eChapters

1. INTRODUCTION

Annuals are the group of plants that complete their life cycle in one season or in one year during which they grow, flower and produce seed; and after this they wither out. A true annual (like zinnia) is a plant that will grow from seeds, flower, produce seeds and die in one season. Zinnias provide a succession of flowers for summer colour in any sunny location with good soil drainage

The term annual when applied to herbaceous ornamentals refers to plants that are grown for only one season. A true annual completes its life cycle (bears seed) in one season and has an extended bloom span lasting (in most cases) throughout the summer. Some plants that we use like annuals in the garden actually are herbaceous perennial plants that bloom the first season but are unable to survive the winter climate.

Some varieties will self-sow or naturally reseed themselves. This may be undesirable in many flowers because the parents of this seed are unknown and hybrid characteristics get lost. Plants will scatter everywhere instead of growing in their designated spot. Examples: Alyssum, Petunias and Impatiens. Impatiens flowers are currently the most popular annuals and are unsurpassed for abundant flowers in a shady garden. Some perennials, which are plants that live from year to year are classed with annuals because they are not winter-hardy and must be set out every year. Examples are begonias and snapdragons.

Typically, the annuals we think are as loving the heat of summer, but there are some popular annual plants that prefer the cool of spring and fall. Examples: pansies, snapdragons, ornamental cabbage and kale. These plants actually grow more lush and vigorous when the weather is cool not hot and dry; therefore, they are often offered for sale in early spring.

Annuals

Annuals or seassonals are the group of plants which complete their life cycle in one season or in one year. Annuals are commonly known as seasonal as they complete the process of life like germination, growth flowering and seed formation in one season and finally the plant without. Annuals are widely used for garden decoration, cut flower and pot plants. They are frequently grown as bedding plant and in rock garden on the sides of lily pool and in shrubberies.

I. General information

1. A group of ornamental plants which complete their life cycle in one season or in a year is called annuals
2. Time of sowing of summer annual seeds is February- March
3. Time of sowing of rainy season annual seeds is June- July
4. Time of sowing of winter annual seeds is September- October
5. Based on growing season, annuals are classified into summer, rainy & winter
6. Based on hardiness, annuals are classified into hardy, half hardy & tender
7. Based on photoperiodic requirement annuals are classified into short day, long day, day neutral, long short day, short long day & intermediate

Description of important annuals

A. Winter season annuals (Seeds are sown in Sept.-Oct. and transplanting in Oct.)

Definition: Annuals are the group of plants which complete their life cycle in one season or in one year.

Annuals are commonly known as seasonal as they complete the process of life like germination, growth, flowering and seed formation in one season and finally the plant wither out. Annuals are widely used for garden decoration, cut flower and pot plants. They are frequently grown as bedding plants and in rock gardens on the sides of lily pool and in shrubberies. Annuals are planted in the winter, summer and rainy season and die in a season or within a year.

Anoestrus in cows is a condition in which there is absence of observable estrus signs. Anoestrus in cattle is suspected when estrus in not expressed by the female animal or in case the farmer fails to detect it. Among reproductive problems, it is one of the most commonly occurring conditions in cattle. It affects the production and economics of a cow to a great extent and the economic losses occur due to increase in inter-calving interval, poor net calf crops, loss of production, expenses incurred on treatment etc. It is caused by multiple factors including mostly inadequate or unbalanced nutrition, environmental stress, uterine or ovarian pathologies and poor managemental practices.

Diagnosis

• Rectal examination of animal. The ovaries are small and smooth. Should be confirmed by repeated examinations at 10 days interval.

• Ultrasound examinations at regular intervals can be done to diagnose and confirm anestrous.

• Progesterone estimations at intervals of 10 days would aid in confirmation. Low progesterone levels at both times indicate true anestrous.

• Banarsi, Chakaiya, Francis (susceptible to fruit necrosis) NA-4 (Krishna), NA-6 (NA-5 Kanchan), NA-9 (Neelum), N-7 (Amrit) free necrosis.
• Anola can be grown in the light as well as heavy soils except for very sandy one. However, well-drained fertile loamy soil is the best for its growth.
• Though Aonla is a subtropical fruit, it can be cultivated in a tropical climate quite successfully.
• Descending order of area wise production: Azamgarh < Pratapgarh < Varanasi < Bareilly
• Commercially propagated by Patch/T Budding
• Planting time is during July with a distance of 8m × 8m.
• The plant should be trained to a modified Leader system.
• By NDU in UP is the application of 10kg FYM, 125gN 50g P2O5 and 50g K2O per one-year-old plant.
• Age of 8 years (1000gN, 400g P2O5 and 400g2K2/O tree)
• Use of fertilizer is required during April-May and September-October.
• Flower bud differentiation in the 1st week of March.
• Sir ration (male to female) (1:307-1:197)

Anorexia in dogs with heart failure is very important clinical sign of concern as continued anorexia leads to weight loss and cardiac cachexia. Cardiac cachexia in dogs is the main reason that contributes to an owners’ decision to opt for euthanasia. It is therefore much more important to understand the various factors that lead to anorexia in dogs having heart failure. 

