet, this is the only section most commonly adopted for flumes of discharges upto140 cumecs (5000 cusecs). Typical example is Orsang acqueduct, 1 km. long for 1140 cumecs (40000 cusecs) in ractangular sections on Narmada Canal Project, Gujrat, India, built in the years from 1990 – 2000. Such sections are common in power house canals due to limitation of space and very sharp curves. It is free from the effect of change of side slopes as in the trapezoidal canals (see para 3.3) Still some small side slope (batter) is adopted in thick masonry / concrete lining. It adds to structural stability with economy in thickness of wall and as well as hydraulic efficiency. It may still be called as rectangular section.

Details of its hydraulic efficiency in comparison to semi circle, Mehboob and trapeziodal sections are discussed in chapter 1, para 1.8

The pipe network in a drip system consists of a mainline, sub mains, laterals, and distributors. The layout of the pipes depends on the physical factors like shape and size of the area, topography and any other obstacles in the field. In any field there may be the scope of different layout of the pipes. The most economic one should be selected. In general, contour line is followed in laying the laterals in sloping land, sub main length usually be shorten in uphill and equally spaced laterals on either side of a sub main in a flat land provides good layout.

Hydraulic Formulae /Head Losses in Pipes

There are numerous equations for solving the head loss in pipes. The most commonly used are the Darcy-Weisbach, Hazen-William and Scobey’s.

P rotected cultivation technology envisages immense promise, especially for high-value crops against various biotic and abiotic stresses. The climatic parameters stress conditions like unusually low and high temperature, humidity, solar radiation, wind velocity comes under abiotic stresses. The present climate change scenario dealing with various biotic and abiotic stress conditions poses serious threat to agricultural production throughout the world. It is estimated that due to one-degree rise in temperature during rabi season, wheat production declines by 4-5 million tonnes in India. Similarly due to prevailing low temperature and frost like conditions, especially in Northern India, several million tonnes of horticultural crops like tomato, brinjal etc. got wasted every year. Protected cultivation technology deals with following types of protected structures :

A greenhouse with all measures of climate control is one important component for integrated greenhouse crop production and protection. However, the growing period is very often limited to few months in the year, because of insufficient ventilation and cooling in summer as well as heating in winter. Structures and shapes of greenhouses are adapted insufficiently to climate conditions. Climate control and greenhouse structures have to be adapted and optimized with regard to outside climate, and growers must be trained in these adapted technologies. A greenhouse structure with light transmittance (through framework and cladding material), ventilation, heating, cooling, and protection from insect pests by screening, as well as all influences of management, irrigation, fertilization, water quality, physical and biological plant protection is an integrated system. Greenhouse structures should be designed according to the climate conditions and to the general design criteria, as well as to the locally available and cost-effective materials. The import of greenhouses from countries with a different climate fails very often, because they are not adapted to the local conditions. Even an appropriate greenhouse structure can fail if mounting and continuous maintenance are not guaranteed. Temperatures and global radiation allow open-air crop production throughout the year in many subtropical and tropical countries.

Vegetable and flower production are significantly influenced by the seasonality and weather conditions. The extent of their production causes considerable fluctuations in the prices and quality of vegetables. Striking a balance between all-season availability of vegetables and flowers with minimum environmental impact, and still to remain competitive, is a major challenge for the implementation of modern technology of crop production.

Aim

To design a screw conveyor

Theory

The screw conveyor consists of screw blade, screw shaft, coupling, tubular trough, cover, inlet and outlet gates, bearings and drive mechanism.

A shaft with spiral screw revolves in the tubular trough. The screw shaft is supported by end and hanger bearings. The rotation of screw pushes the grain along the trough.

The screw blade or flight is a continuous one-piece helix, shaped from a flat strip of steel welded on to the shaft.

The screw shaft is usually a joint less tube with thick sides and a high tensile strength to reduce the weight.

Concept: Operations conducted before and after harvest are essential components of the system for producing high-quality seeds. If enough care is not taken in the initial stage, there most likely won’t be any resources left to get high-quality seed. Like this, carefully produced, high-quality seed may lose a significant percentage of its worth if post-harvest management protocols are not adhered to. Its quality is highly correlated with soundness, fullness, and homogeneity of physical characteristics (size, shape, density, colour, and appendages), in addition to mechanical planting’s simplicity and improved crop establishment. Improving the seed that has been gathered and getting it ready for secure storage till needed are accomplished through the effective and efficient process of seed processing. To increase the quality of the seed lot, the goal of seed processing must be to optimize the physical properties of the seed and the constituents of the harvested seed mass. The three main steps in seed processing are conditioning, grading, and applying protectants or enriching with nutrients. These steps are completed in compliance with established protocols and standards (McDonald and Copeland 1997; Agrawal 1996; Jorgensen and Stevens, 2004). The distinct qualities of the crops and the surroundings are taken into consideration while adjusting the machines and operations.

