eChapters

Abstract

Abiotic stresses lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants which are highly reactive and toxic and cause damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA which ultimately results in oxidative stress. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-symbiosis can confer a greater degree of tolerance against drought stress in many cash crops. The significance of heat shock proteins (Hsps) and chaperones in abiotic stress responses in plants, and co-operation among their different classes and their interactions with other stress-induced components is well known. Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress adversely affecting plant growth and crop production worldwide. Phyto-mycoremediation utilizing AMF as plant inoculants is regarded as a promising strategy to heavy metal pollution remediation. Plants have stress specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. The potential of phytoremediation of contaminated soil can be enhanced by inoculating hyper-accumulator plants with mycorrhizal fungi most appropriate for the contaminated site.

Abstract

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of  BA and GA3 on in-vitro raised plants of African violets. The studies revealed that BA 150 ppm spray increased the number of leaves and duration of flowering, whereas, GA3100 ppm increased leaf area, plant spread and resulted in earliest flowering. Number of flowers was maximum in GA3 100 ppm treated plants and was at par with BA 150 ppm. Maximum pot presentability (82.85 days) was found with BA 150ppm which was at par with GA3 100 and 50 ppm treated plants.

ABSTRACT

Senna (Cassia angustifolia), a traditional medicinal crop in Tamil Nadu warrants the modern quality guidelines viz. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for marketing overseas. Buyers of developed countries insist on GAP and organic certification for medicinal plants. With this in view, an experiment was conducted at Medicinal Plants Unit, Botanic Garden, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore to study the effect of various biostimulants on yield and yield attributing characters to standardize the biostimulant(s) for higher yield. The treatments included different concentrations of panchakavya (2% & 4%), moringa leaf extract (2 & 4%) and humic acid (0.2 & 0.4%). The field was laid out in randomized block design. Vermicompost @ 4 t ha^-1 was applied commonly to all the plots. Spraying with the above said chemicals was done at 15 days interval from 30 days after transplanting for four times. The observations were recorded for growth a yield characters and were statistically analyzed. The treatment 2% panchakavya + 2% moringa leaf extract + 0.2% humic acid recorded the highest value of growth and yield characters like plant height (44.58 cm), number of branches (6.1), number of pods (53.0), dry leaf yield (560.8 kg / acre) and dry pod yield (6. 72 g / plant).

Introduction

Climate change is threatening food security globally. Countries like India are more vulnerable in view of the tropical monsoon climate and poor coping capacity of the small and marginal farmers. Several agricultural practices like indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals and crop residue burning contribute to emission of greenhouse gasses leading to warming of the atmosphere. Sequestration of carbon both in the vegetation and soil is the most effective means of mitigating GHG emissions. There are several strategies of soil carbon sequestration which can be adopted at farm level. These include: conservation agriculture, biomass recycling, crop rotations and use of organic amendments. One of the recent developments is the conversion of crop residue biomass into biochar and using the char as a soil amendment rather than directly using the crop residues. Several studies show that biochar has a long life in soil and is more effective in sequestering carbon besides improving other soil properties like water holding capacity and nutrient availability. In Indian conditions, there is an immense scope for converting millions of tonnes of crop residues which are not used as fodder into biochar and use the same for enriching soil carbon.

The coastal salt affected soils are low in productivity due to various soil fertility constraints that affect the crop growth and yield. The high salt content &/or high pH cause changes in solubility, availability and efficiency of plant nutrients, besides deteriorating the physical condition of soil. The soil biology (microbial population and enzymatic activities) also severely affected in these salt affected soils. The bio-resources are known to improve soil physical, chemical & biological properties of the soil. The maximization of rice production and considerable improvement in quality and composition of rice in coastal salt affected soil with the use of bio-resources have been reported by several research workers.

During orthopaedic surgery, it is very difficult and sometimes impossible to stop the flow of blood from fractured bone. For this reason, there has been a longstanding interest in haemostatic agent for osseous tissue surgery. Bone –wax, oxidized cellulose, sanguistat, bone dust, marrow paste and combination using polyethylene glycols have been tried for osseous hemostasis, however, bone wax appears to be the most promising bone haemostatic agent and is widely used today. But, very littlie work has been done to define the local effect of bone wax on healing and osteogenesis and its eventual fate in animals.

