eChapters

Introduction

In shrimp farming practice, the production cost of shrimps mainly depends on the feed cost and its associated water quality management issues. Hence, the success of shrimp aquaculture is wholly depends on the feed input cost and this feed cost involved can be reduced to a greater extent by enhancing the organic productivity of the ponds, particularly by enhancing the plankton productivity, which include, the assemblages of phytoplankton and zooplankton.

Introduction

Water pollution is a significant issue that damages the quality of aquatic ecosystem. The pollution of water bodies is caused by several point and non point sources. Among them, wastewater released from livestock farms poses a potent risk for environmental pollution accelerating disease load and premature deaths (Vaishnav et al. 2023). Numerous small and large scale livestock farms are being operated around world to compensate the increased food demand from about 200 kcal per person per day in 2000 to about 400 kcal per person per day in 2050, South Asia's food demand for livestock products is expected to almost double (Thornton, 2010). Significant dietary changes toward animal based foods accelerates the livestock production (Springmann et al. 2016).

Introduction

Aquaculture is one of the rapidly growing industries worldwide with more than 300 different species being cultured. However, majority of aquaculture species are still wild and undomesticated, and the adaption of relevant technologies in the aquaculture sector has been slow. Given that genetically modified stock only accounts for less than 10% of the current global aquaculture production, the aquaculture sector has significant potential to increase production efficiency through selective breeding programmes. Selective breeding is acknowledged as a crucial element in the generation of resource-efficient, sustainable, and profitable aquaculture operations (FAO, 1995; World bank, 2006).

Introduction

Aquaculture uses a variety of chemicals for a number of functions, including sediment and water management, improving natural aquatic productivity, transporting living organisms, creating feed, manipulating and enhancing reproduction, promoting growth and health, processing, and adding value to the finished product (GESAMP, 1989). Aquatic systems are thought tobe suitable places to recycle and dispose of hazardous and sewage wastes, with any excess being drained into the ocean. To fulfil the demands of the ever-increasing population, the water resources are overused for potable supplies, irrigation, industry, and thermal generating plants, which drastically diminishes their assimilative capacity.

Introduction

Genetic markers are genes or DNA sequences associated with a specific gene or trait, often arising from mutations or alterations in genomic loci (Samarai and Kazaz, 2015). Recently, there has been a growing interest in molecular markers, which reveal polymorphisms at the DNA level. These markers play a crucial role in animal genetics studies, as they help identify genetic resources and differences between domesticated and wild animals. Cytological markers, which use chromosome karyotypes, bandings, repeats, translocations, deletions, and inversions, are widely used for elucidating species origin and classification (Becak et al., 1971; Jonker et al., 1982).

Introduction

In recent years, inland saline aquaculture has emerged as a rapidly growing sector in the broader field of aquaculture due to the escalating pressure on traditional freshwater resources and the escalating demand for seafood. Saline aquaculture, cultivating aquatic species in inland waters with elevated salinity levels, presents opportunities and challenges. This chapter examines the innovations and challenges that characterize inland saline aquaculture, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable approaches that balance productivity with environmental resilience. The global population growth and dietary preferences have caused an increase in the demand for seafood (FAO, 2020).

Introduction

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector. According to FAO (2016), Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms including fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants in all types of environments including ponds, lakes, oceans, and rivers. Aquatic resources have played an essential role in ensuring food security by supplying the enormous demand for animal protein. Around 17% of animal protein consumed by people worldwide comes from fish (Shah and Mraz, 2020). Fish provide the highest quality protein sources, essential amino acids, fatty, vitamins, and minerals which are lacking in others (Kwasek et al., 2020). The world population will exceed 9 billion by 2040. Therefore, to feed a rapidly increasing population, aquaculture production must increase globally

Introduction Concerns about how future generations can sustainably produce more food are felt everywhere. The use of chemicals, nutrient leaching, and the conversion of natural land to agriculture are all important problems that have a negative influence on the environment and natural resources. The usage of nitrogen in artificial fertilizers has increased 20 times over the past 20 years, severely eutrophicating water bodies. Therefore, it is believed that the only approach to increase water and nutrient efficiency, as well as reduce waste, is to close the loop between crops and animals. A further step towards sustainability would be to use less land (Datta, 2016).

An understanding of normal values of electrocardiographic indices of healthy dogs and cats is utmost necessary for interpreting an abnormal electrocardiogram. The criteria for normal configuration and measurements of the waves, segments and intervals in an electrocardiogram of healthy subjects provides basis for detecting abnormalities in the electrocardiogram of the ailing animals. The electrocardiogram, like other diagnostic aids, is not an absolute indicator of health and disease and therefore it is required to be interpreted in conjunction with patient’s history, clinical manifestations, and the results of other investigations.