Aim

To design shallow and deep bins

Theory

The structure behaves as a deep or shallow bin depending upon its relative dimensions such as depth and diameter or width. It is decided from the concept of the plane of rupture.

Plane of rupture: The plane of rupture is that surface down which a wedge of material bounded by one wall face, the free surface, and the plane of rupture would start sliding if bounding wall were to move.

A canal of more than 80 cumecs (3000 cusecs) approximetly may be called as a high capacity canal.

It has already been pointed out in chapter 1, that for the best section of any shape, R is always equal to d/2 only, and such depth is the most optimum depth. But such channels are not always practical or most economical due to many other practical reasons, (see para 4.1 and 6.3) and many times shallower depth then this depth is adopted. Typical examples are lining of existing earthen channels, given in para 6.3.

All the best sections have fixed ratio of dimensions very near to the semi circle. For large discharges, radius of semi circle increases that, means depth of canal as well as velocity increases. But higher velocity is not permissible with every type of lining (see table 2.1 and para 2.3). Similarly depth also has limitation of construction, maintenance, stability of slopes, etc. see example–4.2.

Because of limiting velocities and depth, deeper canal section are not practically feasible/possible. Therefore for large discharges, say more than 100 cumecs, Mehboob or best trapizodal sections are just not possible/practical, and recourse has to be taken to trapezoidal section with increased bed width then depth. This section is hydraulically inefficient or uneconomical. Larger the B/D ratio, larger is the inefficiency and section is more costly. (For Mehboob Section, B:D ratio is zero and for best trapizodal section it is much less than 1, see para 3.1, table 3.1 para 3.5 and table 3.4).

Kaushik Kumar

Design Thinking

Design thinking has emerged as one of the skill set in the recent competitive environment.Basic science has been mainly involved in development of various models that fulfills the requirements of engineering domain.

However, the engineering graduates being produced did not possess the required industrial skills and hence were perceived by academia and industrialists as ineligible to be employed in various industries.

Chicken’s eggs have been used as a food item by human beings since antiquity. The egg is composed largely of the proteins out of the three most important dietary essentials (proteins, fats and carbohydrates). The egg proteins are highly digestible and remarkably complete, containing the most important essential amino acids. The amino acid profile of egg is similar to the ideal balance of amino acids needed by humans. It also supplies various minerals, some in significant amounts, and contains a range of vitamins. The nutritive excellence of the egg enhances the value of any food in which it is incorporated. Meeting consumer demands is a constant challenge for the poultry industry. Present day consumers desire somewhat distinct products with respect to safety, healthfulness, freshness, taste, color, etc. To remain competent, various companies have developed several designer and specialty eggs which have appeared in supermarkets.

14.1 Introduction

Eggs are an essential food for humans due to the high nutritional quality and quantity that they contain. Eggs are one of the most consumed foods all over the world because of its nutritious profile, range of uses, and relatively inexpensive cost as a food source. Intakes of total lipids, cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids in human diets can be attributed, in part, to the consumption of animal products. Due to the high amounts of cholesterol (about 200-300 mg/100 g) and saturated fat (approximately 3 g/100 g), eggs have been considered to be contentious foods by several health organisations and nutritional experts.

Abstract

Designer foods are known by various names like medical foods, fortified foods, nutritional foods, nutraceutical foods, pharma foods etc. These foods are nutritious, maintain health and prevent diseases. Such foods must possess characteristics like modified composition; limit the presence of certain potentially harmful components and include certain desirable ingredients either naturally or by intentional addition. The term designer food emerged some years ago to describe foods tailored to specific concentration and proportion of nutrients that are important to health. These are designed and produced by using different approaches. The term ‘designer foods’ is subjected to change based on nutritional labelling regulations, new developments, consumer perceptions and expectations. Grain improvement through biotechnology emphasizes crop upgrading with a specific challenge to manipulate the endosperm composition in order to improve its intrinsic properties for diet and health. Breeding fruits with higher bioactive compounds for disease resistance and improved composition have stimulated interest in the nutraceutical and processing aspects of the fruits Nutritive and genetic interventions to alter milk composition for specific health and processing opportunities are gaining importance in dairy biotechnology. Designer eggs having modified fat provide choices with different nutritional benefits. The options suggested for designer meat and meat products are through production practices, post-harvest procedures and reformulation techniques. All these features of designer foods will be presented with suitable examples.