Q.1 According to prof. R. A. Fisher “ANOVA” is not the separation of variance assignable to one group of causes from the variance assignable to another group of causes.

Q.2 The basic purpose of ANOVA technique is to test the homogeneity (equality) of several means.

Introduction
• Meat inspection involves proper veterinary examination of live food animals prior to slaughter (called ante-mortem examination), inspection of carcases and offals and pathological examinations where deemed fit
• Full ante-mortem inspection represents 50% of meat inspection
• Ante-mortem inspection is particularly useful for detecting scheduled or infectious diseases which are communicable to man e.g. anthrax, rabies and glanders
• Diseases where animals show nervous symptoms like tetanus, tuberculous meningitis, sturdy in sheep, lysteriosis, rabies, cysticosis etc. and where skin lesions are manifested such as food and mouth disease, swine fever etc. are easily detected during ante-mortem inspection which are difficult to be detected in post-mortem inspection
• Animals must undergo veterinary ante-mortem inspection on the day of their arrival at the slaughterhouse or before the beginning of daily slaughtering
The inspection must determine
1. Whether the animals are suffering from a disease which is communicableto man and to animals or whether they show symptoms
2. Whether they show symptoms of disease or of a disorder of their general condition which is likely to make their meat unfit for human consumption-- any medicine/substances
3. Whether they are tired, agitated or injured
4. Whether they are sufficiently clean to enter the normal slaughter protocol
• For public health purposes, the veterinarian must separate normal animals from those which may be suffering from a potentially zoonotic disease or present a hygiene risk to the slaughter hall environment owing to the soiled condition of their hide/fleece

Ante-mortem examination includes all procedure or tests conducted by a competent person on live animals for the purpose of judgement of safety, suitability and disposition. It is an integral step to be performed by qualified veterinarian during conversion of animal to carcass for wholesome meat production. The animals are examined for cruelty due to overcrowding or suffocation or any other inflicted injuries and stress during transportation or otherwise, because it not only directly affects the quality of meat but also downgrade the carcass. Ante-mortem inspection ensures that only healthy animals are slaughtered and wholesome meat reaches to the consumers. A complete record of the ante-mortem inspection of all animals received in the abattoir should be maintained to ascertain that animal’s health status at the time of slaughter. Antemortem examination not only ensures the health animals entry into slaughter house but also assist in postmortem examination. It is also important to make a decision on certain diseases based on symptoms because they may not show the postmortem lesions for final judgment. Ante-mortem inspection has twofold functions as it enables veterinarians to protect public health and to assess the welfare conditions in which the animal is placed.

Antennae are paired, highly mobile, segmented appendages present between or below or behind the compound eyes. The antennae arise from the 2nd or antennal segment of the head possessing nerves coming from deutocerebrum of the brain. Antennae are absent in order protura and class Arachnida whereas 2 pairs of antenna (antennules) are present in class Crustacea.

Antennae are set in a socket of the cranium called antennal socket (anetnnifer) and connected by an articulatory membrane which allows free movement of antenna. Antennal socket is provided with an antennal suture. Although antennae vary widely in shape and function, all of them can be divided into three basic parts:

• Scape

• Basal segment, larger than other segments and articulates with the head capsule. It is provided with intrinsic muscles.

• Pedicel

• Second segment of antennae. In this, mass of cells called Johnston organ (auditory) is present (eg. houseflies). The above two segments have intrinsic muscles ie., their own muscles. In honey bee, wasps pedicel forms the pivot between scape and flagellum.

• Flagellum/Clavola

• The remaining segments or annuli or flagellomeres are called flagellum which lack individual muscles. Flagellum is supplied with many sensory receptors that are connected by nerves to brain. Flagellum is further divided into three parts

A. Anther and Pollen Culture (Production of Haploid Plants)

Haploid plants possess a single set of chromosomes (gametophytic no of chromosomes i.e. n) in the sporophyte in contrast to diploids which contain two sets of chromosomes (2n). The existence of haploid plants was reported by Bergner (1921) in Datura stramonium. Guha and Maheswari (1964) reported the direct development of haploid embryos and plantlets from microspores of Datura inoxia by the cultures of excised anthers. After this, haploid plants have been produced via anther culture in more than 170 species. The anther culture technique is useful in haploid production.

I. FILL UPS

1. _____ is the period during which a flower is fully open and functional, in terms of pollen maturation and dispersal.
2. Flowers with _____ anthesis generally have brightly coloured flowers to attract insects, such as butterflies.
3. Flowers with _____ anthesis generally have white or less colourful flowers.
4. _____ is the mechanism, in which the stamens and pistil of a flower mature at different times.
5. The best example for protandry is _____.
6. _____ is the mechanism in which the stigma become receptive before pollen release.
7. _____ is the process by which plant pollen is transferred from the male reproductive organs to the female reproductive organs to form seeds.
8. In Bengal gram, the method of pollination is _____.
9. Red gram is _____ pollinated crop.