After successful recording of the electrocardiogram, the next step is its reading, analysis, interpretation and report writing. It is the most important part of electrocardiography. Patients details ( name, species of animal, breed, age ,sex, owners’ name and address with E-mail and mobile number) and date of tracing are to be mentioned in the electrocardiograph prior to actual recording of the electrocardiogram or can be jotted down on the ECG strip after completion of recording as per available facility in the electrocardiographic machine. Clinical complaints and observations should be kept in mind while interpreting the electrocardiogram.

This chapter on electrocardiograms for self-exercise is designed to provide opportunities to the readers to assess their understanding of reading and interpreting electrocardiograms and to increase their confidence. Each electrocardiogram has its detail and a question to answer. On the reverse side of each electrocardiographic tracing, detailed reading and interpretation is provided to match your assessment and to improve your interpretation skill. It is to be remembered that each electrocardiogram should be evaluated in conjunction with complete data base (history, clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations, radiological observations, and echocardiographic observations).

Though the treatment for arrhythmias has been recommended for even a single premature beat, in the current scenario the treatment is indicated when there are more than 17 VPCs per minute. In certain situations the side effects or proarrhythmic effects of drugs can lead to morbidity or mortality. As a result, new guidelines are proposed when evaluating the need for treatment of arrhythmias. Keeping the adverse effects of antiarrhythmic agents in mind, one should be selective about which arrhythmias are to be treated. The goal of antiarrhythmic therapy includes the treatment of an existing arrhythmia or prophylaxis for anticipated arrhythmias.

The word “arrhythmia” has been derived from ancient Greek ?ρρυθμος (arruthmos) via new Latin “arrhythmia”. Arruthmos is made up of ‘a ‘(without) and ‘rruthmos’ (rhythm) means without rhythm. By definition as per dictionary, arrhythmia is defined as any disturbance in the rhythm of the heartbeat. In fact in medical sense arrhythmias are the disturbances not only in cardiac rhythm but also in cardiac rate or both. The seat of generating impulse in the heart is the pacemaker, of highest automaticity, in the SA node. If any impulse is generated outside the SA node pacemaker it leads to arrhythmias.

Apart from the heart rate and rhythm, the electrocardiogram also provides information pertaining to the chamber size, i.e. the presence of chamber enlargement in dogs. It can more precisely be evaluated if the P QRS and T complexes are clearly visible without any artifacts. Further, the measurement of the chamber enlargements is only possible when all the segments of the ECG are clearly visible. When the impulse is conducted uninterruptedly from sino-atrial node (SA node) to AV node to the ventricles, the measurement of the amplitude of the complexes (P, QRS, T) is more precise in providing information regarding the presence of chamber enlargement.

Departure of waves ( P,Q,R,S, T), segments (P-R, S-T and T-P) and /or intervals (P-R, Q-T, R-R) from their normal values (configuration, morphology, amplitude and duration of wave; prolonging /shortening of intervals : elevation /depression of segments from their isoelectric line) is said to be abnormal feature of the electrocardiogram. These abnormalities are suggestive of specific cardiac abnormalities such as a defect in the current generation, its conduction or both; or change in the size of the chambers (atria / ventricles/both.).

Electrocardiogram is a visual record of electrical activities going on in the heart during depolarization and repolarization (cardiac cycle). It is one of the simplest and fasted non-invasive diagnostic test available to evaluate cardiac function. Though the heart of large mammals have many similarities, difference in shape, size, positioning in thoracic cavity and innervation of Purkinje f ibers exists in different species of the animals making the electrocardiogram peculiar for that species of animal. Peculiar characteristics that distinguish the electrocardiograms of different species of animals are given in this chapter.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Electrocardiogram is a graphic record of electrical events of the heart recorded by the electrocardiograph. It represents the sum up surface voltage and direction of electrical activity produced during cardiac muscle depolarization and repolarization plotted against time (Fig. 33). The time is represented on the X- axis (horizontal line) and amplitude of voltage is represented on the Y-axis (vertical line) of the graph. The potential difference occurring over the surface of the body (at different lead placement locations) is associated with depolarization and repolarization of heart muscle (myocardium). The amplitude of the potential difference is measured as milli volt (mV) and their duration is measured in second or milliseconds.