In recent years, oilseed crops are being increasingly exploited for production of pharmaceuticals, surfactants, plasticisers, emulsifiers, detergents, lubricants, adhesives, cosmetics, oleo-chemicals, biofuels apart from their demand for their healthy vegetable oils and livestock feeds (Metzger and Bornscheuer, 2006). The increased interest resulted in an 82% expansion of oilseed crop cultivation areas and about a 240% increase in total world production over the last 30 years (Rahman and Jimenez., 2016).

This chapter introduces specialty eggs whose composition, production system or marketing attributes differ from conventional eggs. It examines designer eggs, omega-3 enrichment, vitamin and mineral enrichment, organic egg production, free-range and cage-free systems, and welfare-oriented production. The chapter also addresses labelling, certification, consumer trust and the market prospects of specialty eggs. Particular attention is given to the biological basis and technological limits of nutritional enrichment and to critically evaluating claims concerning nutrition, welfare, safety and environmental benefits.

Objective

    1.    Design drum priming (2-3 kg and drying unit with house hold or commonly available materials.
    2.    Standardization of time for seed priming for different crops.

Probable drum priming unit components

A] A vertical drum which need to be rotating
B] A motor which will rotate
C] A desktop assembly
D] A simple two way seed drier (Fig not given here)

Every homemaker spends a chunk of her time in the kitchen. Kitchen is the most functional part of the house. It needs to be carefully designed. Kitchen ergonomics comes into play to make the kitchen a comfortable place to work. Kitchen ergonomics is all about minimizing the movements and stress we have to go through while cooking. While designing your kitchen you need to keep in mind the heights of various surfaces, distances and placement of items to make your space functional, efficient and enable effortless cooking.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the global COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has claimed a considerable number of lives worldwide. The unanticipated global spread of SARS CoV-2 has resulted in serious issues within the medical systems and healthcare facilities. Creating efficient vaccines against the virus, even after all of efforts, has been on high priority and is time-taking due to the frequent mutations. A critical stage in vaccine development is figuring out the potential antigen. As a ground breaking technique introduced in 2000, Reverse vaccinology (RV) reduces the required time considerably from 5–15 years to 1–2 years in identifying antigens. Various RV tools are powered by big-data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques. AI and ML models have demonstrated their potentials in expediting the identification and refinement of novel antivirals or potent vaccination candidates. By utilising datasets available through several dedicated databases, it is more beneficial in identifying current medications that inhibit the human Coronavirus and next-gen healthcare possibilities.

In the digital age, social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook have become powerful tools for spreading awareness and influencing public behaviour. Digital advertisements on social issues can effectively reach diverse audiences, spark conversations, and drive social change. Unlike traditional advertising, digital ads offer interactivity, customization, and precise audience targeting. This chapter explores the principles and strategies for designing impactful social issue advertisements on WhatsApp and Facebook.
Understanding the Audience
To design effective social advertisements, it is essential to analyze the audience’s demographics, behavior, and engagement patterns. Key considerations include:
• Age Group: Younger audiences engage more with interactive and visually appealing content, while older audiences may prefer informative and text-based content.
• Interests and Preferences: Understanding user interests through social media analytics helps tailor content to maximize impact.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Messages should align with cultural values and norms to avoid resistance.
• Preferred Content Format: Video, images, infographics, and textbased messages have different levels of engagement based on audience preference.

In the digital age, social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook have become powerful tools for spreading awareness and influencing public behaviour. Digital advertisements on social issues can effectively reach diverse audiences, spark conversations, and drive social change. Unlike traditional advertising, digital ads offer interactivity, customization, and precise audience targeting. This chapter explores the principles and strategies for designing impactful social issue advertisements on WhatsApp and Facebook.
Understanding the Audience
To design effective social advertisements, it is essential to analyze the audience’s demographics, behavior, and engagement patterns. Key considerations include:
• Age Group: Younger audiences engage more with interactive and visually appealing content, while older audiences may prefer informative and text-based content.
• Interests and Preferences: Understanding user interests through social media analytics helps tailor content to maximize impact.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Messages should align with cultural values and norms to avoid resistance.
• Preferred Content Format: Video, images, infographics, and textbased messages have different levels of engagement based on audience preference.