Synonyms: Splenic fever, wool sorter's disease, Tarka

It is an infectious disease of livestock and worldwide in distribution. This is a zoonotic disease. It is also known as splenic fever because of enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly).

Etiology: It is caused by a rod shaped bacteria of 4-8 µm X 1-1.2 µm known as Bacillus anthracis. It is non-motile, capsulated, aerobic, spore bearing and Gm+ in nature. The organisms remain in chains. It was the first pathogenic bacterium to be observed under the microscope, the first communicable disease to be transmitted by inoculation of infected blood, the first bacillus to be isolated in pure culture and shown to possess spores and the first bacterium used for preparation of an attenuated vaccine.

The capsule is polypeptide in nature being composed of a polymer of d(-) glutamic acid. Capsules are not formed under ordinary conditions of culture but only if the media contain added bicarbonate or are incubated under 10-25% CO₂. Capsules are formed in the body of an infected animal.

Spores are formed in culture or in the soil, but never in the animal body during life. Spores are formed only in the presence of O₂. Spores are central, elliptical or oval in shape. The spores are very resistant to physical and chemical agents. They have been isolated from naturally infected soil for as long as 60 years. They resist dry heat at 140°C for 1-3 h and boiling for 10 min.

Anthrax bacilli is Gm + and non-acid fast. When blood films containing anthrax bacilli are stained with polychrome methylene blue for a few seconds and examined under the microscope, an amorphous purplish material (capsule) is noticed around the bacilli called M'Fadyean's reaction. On agar places, irregularly round colonies are formed 2-3 mm in diameter raised, dull opaque, grayish white with a frosted glass appearance. Under the low power microscope, the edge of the colony is composed of long, interlacing chain of bacilli, resembling locks of matted hair. This is called "Medusa head appearance." Virulent capsulated strains form rough colonies while avirulent or attenuated strains form smooth colonies. On gelatin stab culture, a characteristic 'inverted fir tree' appearance is seen with slow liquefaction commencing from the top.

Synonyms :  Splenic fever, wool sorter’s disease, Tarka
It is an  infectious disease of livestock and worldwide in distribution. This is a zoonotic disease. It is also  known as splenic fever because of enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly).

Etiology : It is caused by a rod shaped bacteria of 4-8 µm X 1-1.2 µm known as Bacillus anthracis. It is non-motile, capsulated, aerobic, spore bearing and Gm+  in nature. The organisms  remain in chains. It was the first pathogenic bacterium to be observed under the microscope, the first communicable disease to be transmitted by inoculation of infected blood, the first bacillus to be isolated in pure culture and shown to possess spores and the first bacterium used for  preparation of an attenuated vaccine.

INTRODUCTION

Education, as is widely argued is a method of knowledge sharing and distance education is a concept in education that is widely prevalent. Several people around the world qualify themselves through this mode of education. Though widely popular, it has its limitations with respect to production, reproduction and distribution costs, however, the role of distance education is shifting (Caswell et al. 2008). This shift is accomplished with the help of technology, which reduces and almost nullifies the reproduction costs (Caswell et al. 2008). This is a step towards making the quality of life of learners around the world improve (Caswell et al. 2008). Further as Caswell et al. (2008), rightly quote that, this is also the beginning of a movement to ensure the Universal Declaration of Human Rights article 26, which declares that everyone has the right to education and “technical and professional education shall be made generally available” (United Nations, 1948).

Distance learning made possible through the help of technology specifically the internet or e-learning is not a new concept. Several individual course materials are available online (Baldi et al. 2003). However, systematically organizing and structuring the academic course materials from different disciplines and easy retrieval of such information is a sign of innovation (Baldi et al. 2003). This innovation which is currently made possible through initiatives of different Universities, institutes of learning and organizations is popularly titled Open Course Ware (OCW).

Anthropometry is the study of the measurement of the human body in terms of the dimensions of bone, muscle, and adipose (fat) tissue. It is a branch of anthropology dealing with measurements of human body to determine difference in groups and individuals. The word “anthropometry” is derived from the Greek word “anthropo” meaning “human” and the Greek word “metron” meaning “measure” (Ulajaszek, 1994).

Anthurium is one of the most important tropical cut flowers, valued for its colourful spathes, distinctive inflorescences and long vase life. This chapter presents its origin, distribution, genetics, botanical description and commercially important varieties. It explains greenhouse requirements, shade, temperature, humidity, growing media, propagation and crop establishment. Detailed attention is given to nutrient management, irrigation, cultural practices, pests, diseases, harvesting, grading and postharvest management. Modern breeding developments and commercially important cultivars are also discussed. The chapter provides an applied foundation for producing high-quality Anthurium flowers under protected cultivation and meeting domestic and export market requirements.