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“The way to health is the way to have an aromatic bath and a scented massage everyday”                        Hippocrates

Aromatherapy is the art and science of using fragrant volatile plant oils and herbs including essential oils, for psychological and physical well-being of man by promoting natural healing and health. It is an emerging art of healing through essential oil, which has got therapeutic effect on body, mind and soul.  Essential oils give calmness, emotional and hormonal balance, stress relief and rejuvenation. Medicinal and spiritual properties of scented herbs were noted by ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. Embalming of body of Egyptian Pharaohs was a practice to purify body for afterlife, whereas Egyptian priests used oils and incense as healers. Books were written in ancient Arabia indicating uses and benefits of certain aromas. Perfumed mortar was used by Babylonians to build temples and mosques, for premises cleaning and cleansing aromas. Ancient Greek believed sweet smells were of divine origin and they used to take aromatic bath to drench them in purity. Aromatic bath and scented massage were ways to health for Romans.

Introduction

India is considered as the “Home of Spices”. They are a prized group of minor components and have been an integral ingredient of Indian diet. Since antiquity, spices form an important part of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (The Indian System of Medicine), with their widespread traditional use. With its wide climatic conditions and topographical features, India naturally possesses wide variety of medicinal flora. The country enjoys the distinction of being the largest producer and consumer of spices as well as the fastest growing spice market in the world.

Spices are potent plant foods that possess a wide range of nutrient bioactive compounds that contribute to improve health, while adding variety, colour, flavour and aroma to daily diet. The term spice or condiment applies to “such natural plant or vegetable products or mixtures thereof, in whole or ground form, as are used for imparting flavour, aroma and piquancy to and for seasoning food” (Sikri and Berwal, 2008).

Webster (2011) describes spices as ‘Any of various aromatic vegetable productions as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, allspice, ginger, cloves, etc., used in cookery to season and to flavour sauces, pickles, etc.; a vegetable condiment or relish, usually in the form of a powder; also, as condiments collectively’.

ABSTRACT

Plants are the basic requirement upon which all other living organisms depend. Plant resources have been used over the decades for human welfare in promotion of health as medicine, flavour and fragrance. Natural essential oils derived from plants are used as cosmetics, perfumes and flavors in foods and beverages. Development of processsing industries are directly linked to specific needs, available resources and intervention of technological capabilities. Resourgence of public interest in herbal products has created a huge market for plant based products which not only satisfies human needs, but also provides quality and safety insurance. Himalaya range in Southeast Asia is a hub of medicinal and aroma bearing plants globally recognized for their chemical constituents as well as endemic and threatened nature. These plant resources has high demand in international market for development of value added products, for isolation of commercial important compounds used in drug discovery programmes, preparation and formulation for development of new nutraceutical products and semi-synthetic derivatives for medicines. Aromatic plants are valued for their aromas, tastes and their applications in treatment of various illness, and mostly prefered in cosmatics, perfumes, confectionery food items and medicines. More than 3000 aroma bearing plants have been characterized world wide, of which, 116 aromatic plants are recorded from Indian Himalayas. Lavender, Geranium, Lemongrass and other aroma bearing plants are the main primary ingredient for many new and existing herbal products. An attempt has been made in this communication to present an account of different aromatic wealth of Himalaya, extraction techniques and their major chemical constituents, which will be helpful to pharmaceutical industries in development of value added products in time to come.

Indication

Fracture in case of large animals, act as soft padding

Procedure

A single piece of long cotton cloth is taken which is separated into two equal halves on the middle line (Fig. 1).

One of the 2 parts is taken and folded to form a bilayer padded cloth (Fig 2)

The bilayer padded cloth to further folded to form 4 layer padded cloth and subsequently to S and 16 layer padded cloth (Fig. 3).

The 16 layer padded cloth is thus used around the fractured limb from the joint above to joint below.

The other half of the doth from Fig 1 is then separated into further 2 parts horizontally (Fig. 4)

The pieces thus formed are folded to form 2 layer, 4 layers and 8 layers Cloth paddings in order to cover the ends of netted bamboo splints longitudinally and retention Is done with ropes.

The word “arrhythmia” has been derived from ancient Greek ?ρρυθμος (arruthmos) via new Latin “arrhythmia”. Arruthmos is made up of ‘a ‘(without) and ‘rruthmos’ (rhythm) means without rhythm. By definition as per dictionary, arrhythmia is defined as any disturbance in the rhythm of the heartbeat. In fact in medical sense arrhythmias are the disturbances not only in cardiac rhythm but also in cardiac rate or both. The seat of generating impulse in the heart is the pacemaker, of highest automaticity, in the SA node. If any impulse is generated outside the SA node pacemaker it leads to arrhythmias.