In the digital age, social media platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook have become powerful tools for spreading awareness and influencing public behaviour. Digital advertisements on social issues can effectively reach diverse audiences, spark conversations, and drive social change. Unlike traditional advertising, digital ads offer interactivity, customization, and precise audience targeting. This chapter explores the principles and strategies for designing impactful social issue advertisements on WhatsApp and Facebook.

Understanding the Audience

To design effective social advertisements, it is essential to analyze the audience’s demographics, behavior, and engagement patterns. Key considerations include:

Age Group: Younger audiences engage more with interactive and visually appealing content, while older audiences may prefer informative and text-based content.

Interests and Preferences: Understanding user interests through social media analytics helps tailor content to maximize impact

Food is an important item in the life of consumer as it has a direct bearing on the sustenance of life. The food safety or over concern on the health hazards was not considered as an issue until recently, particularly in the developing countries. This clearly indicates the shift in citizen’s mind from availability of food to quality of food. This along with the changes in the food habits and type of products available in the market for his consumption, the incidence of food borne illness across the globe and his concern for his health contributed significantly to the development of food safety in the food arena.

Until recently food safety domain and regulation were confined to the government and its regulatory machinery. The globalisation of food and food products and the passage of food across international borders paved way for the increased food safety concern across the globe and stressed the need for ensuring quality and safety of food in international trade. The incidence of food borne illness increased with increase in the appearance of more and more derived products started in the market (Sivapalasingam, Friedman, Cohen, & Tauxe, 2004; Tauxe, Doyle, Kuchenmüller, Schlundt, & Stein, 2010). The production along the value chain, from primary production to the retailing happen in the world under different agroclimate conditions, in varied production lines from sinle handler to community production to large scale mechanised production and such a diversity led to concerns in the food safety system (McCullough, Prabhu, & Kostas, 2008). The individual operators in the chain operates a food safety management system based on the availablity and to suit his requirement based on the basic principles laid down by natinal and International bodies like Codex Alimentarius Commission. Now when you see the market at large, has plenty of FSMS system which includes both from the governmental and private sectors. Therefore, Food Safety Management System (FSMS) is the result of the implementation of available and relevant quality assurance guidelines and standards availble and in the primary production it could be the implementation of good practices including good hygienic proactices, good aquacultural priactices which have proved effective in the food sector. On the production and trade sector this may include good manufacturing practices, good hygienic practices, probably including Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles. In the process the FSMS may include essentially all the activites from equipment, procedures, programs, tools, organizational measures, and people necessary to execute the control and assuranceactivities aimed at ensuring chemical and microbial safety of fresh produce.

Every garden has got specific purpose and utility. Specialized gardens are planned gardens according to various locations and fulfilling specific needs. Therefore, these should be designed envisaging primary requirements depending upon the types. Features of these are specific including plants and planting pattern. So, these gardens need to be dealt separately so that planning and execution is done in more systematic way focusing utilitarian and ornamental purposes.

Home Garden

Basically it is a piece of land attached to the home, beautified with different features, ornamental and flowering plants. The main purpose of this type of garden is beautification round the year and utility for relaxation of the family. Accordingly, design and features should be selected to fulfill the same.

Video titles play a critical role in grabbing viewers’ attention and establishing the tone and theme of the video. Adobe Photoshop, known for its robust text and graphic design capabilities, is an ideal tool for creating custom, professional video titles. In this chapter, we will explore the basics of title design, step-bystep instructions for using Photoshop to design titles, and tips to make text visually appealing and engaging for video content.
Introduction to Video Title Design
Video titles are the first visual cue that sets the audience’s expectations. An effective title is visually appealing, represents the video’s theme, and provides essential information, like the video’s name or segment titles. Adobe Photoshop allows designers to combine typography, graphics, and special effects, creating dynamic title sequences that draw viewers in.
Key Elements of Effective Title Design
• Font Choice: Selecting a font that suits the video’s theme is crucial. Serif fonts often suggest a formal tone, while sans-serif fonts are more modern and clean.

In the landscape of social advertising, large-format media like hoardings (billboards) and wall paintings offer unique opportunities to create high-impact, place-based campaigns that can transform urban and rural environments into powerful canvases for social change. These supersized communication platforms command attention through their sheer scale and integration with the physical environment, creating opportunities for messaging that digital and smaller print formats simply cannot match. This chapter explores the distinctive considerations, techniques, and best practices for designing social advertisements specifically for hoardings and wall paintings. We’ll examine how these formats differ from other advertising media, how to leverage their unique characteristics, and how to navigate the practical and creative challenges they present. Whether you’re planning a city-wide campaign using commercial billboards or a grassroots initiative using community wall paintings, understanding the specific demands of these formats is essential for creating effective social messaging.