The process of recording an electrocardiogram involves preparation of sites, application of conduction gel, positioning and restraining the patient, attaching the electrodes and then actual recording. Errors in placement of electrodes and artifacts during electrocardiography may generate erroneous electrocardiogram.

Sites for Placement of Electrodes in Dogs and Cats

There are definite sites (Fig. 15 and Fig.16) for placement of electrodes both in dogs and cats .Improper placement of electrode may lead to erroneous electrocardiogram.

An electrocardiographic unit has a compact electrocardiograph machine, power cord, patient cable, thermal recording ECG paper roll, and conducting gel.

Electrocardiographic Unit

The Electrocardiograph is a sensitive galvanometric device that is capable of recording difference in electric potential up to 1 mV (1/1000 of a volt). The machine has a voltage meter and amplifier combined with a strip recording device (Fig.5) to provide a permanent record. Various basic features viz. running (paper) speed of the machine , sensitivity, lead selector, off/on switch, f ilter etc are displayed on the screen (Fig. 5). Electrocardiographic machine can record electrocardiogram at the paper speed of 25 or 50 mm per second as per our selection. The sensitivity switch controls amplitude of the waves. The amplitude or sensitivity can be selected as 0.5,1. or 2.

Electrocardiograph, electrocardiography and electrocardiogram are the three terms commonly associated with ECG or EKG. Though, these terms are interdependent, there is clear differentiation and demarcation between these terms and should not be used as synonym.

Electrocardiograph

The term “Electrocardiograph” refers to an instrument or machine that records surface potentials associated with the electrical activity of the heart to generate a graphic representation, the electrocardiogram (Fig.1).

1. Alphabet Inc. (marketed as Alphabet) is the parent company of:

a) Google

b) Yahoo

c) Microsoft

d) Apple

2. Human Rights Day is celebrated annually across the world on ................. every year.

a) 10 October

b) 10 November

c) 10 December

d) 10 January

1. The nodal agency for international co-operation in the area of agricultural research and education in India is:

 a) ICAR b) DARE

 c) CAU d) CSIR

 2. Which of the following countries is not a member of G-8?

 a) Canada b) france

 c) Germany d) Spain

 3. FSSAI does not provide licensing for:

 a) Non-alcoholic beverage b) Alcoholic beverage

 c) Milk products d) Organic products

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).

 Assertion (A) : Ditch system of planting is common planting system in Diara land cultivation of cucurbitaceous crops.

 Reason (R) : To  manage   the  availability  of moisture  and higher temperature, the trenches are dug in North-West direction.

 In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

1. Which portion of the sugarcane is the best for use as seed?

a) Top 1/3 to 1/2 portion

b) Top 2/3 to 3/4 portion

c) 2/3 portion of bottom

d) 3/4 portion of bottom

2. Flower drop and less fruit setting/fruit drop in chilli can be controlled by spraying

a) Sulphur (1.52%) at 10 days intervals at growing stage.

 b) Planofix (NAA) @ 2-3 ml per 10 litres water at flowering stage.

 c) Dicofol (0.25%) at flowering stage.

 d) Fipronil (5% SC) 1ml per litre at flowering stage.

