eChapters

The presence of nuts in the kernel is known as stubborn nuts or seedless or imperfect nuts and is frequent in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). The nozzles impacted are oblong compared with the typical circular form of the nozzles and less than normal husk is generated. The often-breaking shell over the course of the development is the most typical feature of the barren nut. 

    Q.1.    How mastitis occurs in dogs? 
    Ans.    Mastitis in dogs initiates with the infection in the milk ducts of the dogs, where in the dog’s breast is enlarged as well as milk duct is blocked. The skin around the nipple might get cracked which might give a way to bacteria. In neglected cases it leads to cause gangrenous mastitis which is a severe form of mastitis in dogs.

    Q.2.    What are common pathogens responsible for mastitis in bitch?
    Ans.    Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli.
 
    Q.3.    What are the characteristic features of milk cytology during mastitis in bitch?
    Ans.    Milk cytology will show the presence of erythrocytes, degenerated neutrophils and bacterial agents.

    Q.4.    What characteristic physical changes of milk are seen during mastitis in bitch?
    Ans.    The viscosity of milk is increased and the colour of milk will be yellow to brown depending on the amount of blood and purulent exudates present.

Recommended Duration for Slinging Large Animal

Aim: To know slinging duration for large animal.

Indication: Downer cow, sternal redumbency, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, limb or spinal injury, cases,related to parturition.

Start with a 1:2 molar ratio of vector: insert DNA when cloning a fragment into a plasmid vector. This ratio will vary with other types of vectors, for example, cDNA and genomic cloning vectors. The following example illustrates the conversion of molar ratios to mass ratios for a 3.0kb plasmid and a 0.5kb insert DNA fragment.

1. Botanical Name : Rubus paniculatus Smith

2. Family : Rosaceae

3. Common Name : Heart-Leaf Raspberry

4. Name in Indian languages: Kothalu, Kala hinsar (Hindi/Garhwali)

5. Description

Heart-leaf raspberry is a rambling climber, distinguished by its large ovate-heart-shaped, finely toothed leaves. It is a deciduous shrub, producing each year a cluster of scrambling, minutely-prickly, biennial stems up to 300 cm tall. The stems only produce leaves, and do not flower, in their first year of growth; forming flowering branches in their second year and then dying after fruiting. The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a food, and sometimes also as a medicine.

6. Origin and distribution

It is native of Himalayas and found in the higher hills in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. It is also found in Nepal, Bhutan and China. The plants are at elevations from 1,500 - 2,900 metres msl. It is found in damp shady ravines to 1800 metres in Jaunsar and Tehri-Garhwal of Uttarakhand.

To achieve maximum possible irrigation efficiencies, there are two approaches.

Modernization of conveyance system down below the reservoirs upto government controlled outlet. Involves mainly the construction and maintenance of head sluices, main canals, branch canals, and distributaries (Modernization of supplier’s side or system level development works)

Modernization below the government controlled outlets upto the drains (Modernization of user’s side or farm level development works). Also known as On-Farm Development Works (OFD).

Demonstrations
Demonstration means showing by doing. The basic principle of Demonstration is learning by seeing and doing. The concept of demonstration was given by Dr. Seeman A. Knapp. Farmers like to see how a new idea works, both purposes can be achieved by means of a farm demonstration. A good, practical demonstration is an invaluable method in extension work. The demonstration is a particularly powerful method to use with farmers who do not read easily. There are two principal types of demonstration used by extension agents - method demonstration and result demonstration.

Vultures are obligate and highly efficient scavengers. They are keystone species providing important ecosystem services, but their adaptations to save energy, gorge themselves up to one third their body weight at a time, survive easily without food for up to a fortnight, conserve energy by using soaring and gliding flight, are just some of the unique and important characteristics of these magnificent birds. A highly efficient digestive system helps in extracting nutrients from otherwise non-nutrient sources like hide, tendons, and even bones. Vultures have been instrumental in keeping India clean and safe from disease outbreaks. A bird which is unaffected by multiple disease-causing micro-organisms helps to rid the environment from disease pandemics and epidemics. However, since the mid 1990ss these robust birds with a life span of 40-60 years, have declined drastically, from tens of millions to a few thousand currently, a decline of around 99%. For the formerly most abundant of these vultures, the white-rumped vulture, declines already happened by 99.9% in just 15 years! These declines led to multiple problems including increases in feral dog populations, economic and social losses and most importantly, 5,00,000 human deathsin five years,as a direct cause of the decline of vultures. The main cause of the vulture declines has been scientifically proven to be due to the use of veterinary diclofenac in cattle, their major source offood. Although veterinary diclofenac was banned since 2006, the drug has remained in the cattle carcasses at lower levels and new vulture toxic drugs have been discovered.

1.    Milking tube : It is used for milking the animal after udder or teat surgery. It can also be used for infusing intramammary medication through teat canal.
 
 2.    Teat plug : It is used to plug the teat in cases of leaky teats or trodden teats or following operation at teat sphincter. It can also be used for retaining medication in the teat canal.
 
 3.    Udder infusion tube : It is used for infusion of medication in the udder/teat.

 4.    Teat slitter with concealed blade : For cutting any growth inside the teat canal without injury to the teat.
 
 5.    Teat tumor extractor : It is used for removal of teat tumour or polyps from the teat canal. 

Xanthan gum: It is a polysaccharide that is produced by fermentation of carbohydrates by a gramnegative bacterium (Xanthomonas campestris) and is a thickening and suspending agent used in pharmaceuticals and prepared foods. It is also called xanthan. Xanthan is a stabilizer produced by Xanthomonascompestris(Plate 257). Xanthan is not hydrolysed or degraded by humans.