In the landscape of social advertising, large-format media like hoardings (billboards) and wall paintings offer unique opportunities to create high-impact, place-based campaigns that can transform urban and rural environments into powerful canvases for social change. These supersized communication platforms command attention through their sheer scale and integration with the physical environment, creating opportunities for messaging that digital and smaller print formats simply cannot match.
This chapter explores the distinctive considerations, techniques, and best practices for designing social advertisements specifically for hoardings and wall paintings. We’ll examine how these formats differ from other advertising media, how to leverage their unique characteristics, and how to navigate the practical and creative challenges they present. Whether you’re planning a city-wide campaign using commercial billboards or a grassroots initiative using community wall paintings, understanding the specific demands of these formats is essential for creating effective social messaging.
Understanding the Medium
Hoardings (Billboards)
Hoardings, commonly known as billboards in many countries, are large outdoor advertising structures typically found alongside highways, on buildings, or in other high-visibility locations. Key characteristics include

In the landscape of social advertising, large-format media like hoardings (billboards) and wall paintings offer unique opportunities to create high-impact, place-based campaigns that can transform urban and rural environments into powerful canvases for social change. These supersized communication platforms command attention through their sheer scale and integration with the physical environment, creating opportunities for messaging that digital and smaller print formats simply cannot match.
This chapter explores the distinctive considerations, techniques, and best practices for designing social advertisements specifically for hoardings and wall paintings. We’ll examine how these formats differ from other advertising media, how to leverage their unique characteristics, and how to navigate the practical and creative challenges they present. Whether you’re planning a city-wide campaign using commercial billboards or a grassroots initiative using community wall paintings, understanding the specific demands of these formats is essential for creating effective social messaging.
Understanding the Medium Hoardings (Billboards)
Hoardings, commonly known as billboards in many countries, are large outdoor advertising structures typically found alongside highways, on buildings, or in other high-visibility locations. Key characteristics include
• Scale: Typically range from 8’×16’ to massive 14’×48’ and beyond
• Viewing Context: Often viewed from moving vehicles or from a distance
• Exposure Duration: Viewers may have only seconds to absorb the message
• Weather Exposure: Must withstand various environmental conditions
• Illumination Variables: May be unlit, externally lit, or internally illuminated

Newspapers remain a powerful medium for social advertising despite the digital revolution. Their tangible nature, credibility, and broad reach make them particularly effective for communicating social messages to diverse demographics. This chapter explores the principles, strategies, and techniques for designing impactful social advertisements specifically for newspaper publication

Understanding the Newspaper Medium

Newspapers offer unique characteristics that influence advertisement design. Unlike digital media, newspaper ads exist in a physical space with specific technical constraints and opportunities

Physical Properties

• Limited color options (full color, spot color, or black and white) • Variable paper quality affecting image reproduction • Fixed column layouts and standard size

Newspapers remain a powerful medium for social advertising despite the digital revolution. Their tangible nature, credibility, and broad reach make them particularly effective for communicating social messages to diverse demographics. This chapter explores the principles, strategies, and techniques for designing impactful social advertisements specifically for newspaper publication.
Understanding the Newspaper Medium
Newspapers offer unique characteristics that influence advertisement design. Unlike digital media, newspaper ads exist in a physical space with specific technical constraints and opportunities:
Physical Properties
• Limited color options (full color, spot color, or black and white)
• Variable paper quality affecting image reproduction
• Fixed column layouts and standard sizes
• One-time viewing opportunity without replay options

Newspapers remain a powerful medium for social advertising despite the digital revolution. Their tangible nature, credibility, and broad reach make them particularly effective for communicating social messages to diverse demographics. This chapter explores the principles, strategies, and techniques for designing impactful social advertisements specifically for newspaper publication.
Understanding the Newspaper Medium
Newspapers offer unique characteristics that influence advertisement design. Unlike digital media, newspaper ads exist in a physical space with specific technical constraints and opportunities:
Physical Properties
• Limited color options (full color, spot color, or black and white)
• Variable paper quality affecting image reproduction
• Fixed column layouts and standard sizes
• One-time viewing opportunity without replay options Reader Behavior
• Average viewing time of 2-5 seconds per advertisement
• Selective attention in a content-rich environment
• Higher trust factor compared to digital advertisements
• Linear reading patterns that affect optimal placement