The term arrowroot is commonly applied to many starch producing plants belonging to different species whose economic part is the rhizome, eaten fresh or made into flour. The term applies both to flour and the plant. All the plants of the arrowroot group have underground rhizomes or tubers from which arise reed like erect stems. The word ‘arrowroot’ is derived from the pointed shape of the rhizome or its known ability to cure arrow injuries. The word itself is derived from the carib word araruta meaning mealy roots. The arawak, a people native to the Caribbean islands, considered arrowroot a dietary staple. They called it aru-aru meaning meal of meals.

It is a deep acting remedy on every organ and tissue. Its clear-cut characteristic symptoms amid correspondence to many severe types of diseases make its homoeopathic employment constant and certain. Its general symptoms often alone lead to its successful application.

Arsenic should be thought of in ailments from alcoholism, ptomaine poisoning, stings, dissecting wounds, chewing tobacco; ill effects from decayed food or animal matter; order of discharges is putrid: in complaints that return annually. Anemia and chlorosis. Degenerative changes. Gradual loss of weight from impaired nutrition. Reduces the refractive index of blood serum (also China and Ferr. Phos.) Maintains the system under the stress of malignancy regardless of location. Malarial cachexia. Septic infections and low vitality.

Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that can be observed in various forms in the environment, including soil, water, and air. While arsenic has some industrial applications, it is also notorious for its toxicity to humans. Exposure to arsenic can happen through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact, with ingestion being the most common route of exposure in cases of poisoning. Here, authors provide information regarding the source of arsenic intoxication, its toxicology kinetics and dynamics, clinical signs and symptoms, lesions, diagnosis, and treatment.

Introduction

In this article, authors provide information regarding source of intoxication also.

Source of Intoxication

Arsenic poisoning can lead to various sources, including:

Contaminated Water

Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a significant concern in many parts of the world, specifically in regions where natural geological formations consists of high levels of arsenic.

Subclavian artery

The fore limb is chiefly supplied by the subclavian artery (Fig. 5-4 A). It originates from the brachiocephalic trunk within the thoracic cavity. The left subclavian detaches from the brachiocephalic trunk opposite the second rib, passes craniodorsally towards the thoracic inlet winds around the cranial border of the first rib and then courses caudoventrally through the axillary space between the subscapular and teres major muscles as the axillary artery. It gives off the subscapular branch and continues as the brachial artery. The right subclavian is the direct continuation of the brachiocephalic trunk after the later gives off the bicarotid trunk opposite the first rib. It gets exit through the thoracic inlet, winds around the cranial border of the first rib and then continues as the right axillary artery and thereafter as the brachial artery similar to the artery of the left side.

Arteries of neck

Common carotid artery

The right and left common carotid arteries arise from the bicarotid trunk as it bifurcates on the ventral surface of the trachea at the thoracic inlet. In their course to reach the head, both of these, the right and left, common carotid arteries ascend through the neck along the ventrolateral aspect of the trachea and oesophagus respectively. During this course each of these arteries is accompanied by the vagosympathetic trunk dorsal to it, recurrent laryngeal nerve ventral to it and the internal jugular vein lateral to it. All these structures are enclosed in the carotid sheath. The external jugular vein is separated from the common carotid artery by the omohyoideus and sternocephalicus muscles. The right artery crosses the lateral surface of the trachea and passes along its dorsolateral surface and finally reaches to the lateral surface of the larynx and pharynx in front of the digastricus muscle ventral to the jugular process of the occipital bone. The left artery crosses the trachea and oesophagus and continues along its dorsolateral surface to the level of the third cervical vertebra. Here the oesophagus inclines towards the median plane and the artery follows the lateral surface of oesophagus till it reaches to the lateral surface of the larynx and pharynx just in front of the digastricus muscle and ventral to the jugular processes of the occipital bone. At this point the common carotid artery terminates by giving off the occipital, and pharyngeal arteries and then further continues as the external carotid artery. Along its course through the neck, the common carotid artery gives out several branches as below.

The main arterial trunk that supplies blood to the hind limb is the external iliac artery. As this trunk passes down through different segments (regions) of the limb it is differently named according to that segment or the region. In the abdomen it is named as iliac, in the thigh region as femoral, in the leg region as tibial and popliteal and down that the metatarsal artery and lastly the digital.

External iliac artery

The external iliac artery arises from the abdominal aorta ventral to the fifth or sixth lumbar vertebra. It descends at the side of the pelvic inlet ventrally and caudally along the tendon of psoas minor, crosses the tendon, reaches the cranial border of the pubis, gains the space between the sartorius and pectineus muscles and then continues in the thigh (femoral region) as the femoral artery. In this course it is covered by peritoneum and is related laterally to the psoas minor, sartorius and iliacus muscles, medially to the common iliac vein and caudally to the external iliac vein. The following are the collateral branches of the external iliac artery.

The wall of the thorax and its contents (the viscera) are supplied by the following branches of the thoracic aorta.