The objective of this study is thus, undertaken in this chapter to investigate the effects of bone wax on cortical bone healing.

Clinically healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits (10) of either sex are divided equally in to two groups A and B, consisting of 5 animals each. All animals are kept in standard diet and management throughout the experiment. In all animals’ mid-shaft simple transverse fracture are created in both the ulnae under Xylazine-Ketamine anaesthesia. In animals of group A, bone wax packed in between two fracture ends, whereas, in animals of group B, fracture site kept as it is.

Lateral and anterio-posterior radiographs are taken on days 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 post-fracture. The radiographs are observed for progress of fracture healing and complication, if any at different interval. The specimens for histopathological study are collected from the healed site of test bone immediately after euthanizing the animals on day 40. Every specimen is consisted of both healing site and adjacent host bone. The bone sections are preserved in 10% formalin for 9-10 days and then are decalcified using Goodling and Stewart’s solution (15% formic acid, 5% formalin and 80% distilled water). Completely decalcified bone sections are then processed routinely for H&E staining. These sections are observed for the status of healing at the fracture site at cellular level.

Abstract

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important cash crop of India, is prone to many diseases and amongest these, late blight [Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de-Bary] is one of the highly destructive diseases and a major constraint in the profitable cultivation of potato. After realizing the significance of controlling the devastating disease for the sustainability in potato production and thus ensuring more profitability, the present investigation has been conducted with an objective to select the most effective fungicides and botanicals for the management of the disease. The present study was carried out by KVK, Saharsa during rabi season for consecutive two years (2015-16 and 2016-17) as On-Farm Trial mode at farmers fields of an adopted village of Saharsa district in Bihar. In each trial, there were four treatments including one control i.e. farmers’practice. The study concludes that the best treatment option to combat late blight disease is Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5g per kg of seed and spray of Ridomil @ 2g per litre of water starting from 30 DAP alternating with Dimethomorph 1g + ridomil 2g per litre of water at 10 days intervals. The results of economic analysis reveal that the net return as well as benefit cost ratio was also highest in Seed treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 5g per kg of seed and spray of Ridomil @ 2g per litre of water starting from 30 DAP alternating with Dimethomorph 1g + ridomil 2g per litre of water at 10 days intervals.

Abstract

The relationship between development of P. leucotricha with different weather parameters (i.e. temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) was ascertained by computing multiple regression equations between these factors along with coefficient of determination (R2). Multiple regression analysis revealed that weather parameters altogether accounted for 31.88 to 94.45 per cent variations in Shimla district (Himachal Pradesh) during 2002-03. The accumulated variation due to weather parameters during the years accounted to different levels of primary inoculum and infection conditions under the field conditions.

Cancer, according to current opinion, is a multitude of different diseases and is no more a “one disease’. Myriads of tumour types and plethora of their patho-physiology in different species necessitates species wise study of tumours in detail. Of all species, dog develops neoplasms twice as frequently as humans, with incidence of skin and mammary tumours being the highest. Tumors of mammary gland are the most common tumors of female dog representing approximately 30-50% of all tumors in bitch and it is the second most common tumour in dog after skin neoplasms and most common malignant tumour in dog.

India has an opportunity to grow a variety of horticultural crops due to varied agro climatic conditions and thus, it forms a significant role in total agricultural produce. Though, horticultural crops occupy 8% of the cropped area, approximately 30% contribution in agricultural GDP. Horticultural crops play a unique role in India’s economy by improving the income of the rural people.

However, during the last decades onwards, the productivity of horticultural crops has been affected by many factors. One of the major reasons is climate change. Climate change is one of the most leading environmental problems which is facing the modern world and directly or ultimately to human action that changes the arrangement of the global atmosphere.

The earth climate has always changed in response to changes in the cryosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and other atmospheric and interacting factors. It is widely accepted that human activities are now increasingly influencing changes in the global cliamte. Emission of increasing amounts of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide are responsible for generating changes to global climate. These changes are responsible for rise in sea level, rainfall sequences and movement of climatic regions due to increased temperatures.