1. Which of the following is a variety of black carrot?

 a) Pusa Meghali b) Pusa Asita

 c) Pusa Rudhira d) Pusa Vasuda

 2. NRC for orchid is situated at:

 a) Pakyong b) Gangtok

 c) Lachen d) Aritar

 3. Bonneville variety of pea has been introduced from:

 a) USA b) Germany

 c) Sweden d) UK

1. The end product of glycolysis is:

 a) Malic acid b) Citric acid

 c) Pyruvic acid d) Oxalic acid

 2. Tag colour of certified seed is:

 a) White b) Purple

 c) Blue d) Golden yellow

 3. Which of the following varietyiesof sweet potato is rich in carotene content?

 a) Gauri b) Rajendra Shakarkand-35

 c) Pusa Sundri d) Rajendra Shakarkand-43

1. The first Indian scientist who won the ‘World Food Prize’ is:

 a) Sanjay Rajaram b) M.S. Swaminathan

 c) Vergese Kurien d) G.S. Khus

 2. Seed rate of paddy (kg/ha) in SRI (System of Rice Intensification) method of cultivation is:

 a) 5-6 b) 8-10

 c) 12-14 d) 18-20

 3. AVRDC is situated at:

 a) Phillipines b Taiwan

 c) Japan d) India

1. The total annual rainfall of India is about:

 a) 1190 mm b) 1250 mm

 c) 1050 mm d) 1350 mm

 2. Net cultivated area of India is:

 a) 142 mha b) 150 mha

 c) 140 mha d) 152 mha

 3. Amrapali is a cross between:

 a) Neelum x Dushehari b) Dushehari x alphonso

 c) Ratna x Alphonso d) Dushehari x Neelum

1. Horticulture sector covers % of total cropped area.

 a) 10% b) 15%

 c) 20% d) 25%

 2. Among all floricultural products, the contribution of dry flowers in total exports is:

 a) 40 b) 50

 c) 60 d) 70

 3. Protein synthesis takes place in:

 a) Nucleus b) Nucleolus

 c) Ribosome d) Mitochondria

1. Horticulture sector covers % of total cropped area.

 a) 10% b) 15%

 c) 20% d) 25%

 2. World Trade Organization is situated at:

 a) Geneva b) Rome

 c) Paris d) Brazil

 3. AVRDC is situated at:

 a) Phillipines b) Taiwan

 c) Japan d) India

1. Horticulture sector covers % of total cropped area.

 a) 10% b) 15%

 c) 20% d) 25%

 2. Which of the following is / are pre-emergence herbicide(s)?

 a) Diquat b) Paraquat

 c) Diuron d) All of these

 3. Potassium plays an important role in:

 a) Osmotic regulation b) Opening and closing of stomata

 c) Sugar translocation d) All of these

1. Low chill varieties of peach needs chilling of

 a) 50-100 hr b) 250-300 hr

 c) 600-650 hr d) 800-900 hr

 2. Nectarine is a mutant of

 a) Peach b) Plum

 c) Apricot d) Almond

 3. Nematode resistant rootstocks of peach is

 a) GF 667 b) St. Julien

 c) Siberian C d) Shalil

1. Partial ringing of branches above a dormant lateral bud is known as

 a) Ringing b) Notching

 c) Smudging d) Nicking

 2. Epigenous germination is found in which of the following fruit crops

 a) Mango b) Tamarind

 c) Cashewnut d) All of them

 3. The development of seed portion viz. two polar nuclei+ sperm nucleus results into which of the following fruit organ

 a) Seed coat b) Perisperm

 b) Endosperm d) Zygote

1. Apple was introduced in India in the year

 a) 1865 b) 1855

 c) 1900 d) 1910

 2. To break bud dormancy, most of delicious apple varieties require chilling hours of

 a) 200-300 b) 500-600

 c) 700-800 d) 1000-1600

 3. Late season variety of apple is

 a) Granny Smith b) Red Gold

 c) Starking Delicious d) Michal

1. In every winters peach requires heavy pruning because:

a) It bears on current season’s growth

Ib) t bears on previous season’s growth only

c) It bears on two years’ old wood only

Id) t bears on spur

2. Mango wilt/decline is spread through:

a) Mealy bug

b) White grub

c) Beetle

d) Leaf hopper

1. ‘Flying Dragon’ a dwarfing rootstock of citrus. The dwarfness is governed by:

 a) Single dominant gene b) Single recessive gene

 c) Polygenes d) Additive genes

 2. India’s contribution in the total world production of fruits is.

 a) 10.5% b) 12.5%

 d) 17.5% c) 15.5%

 3. In which fruit crop the first transgenic was produced:

 a) Papaya c) Pear

 b) Plum d) Walnut

1. Colt, a dwarfing rootstock of cherry is a cross between:

 a) P. avium × P. cerasifera b) P. avium × P. mahaleb

 c) P. avium × P. pseudocerasus d) P. avium × P. cerasoides

 2. GF-677 is a cross of:

 a) Almond × Peach b) Peach × Almond

 c) Peach × Apricot d) Apricot × Peach

 3. Coat protein mediated resistance has been developed in:

 a) Papaya b) Banana

 c) Citrus d) All the above

1. Which of the following variety of grape is commercially grown in North India?

 a) Pearlette  b) Pusa Seedless

 c) Thompson Seedless  d) Pusa Navrang

 2. Which of the following is highly shade tolerant fruit crop?

 a) Carambola  b) Coconut

 c) Citrus  d) Mango

 3. Type of apomixis present in citrus is:

 a) Non recurrent  b) Recurrent

 c) Parthenocarpy  d) All of the above

1. The average productivity of fruits in india is:

 a) 9.2 t/ha b) 12.2 t/ha

 c) 14.2 t/ha d) 16.2 t/ha

 2. The leading state in fruit production in india is:

 a) A.P. b) U.P.