Brachiocephalic trunk

The brachiocephalic trunk (Fig. 3-4 A) is a large vessel distributing arterial branches to the head, neck, thoracic limbs (fore limbs) and the cranial part of thorax especially to the region of the withers, thoracic floor and parts of the cranial third of the lateral thoracic wall. It arises from the convexity of the aortic arch between the right auricle and pulmonary artery within the pericardium. It is directed cranially and dorsally in the cranial mediastinum ventral to the trachea. It is partly covered on the right side by the cranial vena cava and on the left it is crossed by the vagus nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerve runs between it and the trachea. It gives off the left subclavian artery opposite the second intercostal space or the third rib and the right subclavian artery opposite the first rib and then continues cranially as the common bicarotid trunk.

The subclavian arteries entirely furnish blood supply to the thoracic limbs. Except for different (separate) origins and the left artery being longer than the right artery, the right and left subclavian arteries are identical in their course and distribution. A short portion of each artery is within the thoracic cavity and is called as intrathoracic course. Each of these arteries leave the thorax by encircling and crossing the cranial border of the first rib below the insertion of the scalinus ventralis muscle and above the brachial vein. The intrathoracic branches of the subclavian arteries are the costocervical, caudal cervical and internal thoracic arteries.

Inflammation of the joint is known as arthritis.
Coxitis : Inflammation of hip joint.
Gonitis : Inflammation of stifle joint.
Omarthritis : Inflammation of shoulder joint.
Carpitis : Inflammation of carpal joint.

Artichoke, also known as globe artichoke or French artichoke, is a huge thistle-like perennial plant in the aster family (Asteraceae) that is farmed for its edible blossom buds. The thick bracts and the heart, which is the receptacle of the juvenile flower head, are edible. The artichoke has a delicate, nutlike flavour, and the smaller heads, or buds, are typically the most tender. Artichoke heads can be eaten hot with a sauce or cold as a salad or appetiser.Botany and taxonomy With arching, highly lobed, silvery, glaucous-green leaves 50-83 cm (19+12-32+12 in) long, this vegetable grows to 1.4-2 m (4 ft 7 in - 6 ft 7 in) tall. The flowers grow in a huge head from an edible bud with numerous triangular scales that is 8-15 cm (3-6 in) in diameter; the individual florets are purple.

In the world of academic publishing, Article Processing Charges (APCs) have emerged as a significant barrier, particularly for researchers from countries with limited resources like India. These charges, often levied by open-access journals to cover the costs of peer review, editing, and dissemination, have created a financial divide that impedes equitable access to scholarly communication. This chapter delves into the multifaceted challenges posed by APCs and outlines potential solutions to address the inequities they perpetuate (Fig. 6.1).
6.1. The Burden of Article Processing Charges
The financial burden of APCs is disproportionately felt by researchers in developing nations. Many prestigious open-access journals charge APCs ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 or more per article. For researchers in high-income countries, these charges might be manageable, supported by robust institutional funding or grants. However, for their counterparts in countries like India, where research funding is limited and often tied to modest institutional budgets, such costs are prohibitive. The disparity in income and currency exchange rates further amplifies this challenge. A charge of $2,000, for instance, could equate to several months’ salary for a researcher in India, compared to a fraction of that amount for a researcher in the United States or Europe.

A branch of anatomy that deals with joints or articulations in the body is termed as arthrology or syndesmology. A joint is an articulation or union formed by two or more bones or cartilages with the help of connective tissue. To form a joint, the long bones meet at their extremities e.g. joints of fore limb and hind limb. Joints of flat bones are formed by their borders or edges e.g. joint of bones of skull, the cranial and facial bones. The short bones and irregular bones form a joint by uniting at any of their parts or surfaces e.g. intervertebral joints.

Classification of joints

Joints are classified on the basis of their structure i.e. the kind of tissue material by which the bones are united, the other constituent parts that help in uniting the bones and the kind of movement performed at that joint. On this basis, the following three major types of joints exist in the skeleton of animal body.

Sacroiliac articulation

The sacroiliac articulation (Fig. 4-2 A) is a synovial (diorthroidal) joint formed between the articular surface on the wing of the sacrum and pelvic surface of the proximal extremity of the ilium. The articular area of the wing of the sacrum has a rough eminence while that of the ilium has a reciprocal rough depression. Both the articular areas are covered by a thin layer of cartilage. The joint cavity is a thin like a cleft and is crossed by fibrous bands.

The joint capsule is closely fitting around the margins of the articular surfaces. The joint capsule is reinforced by the ventral sacroiliac ligament which surrounds the joint. The dorsal part of this ligament is quite strong and it occupies the angle between the ilium and wing of the sacrum. The movements are inappreciable at this joint.

Shoulder joint

The shoulder joint (Fig. 5-2 A) is an enarthrosis formed between the glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus.

Ligaments: The shoulder joint is enclosed by the capsular ligament which is loose enough to accommodate the wide range of movements of the joint and is attached about 1.25 cm away from the periarticular area of the two segments of the joint. The capsular ligament is supported externally by the muscles of the shoulder region.

Movements: The shoulder joint performs all kinds of movements but the extension and flexion are best marked.