eChapters

Causes and Mechanism
I. External Causes/ Extrinsic Causes
1. Physical Causes
1. Trauma by cutting objects and blunt objects
2. Electrical – Lightning, high frequency current
3. Heat -Sun stroke, burns, fever
4. Cold Local tissue freezing, cold shock
5. Radiation
UV / X /cosmic radiations
6. Pressure
Increased or decreased pressure

Definition
Gangrene is a necrotic area invaded by saprophytic organisms leading to putrefaction.
Types of Gangrene
There are three types of gangrene
1. Dry gangrene
2. Moist gangrene
3. Gas gangrene
1. Dry Gangrene
Dry gangrene represents an area of coagulation necrosis resulting from  infarction followed by mummification. The extremities of the body like tail,  ears, legs and udder are affected.

Colouring Agents
Colouring agents are called as pigments. Tissues may be discoloured (e.g. 
Jaundice, tattoo) or excessively coloured (e.g. Melanosis) in diseases.
Origin
• External or exogenous pigments
• Internal or endogenous pigments
Exogenous Pigmentations
In exogenous pigmentations colouring substances can enter the body by three different routes.
• Respiratory route by inhalation
• Alimentary route by ingestion
• Cutaneous route by injection

Calcification

• Calcification is abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue other than bone.

• Calcium is normally present in blood and deposited in bones.

• Calcium if deposited in an abnormal tissue with normal or abnormal blood calcium level is considered as pathological condition.

Pathological calcifications are

1. Metatstatic calcification

2. Dystrophic calcification

The Disturbances of Growth

• The disturbances in growth cover a broader spectrum of changes from no growth (Aplasia) to uncontrolled growth (Neoplasia).

• While uncontrolled growth (neoplasm) is not dealt here, the other forms of growth disturbances are considered in this chapter.

Cellular Adaptation to Injury

• The cells respond to altered physiological or pathological stimuli by adapting themselves.

• These changes are reflected as atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia and dysplasia besides aplasia and hypoplasia.

Definitions

Reaction of vascularised living tissue to local injury caused by various agents like microbes or necrotic tissue

Inflammation − Reaction of blood vessels − Accumulation of fluid and leucocytes in extra vascular tissues Inflammation and repair always go hand in hand

Beneficial effects of Inflammation

To destroy / dilute the injurious agent (microbes; toxins ) and to protect cell from injury (necrosis)

Harmful Effects of Inflammation

Tissue – Proliferating Potential of Cell Types
1. Labile Cells
• Continuously dividing cells
• e.g. epidermis, epithelial cells, bone marrow cells
2. Stable Cells - Quiescent cells
• Undergoes division occasionally
• Liver, kidney    pancreas, fibroblasts,
• Endothelial cells
3. Permanent Cells - Non–dividing cells: Neurons, muscle cells (cardiac, skeletal)

Definition

IDD (immunodeficiency diseases) occur when there is a failure of the immune system to protect the host from infectious organisms or the development of cancer.

IDD are disorders of immune system that result in immunological deficiency. Immunodeficiency could be from defects in

i. B and T- lymphocytes

ii. Granulocytes

iii. Complement

This chapter deals with the findings of the study along with the discussion based on the analysis. This study tried to represent its findings as per the objectives of the study. At the end of this chapter, interrelation has been made, an explanation has been tried to put out down and an attempt has been done to reveal the cause behind it. The results and their pertaining discussion are presented according to the specific objectives of the study.

The deliberation on the methodology has been made to understand the concept, methods and techniques which are utilized to design the study, collection of information, analysis of data and interpretation of the findings for revelation of truths and formulation of theories. These chapter deals with the method and a procedure used in the study an consist of eight main parts-

A. Locale of research.

B. Pilot study.

C. Sampling Design.

D. Empirical measurement of the variables.

Previous Year Questions
1. How has food production, incuding  horticultural crops, changed in  India during the last one decade? Write down its impact on food and nutritional security (20 marks, CSE 2023)
2. What is the food production and consumption pattern of India in the last fifty years? (15M, CSE 2021) 
3. Describe food grain production and consumption trends in India (7.5M, CSE 2019) 
4. Food production and consumption trends in India (12.5M, CSE 2015)

Previous Year Questions

1. Discuss the reasons for food grain surplus (7.5 marks, CSE 2019)

2. What are the reasons for good grain surplus in India? Write the steps taken by the government to save the food grains. (12.5M, CSE 2015)

Reason for Grain Surplus

Green Revolution

• Introduction of high yielding varieties of Rice and Wheat

• Green Revolution was made possible through the use of

Previous Year Questions

1. No questions were asked in past 10 years

Availability of Foodgrains

• Net availability of foodgrains = Gross Production (-) seed, feed & wastage, (-) exports imports (+/-) change in stocks.

Previous Year Questions

1. Differentiate between protective foods and energy foods. (10M, IFoS 2015)

2. What do you mean by ‘hunger’ and ‘hidden hunger’? Comment on various strategies in combating hunger. (15M, CSE 2021)

3. Classify foods on the basis of their function (5M, 2023)

Objective: Explore and understand the key identical characteristics that differentiate the suborders Symphyta and Apocrita within the order Hymenoptera.

Objective: Identify and understand the distinctive features of the order Lepidoptera and its significance in agriculture through key families.