Synthesis of Zn Oxide Nanoparticle

Aim

To synthesize Zn oxide nanoparticle

Introduction

Zinc oxide nanoparticle are effective anti-bacterial and antiodur agent. They can be synthesized by number of techniques including hydrothermal methods. Their synthesis using solvothermal process is described, (Aneesh et al., 2007).

1. Botanical Name : Salacia chinensis L.

2. Family : Celastraceae

3. Common Name : Chinese salacia

4. Name in Indian languages

Chourondi (Malayalam), Saptachakra (Sanskrit), Chuntan, Karukkuvai (Tamil).

5. Description

It is a usually climbing plant, though is sometimes a scrambling shrub and occasionally becomes more tree-like. It can grow from 3 - 10 metres tall with a stem up to 16cm in diameter. The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a food and medicine.

6. Origin and distribution

It is originated in coastal India, China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines. It is distributed in the Indian subcontinent, including the semi-evergreen forests of the Coastal Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu.

Introduction

The international monetary system refers to the operating system of the f inancial environment, which consists of financial institutions, multinational corporations, and investors. It encompasses a set of regulations and norms designed to facilitate global trade and facilitate the movement of capital and investment between nations. It involves a network of government and f inancial institutions that establish exchange rates for different currencies. The evolution of this system is remarkable, considering its origins centuries ago when currency relied on gold coins and people engaged in bartering goods for trade. It's incredible how far the financial system has come from the days centuries ago, when the only form of money was gold coins, and transactions required bartering of goods or products for cash. The international monetary system provides financial support to nations in order to help them overcome debt and poverty. Inflation is a phenomenon that occurs when there is an excess of supply relative to demand.

Evolution of the International Monetary System

Prior to 1870, there was a bimetallic international monetary system, in which coins made of both gold and silver could be used as means of exchange. Each currency's gold or silver content governed the exchange rates between them. There were certain nations that used the gold or silver standard.

Yabby: It is one of the burrowing Australian crayfishes (Cherax destructor) that are used for food.

Yakitori: A bite-size marinated pieces of beef, seafood, or chicken on skewers is called yakitori.

Yam: It is edible starchy tuberous root of plants (genus Dioscorea of the family Dioscoreaceae) used as a staple food in tropical areas.

Yautia: It is one of the aroid plants (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) chiefly of tropical America with starchy edible shaggy brown tubers that are cooked and eaten like yams or potatoes.

Yearling mutton: Meat obtained from 12-20 month aged sheep. It is also called Earling mutton.

Yeast: Unicellular plant body, very minute in size containing cell wall, cytoplasm with one or more vacuoles and a single nucleus, cause alcoholic fermentation (Plate 258). Yeast usually has little or no mycelium, and reproduces by budding. It results in production of yellowish surface froth or sediment that occurs in saccharine liquids (fruit juices) in which it promotes alcoholic fermentation, consists largely of cells of a fungus (as the saccharomyces, Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and is used in the making of alcoholic liquors and as a leaven in baking.

Principle

Plasmids requires hosts to replicate, hence it has to be inserted into bacteria. But efficiency of uptake of plasmid DNA by bacteria is low and will not do so without getting degraded. Therefore, to enhance the probability of uptake of the plasmid DNA by bacteria it is necessary to make the bacterial cells “competent” to absorb the plasmid DNA. One of the methods to increase efficiency of cell competence is given below. It should be noted that competent cells are more fragile than normal bacteria. Vortexing the cells, heating the cells above 42ºC or to 42°C for prolonged periods, or exposure of the cells to abusive treatments may kill them

Aim

To synthesize iron (III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) nanoparticles

Introduction

Iron oxide nanoparticles have a number of applications in catalysis, sensors and high sensitive biomolecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for medical diagnosis and therapeutics. They can be synthesize by the bottom-up approaches including the sol-gel technique.

The global herbal industry faces significant challenges due to varying regulatory frameworks, quality control standards, and traditional practices. This talk aims to bridge the gap by promoting “Herbal Harmony”- a unified approach to standardizing herbal products worldwide. Experts from diverse f ields will converge to discuss: Harmonization of regulatory frameworks, standardization of quality control and assurance, validation of traditional knowledge, innovative technologies for herbal analysis and global market trends and opportunities by fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing, “Herbal Harmony” seeks to: enhance consumer safety and confidence, promote sustainable herbal trade practices, support evidence-based herbal medicine and to facilitate international collaboration and trade.

These instruments are used for surgery and need special care and attention for sterilization and storage.
 
    1.    Strabismus scissors : It is used for treating strabismus i.e. sectioning of affected muscle.
 
    2.    Me Guire corneal scissors : It is used for incising cornea
 
    3.    Graefe’s eye speculum : It is used for retraction of eyelids for examination of eye or for ophthalmic surgery.
 
    4.    Ziegler knife needle : It is used for separation of ocular tissues during ophthalmic surgery.
 
    5.    Iris hook : It is used for handling of Iris drug ophthalmic surgery.
 
    6.    Tenotomy scissors : It is used either for cutting the ocular ligament of eye or for removal of ocular sutures.
 
    7.    Dressing forceps : It is used for manipulation of eyelids, 3rd eye lid and other tissues of the eye.