In an increasingly digital world, the physical poster remains a powerful medium for social advertising campaigns. Posters occupy public spaces, creating opportunities for engagement with audiences who might otherwise miss digital messaging. Whether displayed in community centers, on street corners, in transportation hubs, or on university campuses, a well-designed social advertisement poster can capture attention, convey crucial information, and inspire action toward social change. This chapter explores the essential principles and practices for designing effective social advertisement posters. We’ll examine how to balance visual impact with meaningful messaging, how to structure information hierarchically, and how to employ design elements strategically to maximize your poster’s effectiveness. The goal is to equip you with the knowledge to create posters that not only catch the eye but also touch the heart and motivate the mind.

Introduction
In an increasingly digital world, the physical poster remains a powerful medium for social advertising campaigns. Posters occupy public spaces, creating opportunities for engagement with audiences who might otherwise miss digital messaging. Whether displayed in community centers, on street corners, in transportation hubs, or on university campuses, a well-designed social advertisement poster can capture attention, convey crucial information, and inspire action toward social change.
This chapter explores the essential principles and practices for designing effective social advertisement posters. We’ll examine how to balance visual impact with meaningful messaging, how to structure information hierarchically, and how to employ design elements strategically to maximize your poster’s effectiveness. The goal is to equip you with the knowledge to create posters that not only catch the eye but also touch the heart and motivate the mind.
Understanding Your Purpose and Audience
Defining Your Objective
Before putting pencil to paper or cursor to screen, clarity about your poster’s purpose is essential. Social advertisements generally aim to:
• Raise awareness about a social issue
• Change attitudes or perceptions
• Promote behavioral change
• Mobilize community action
• Advertise events related to social causes
• Solicit donations or support

Introduction
In an increasingly digital world, the physical poster remains a powerful medium for social advertising campaigns. Posters occupy public spaces, creating opportunities for engagement with audiences who might otherwise miss digital messaging. Whether displayed in community centers, on street corners, in transportation hubs, or on university campuses, a well-designed social advertisement poster can capture attention, convey crucial information, and inspire action toward social change.
This chapter explores the essential principles and practices for designing effective social advertisement posters. We’ll examine how to balance visual impact with meaningful messaging, how to structure information hierarchically, and how to employ design elements strategically to maximize your poster’s effectiveness. The goal is to equip you with the knowledge to create posters that not only catch the eye but also touch the heart and motivate the mind.
Understanding Your Purpose and Audience Defining Your Objective
Before putting pencil to paper or cursor to screen, clarity about your poster’s purpose is essential. Social advertisements generally aim to:
• Raise awareness about a social issue
• Change attitudes or perceptions
• Promote behavioral change
• Mobilize community action
• Advertise events related to social causes
• Solicit donations or support

1. Introduction

The term "sustainable development" was originally used in a 1953 article by Joseph L. that was published in Land Economics. The notion was employed to depict the degree or pace at which an environmentally friendly resource is employed for a particular objective while guaranteeing its long term availability. Organizational dynamics, social interactions, and cultural norms all change with the times. These changes are making environmental problems worse and bringing up questions about pollution and the requirement for a safe natural environment. They are being caused by changing human behavior and population expansion (Kami?ska, 2021; Gaffar et al., 2021). Organizations have been forced to review their approaches to dealing with these urgent environmental issues as a result of the increased awareness. Academic libraries have been particularly well-positioned to implement eco friendly practices because they are service-oriented establishments to adopt eco-friendly practices in their operations (Pangail, 2017).

ABSTRACT

With the advancement of mobile technology, the usage of mobile application has increased significantly which leads to change the life style of common people. Library is also not an exception in this context. Library and Information Science Professionals have started to incorporate the changes from the beginning of ICT advancement with an idea “library should be within thumb of people”. Mobile application plays vital role to fulfil the objective of library. Most of the library has started or planning to start the service to its user with various services effectively. But, the process to provide library service through mobile application is not satisfactory till date. No too much usage of libraries mobile apps can be seen; even which mobile applications are in use, most of them are almost inactive form.

But the various recent surveys show us the tremendous growth of the usage of mobile application among people. According to Google, (2017) the user survey shows that mobile can fast-track time to purchase by 20% through facilitating efficiencies in decision-making and enhanced team collaboration, particularly with more complex purchases.