 c) Maharashtra d) Karnataka

 3. The leading state in pineapple production in india is:

 a) Maharashtra b) Assam

 c) West Bengal d) Tripura

1. ‘National horticulture mission’ was launched during

 a) 2003 b) 2004

 c) 2005 d) 2006

 2. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) was established by the Government of India in:

 a) 1980 b) 1985

 c) 1990 d) 1995

 3. Which of the following ‘journal’ is published from indian academy of horticultural sciences ?

 a) Indian journal of horticulture

 b) Progressive horticulture

 c) South indian journal of horticulture

 d) Indian  journal   of ornamental horticultur

1. Which rare species of Mangifera is endemic to the Philippines

 a) Mangifera  merrillii b) Mangifera minutifolia

 c) Mangifera laurina d) Mangifera paludosa

 2. Which of the following crops is largely exported from India?

 a) Walnut b) Mango

 c) Grape d) Banana

 3. Lowest number of AEZs belongs which state?

 a) Maharashtra b) Karnataka

 c) West Bengal d) Andhra Pradesh

1. Shot berry in Perlette grape can be overcome by spray of ethrel @:

 a) 15 ppm b) 20 ppm

 c) 25 ppm d) 30 ppm

 2. Which of the following plant growth regulator is used for somatic embryogenesis in mango?

 a) Kinetin b) 2, 4-D

 c) GA3 d) ABA

 3. Which of the following fruit crops has the highest chilling requirement?

 a) Cherry b) Apple

 c) Walnut d) Apricot

1. Seedlessness in grapes is due to:

 a) Vegetative parthenocarpy b) Stimulative parthenocarpy

 c) Stenospermocarpy d) All of these

 2. Bitterness in almond kernel is governed by:

 a) Single dominant gene b) Single recessive gene

 c) Mutagens d) Multiple genes

 3. M-9 a dwarfing rootstock of apple has originated as a result of:

 a) Bud mutation b) Chance seedling selection

 c) Hybridization d) Clonal selection

1. Pineapple is commercially propagated by:

 a) Slips b) Suckers

 c) Crown d) Runners

 2. Colt is a dwarfing rootstock of:

 a) Cherry b) Peach

 c) Plum d) Apricot

 3. Palmette system of training is a modification of:

 a) Central leader b) Spindle bush

 c) Dwarf pyramid d) Open center

1. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) belongs to the family:

 a) Anacardiaceae b) Caricaceae

 c) Rosaceae d) Clusiaceae

 2. Amrit Sagar is a variety of:

 a) Aonla b) Bael

 c) Banana d) Grape

 3. Nendran banana belongs to which genomic group?

 a) AAA b) AAB

 c) ABB d) AB

1. The term ‘Chimera’ was coined by:

 a) Webber b) Winkler

 c) Wester d) Swingle

 2. What is the optimum pH for cultivation of Kinnow mandarin?

 a) 4-5 b) 5-6

 c) 6-7 d) 7-8

 3. Amygdalin is found in:

 a) Apple b) Apricot

 c) Aonla d) Almond

1. National Agriculture Market (NAM), an online trading portal for farm produce was launched on:

 a) 4 April 2016 b) 10 April 2016

 c) 14 April 2016 d) 16 April 2016

 2. UN General Assembly declared 2016 as:

 a) International Year of  Oilseeds

 b) International Year of Pulses

 c) International Year of Sustainable Agri.

 d) International Year of Cereals

 3. Which of the following is the richest source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)?

 a) Lime b) Guava

 c) Aonla d) Ber

1. DD Kisan was launched on:

 a) 23 May 2015 b) 26 May 2015

 c) 29 May 2015 d) 16 May 2015

 2. UN General Assembly declared 2015 as:

 a) International Year of Soil

 b) International Year of Pulses

 c) International Year of Sustainable Agri.

 d) International Year of Family Farming

 3. As per the advance estimates for 2014-15, the total food grain production in the country is estimated at:

 a) 247 million tonnes b) 253 million tonnes

 c) 257 million tonnes d) 264 million tonnes

1. Who is the present Chairman of Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Right Authority (PPV&ERA)?

Dr. R.R. Hanchinal

Dr. P.L. Gautam

Dr. S. Nagarajan

Dr. Swapan K. Datta

2. Which among the following is another name of vitamin B12?

Niacin

Pyridoxal phosphate

Cobalamin

Riboflavin

1. Which of the following crops have been approved for commercial cultivation in India?

Bt cotton and Bt brinjal

Bt cotton and Golden Rice

Bt maize and Bt. cotton

Bt cotton only

2.

The expected food grain production in India for the year 2010-11 was:

212 million tonnes

220 million tonnes

235 million tonnes

250 million tones