The field of talent management continues to mature from agri-business to extension service, but it is also being impeded both by the scale of debates taking place. The field continues to agree that talent management “adds value” to the organisation such as extension system. To understand the development scenarios of strategic talent management, we need a “theory of value” to understand the elements of talent management which are the most valuable for business-led extension service (BLESS) effectiveness. “Theory of Value” is a generic term which encompasses all the theories within economics that although explain the exchange value (or) price of goods and services. Alternatively, “Value of Theory” encompasses a range of approaches in extension system to understand how, why, and to what degree humans should value things, whether the thing is person, idea, object, (or) anything else for effective functioning of strategic business-led extension service to sustain its clients system.

Isolation of RNA from Rat Liver
(Method of Schmidt and Thannhauser, 1945)
Principle

Most of the RNA (ribouncleic acid) of cells is found in the nucleoli and microsomes.These fractions of cells may be isolated by differential centrifugation of cellular homogenates and thus provide an enriched starting material for RNA extraction. Such methods require high speed  centrifugation. An alternate procedure used in the present method is to disrupt the whole cells by homogenization and isolate the nucleic acid of entire homogenate. This procedure consists of the following sequential steps.

Introduction

In the last two decades, sustainable agriculture has grown to become one of the most pressing issues in agriculture. Although there are numerous definitions of sustainable agriculture, most agree on three fundamental overlapping components: Ecological, economic, and social sustainability (Kaur 2013; Pilgeram 2013). Meanwhile, the prevalence of plant diseases is a major impediment to sustainable agricultural production systems worldwide, particularly in the tropics and subtropics. Farmers frequently apply agrochemicals (i.e., pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.) over their recommended dose to manage plant diseases, raising serious concerns about food safety, soil, environmental quality, and pesticide resistance (Dordas 2008; Kaur 2013).

Disease detection on plants is critical for sustainable agriculture, and manually monitoring plant diseases is difficult. It usually requires a significant amount of work, knowledge of plant diseases, and extended processing time. Early detection is the base for efficient plant disease prevention and control, and it is critical in agricultural production management and decision-making. Plant disease identification has become increasingly important in recent years (Li et al., 2021). Diseased plants usually have visible marks or lesions on their leaves, stems, flowers, or fruits. In general, each disease or pest condition has a distinct visible pattern that can be used to identify abnormalities. Typically, the leaves of plants are the primary source for identifying plant diseases, and most disease symptoms may first appear on the leaves (Ebrahimi et al., 2017). Rapid advances in biotechnology have resulted in the development of various molecular diagnostic tools over the last decade. These tools, which are based on the properties of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) or proteins of the target agents, have improved the efficacy, accuracy, and speed of detecting and identifying disease-causing agents, as well as the characterization of a wide range of pathogens and pests. Various techniques are used in biotechnology for disease diagnosis and management, but molecular markers are used in particular for the detection, identification, quantification, and characterization of plant pathogens that cause diseases in plants (Kumar et al., 2015).

Radiation emitted from the radioactive isotopes can be detected and quantified by using several equipments and the details are furnished below:

A. Radiation Detection Devices

1. Electroscope

The electroscope is a simple device comprised of a metal rod with two thin leaves attached to one end. If the electroscope is given a negative charge, the metal leaves will separate from each other. It is the characteristic that makes the electroscope useful as a detection device. A negatively charged electroscope will discharge when ions in the air remove electrons from it, and consequently, a positively charged electroscope will discharge when it takes electrons from the air around it. The rate of discharge of the electroscope is a measure of ions in the air and can be used as a basis of measurement and detection.

Although some forms of electromagnetic energy, such as light and heat, can be detected by the human senses. One of the greatest draw backs to high energy radiation is the inability to detect it. We cannot see, feel, taste, smell, or hear the various forms of ionizing radiation. Fortunately, ionizing radiation interacts with matter which makes detection and measurement possible by utilizing specialized equipment. In this section we want to introduce you to the various ways and means of detecting and measuring ionizing radiation.

As mentioned previously, Becquerel discovered radioactivity because it left marks on photographic film as a means of detecting radiation. However, there are more definitive means commonly used by scientists and technicians who study and work with radiation. The equipment utilized for the detection and measurement of radiation commonly employs some type of a substance or material that responds to radiation. Many common methods use either an ionization process or molecular excitation process as a basis. Remember that we stated earlier that radiation interacts with matter. For detection and measurement purposes the process of ionization is the most commonly employed technique, based on the principle of charged particles producing ion pairs by direct interaction. These charged particles may collide with electrons, which remove them from their parent atoms, or transfer energy to an electron by interaction of electric fields.

12.1 Monitoring Strategies: Pre- and Post-Release
12.1.1 Introduction
Monitoring of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) or transgenic crops is a critical component of biosafety governance. It involves the systematic collection of scientific data to assess the presence, behavior, and potential impacts of transgenic organisms in controlled and natural environments. Monitoring strategies are divided into two principal stages:
1. Pre-release monitoring, which takes place during confined field trials, and
2. Post-release monitoring, conducted after commercial or environmental release.
These strategies ensure that transgenic technologies are introduced responsibly, maintaining human safety, ecosystem integrity, and regulatory compliance.
12.1.2 Objectives of Monitoring
• To evaluate the biosafety and efficacy of GMOs in different environments.
• To detect unexpected adverse effects on human health or the environment.
• To monitor gene flow, resistance development, or weediness.
• To ensure compliance with biosafety regulations, stewardship programs, and licensing agreements.
• To maintain public trust and provide transparency in GM deployment.

Abstract

The Nilgiri Mountains of South India is one of the Landslide prone hill ranges in India. The landslides, in general, are due to the independent, interdependent and the combined effects of natural earth system processes, triggering phenomenon and anthropogenic activities. So the scientists, technocrats and the academicians from all over the world have started studying the landslides using various techniques and advanced tools in mapping the morphology, preparing the vulnerability maps and carve out mitigation strategies. But the discrimination of active slides is a difficult task and also needs continuous monitoring and further a time consuming process too. So, in this context, an attempt has been made to study the signatures of active sliding in one of old slides namely the “LINGASLIDE” in which frequent minor sliding events are often reported. In the study, Total station based large scale topographic survey was carried out in LINGASLIDE and from the same 50 cm topographic contours were generated. From such large scale contours, Digital elevation Model (DEM) was generated and from the DEM, shaded relief map was generated.Uutilizing both the contours and shaded relief maps, small slides were mapped in the LINGASLIDE from the well exhibited subsidiary crowns, toes and the traverse cracks. Resistivity tomography surveys were also carried out along two longitudinal profiles and one traverse profile to identify the subsurface geology, the slip surface and the zones of moisture accumulations, if any. The subsidiary crowns, toes, the conjugate fracture systems and the resistivity tomography showed that the LINGASLIDE is active and the sliding is going on towards easterly because of the easterly compression,resulted from the higher slopes caused by the settlements raised over Lingaslide and the obstruction provided by the retaining walls at the toes in the east. Such compressive forces are clear from the NW-SE and NE-SW fractures seen in Lingaslide and the sliding is clear from the cracks seen and monitored in the buildings constructed over Lingaslide.

1 Detection of Starch Introduction

Starch is widely available in several forms such as wheat flour, corn flour and commercially manufactured starch. It is extensively used by adulterators to raise the SNF content in the milk. When high amounts of starch are added to milk, it can cause diarrhea due to the indigestion of starch in colon. Apart from this, accumulation of starch in the body may prove very fatal for diabetic patients. In this method, starch in milk can be detected by using iodine solution. Iodine from the iodine solution gets absorbed on the starch molecule surface and resultant product of adsorption has deep blue colour.

Reagents

 • Potassium iodide

 • Iodine solution - 1% (Add 1 g of iodine and 5 g of potassium iodide in

distilled water and dilute to 100 ml)

Introduction

Spoilage in agricultural products due to mould growth can occur at various stages of production and storage and is significant in terms of trade economics, food safety and public health (Shephard, 2008). It has been reported that 5–10 % of agricultural products in the world are spoiled by mould contamination to the extent that they cannot be consumed by humans or animals. Mould growth decreases the quality of food and also creates a potential risk for human health because of the production of toxic secondary metabolites known as “mycotoxins”. Foods contaminated by mycotoxins, when consumed by humans and animals causes a disease called “mycotoxicosis”, resulting in death (Wagacha and Muthomi, 2008).

Isolation of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Chemicals

1. Heparin

2. Sterile PBS (pH 7.2)

3. Histopaque-1077

4. RPMI-1640 Media

Protocol

Collect 5 ml of blood from the animal in 1 ml (20 IU/ml of blood) of diluted heparin and add 2 ml of PBS. Layer over the diluted blood on 5 ml of histopaque-1077 in 15 ml centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 40 min. Collect the buffy coat at the interface of plasma and histopaque in separate centrifuge tubes. Wash the cells thrice with PBS and suspended in 2 ml of RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Determine the percentage cell viability by 0.1% trypan blue exclusion test, using hemocytometer. Finally dilute the cell suspension to 106 cells/ml in RPMI 1640 medium.