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in India’s economy, it shares 18.2 % (202324) in country’s GDP at current prices and employs 42.3 % of the Indian workforce, particularly in rural areas, making it one of the largest sources of livelihood (Anon., 2024). With 1.41 billion peoples, India is the world largest populous country and agriculture is crucial for ensuring food security. India’s agricultural exports also significant in boosting its economy through generating foreign exchange of 53 billion dollars in 2023 and contributing around 11.8% to total exports (Statista, 2023). India is the largest producer of milk, millets, banana, sapota, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric, black pepper and second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut and in the world (APEDA, 2024). The sector also provides raw materials for many industries, such as textiles and food processing. India achieved self-sufficiency in food grains after Green Revolution, using introduction of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of crops, especially wheat and rice, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and improved irrigation techniques, which dramatically increased crop productivity. The improved productivity also helped to increase farmers’ incomes, raise living standards in rural areas, and support the development of rural infrastructure. Moreover, surplus food production allowed India to build buffer stocks, which could be used to manage food shortages or price fluctuations.

Introduction

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC, 2013) emphasized that warming of the climatic system is unequivocal and that anthropogenic warming will continue for centuries to come due to timescales associated with climate processes and feedbacks. While stresses caused by climate change are likely to negatively impact the agricultural and livestock sector and escalate existing small-scale farming challenges; agricultural and livestock productivity and sustainability have to improve to meet the needs of the growing human population (DEA, 2013; Zamykal and Everingham, 2009). Climate change is seen as a major threat to the survival of many species, ecosystems and the sustainability of poultry production systems in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, global demand for poultry products is expected to increase, as a result of the growing human population, and its growing af?uence. The extreme climatic conditions impose various stresses on poultry birds which adversely affect their growth, production and reproduction.

While climate change is a global phenomenon, its negative impacts are more severely felt by poor people in developing countries who rely mostly on the natural resource base for their livelihoods. Moreover, rural poor communities rely greatly for their survival on agriculture and poultry which belong to the most climate-sensitive economic sectors. Climate change is expected to intensify existing problems and create new combinations of risks and shift hazard zones. The incidences of draughts, snow-storms and blizzard like events have risen. The situation is made worst due to factors such as widespread poverty, inequitable land distribution, limited access to capital and technology inadequate infrastructure, long term weather forecasts and inadequate research and extension. Intensive poultry production has much less impact on global warming than organic or free-range production (Van der Sluis, 2007). Seo and Mendelsohn (2006) reported that small farms of poultry are better able to adapt to warming. However, organic egg production needs more energy than non-organic and increases most environmental burdens. The most disadvantageous, from environmental point of view, is litter-free breeding of birds which causes great amounts of liquid manure.

The world’s fisheries, encompassing both marine and freshwater environments, play a critical role in global food security, livelihoods, and economies. However, these vital resources are increasingly threatened by the far-reaching consequences of climate change. This chapter delves into the multifaceted impacts of climate change on the fisheries sector, exploring the complex interplay between rising temperatures, altered weather patterns, and ocean acidification, and how these changes affect fish populations, habitats, and the communities that depend on them.
We will examine the ways in which climate change is altering the fundamental
dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, leading to shifts in species distribution, disruptions in food webs, and increased vulnerability to extreme weather events. Special attention will be given to the differential impacts on various regions and fisheries, considering the unique challenges faced by small-scale fisheries and developing nations. Furthermore, the chapter will discuss the potential consequences for global fish production, economic stability, and food security, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable management practices and adaptive strategies to mitigate these adverse effects and ensure the longterm viability of the fisheries sector.
13.1 Climate Change Impacts on Marine Fisheries
Climate change is significantly altering marine ecosystems, leading to profound impacts on fisheries. These changes affect various aspects of fish biology and ecology, including fishery dynamics, migration patterns, and breeding seasons (Fig.13.1). Here’s a detailed breakdown:

The establishment and the longevity of the organisms from one to complex multiple cells are controlled both by climate and weather in a region. Climate(macro level physical factor) of a region permits a particular organism to initiate its establishment, while the prevailing weather (micro level of the climate factor) which is known to occur within that climate controls the growth and multiplication of the selected organisms and thus proving the immense need of both climate and weather to living organisms. Within this science, when the weather is favorable for a particular organism throughout the year in a region, which cause disease to higher organisms then that region is termed as endemic region to a particular disease, where the management is focused towards strategical(long term) and tactical(short term) approaches. When in a year, from few weeks to few months the weather may be highly favorable for the outbreak of a particular disease, then that region is named as epidemic region for that disease and by establishing scientific link between weather and disease causing organism, it is possible to forecast / predict disease initiation in time and practice tactical management. Among the weather factors, temperature(both maximum and minimum), rainfall (amount and its distribution), relative humidity(both maximum and minimum) wind speed, dew, fog and mist would influence the organisms causing disease in livestock both in positive and negative terms. This is the new emerging area in the field of animal climatology and an attempt has been made to integrate animal diseases with climate and weather factors based on the available literature. Scope for research is vast in this new area and is discussed in a sub-head of the conclusion.

INTRODUCTION

Any crop has its own optimal requirements or selective response to the environmental factors such as rainfall/ soil moisture supply, day/night air temperature, soil temperature, duration of sunshine and its intensity. The growth and development of a plant which ultimately governs the agricultural productivity of a region, is closely related with climatic factors. Weather phenomenon has a profound influence on crop growth stage. A moderate wind or a light rain, when the crop growth is near to harvest, may do more damage than even heavy rain and high wind in the vegetative phase. So land use planning by matching crop growth with weather parameters forms a basis for successful agriculture (Samra, 2003) in a particular region. In order to achieve sustainable agricultural productivity in the 21^st century, the climate and weather systems are being recognized as critical agenda and input.

Introduction

Germination is a critical stage for the establishment of plant species, especially those that grow naturally in arid and semi-arid environments (Alouani and Bani Aameur, 2004). Several factors may influence germination percentages in natural environments. Among these factors, seed dormancy contributes in part to germination failure of many species under adverse environmental conditions (Bewley, 1997). There are two categories of dormancy: coat- enhanced dormancy (seed coat dormancy), where the embryos isolated from these seeds are not dormant and embryo dormancy (internal dormancy), where the embryos themselves are dormant (Bewley, 1997;

ABSTRACT

Tamarind, an economically important multipurpose tropical tree, is a species of choice for sustainable development of wasteland due to its hardy nature and adaptability to various agroclimatic conditions. However, there are very few reports on in vitro regeneration of tamarind. In an attempt to induce caulogenic response, effect of different cytokinins on nodal explants from mature trees was tested. The study extended to seedling explants, revealed that 6-Benzylaminopurine (0.08 - 44.39μM) and Zeatin (0.09 - 9.12μM) induced multiple shoots with callusing at the base of explant. Kinetin (0.09 - 9.29μM) and 6-γ,γ- dimethylallylaminopurine (2iP) (0.09-9.84μM) remained ineffective for multiplication of shoots and callusing was noted at the cut end of explant in contact of medium. Thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.09- 9.08μM) failed to induce morphogenic response and triggered dedifferentiation in the basal cut end. This led to profuse callusing in the explant and restricted morphogenesis. To avoid wound in the explant, tamarind seeds were cultured in medium containing TDZ.

Seedlings were germinated in medium with or without Thidiazuron (4.54, 9.08, 13.12, 18.16μM). Differentiation of the apical meristem to shoot was restricted and proliferation of the cotyledonary node meristem was triggered. Large number of meristematic buds appeared in a radial pattern around the node. The meristematic activity subsequently spread towards the cotyledonary bridge and also in the proximal part of the hypocotyl. These buds differentiated to form shoot primordia and subsequently to shoots in medium devoid of growth regulator. Plants developed by micrografting of these shoots on seedling derived rootstocks, survived in soil.

INTRODUCTION

An expanding aquaculture industry that offers high incomes and job opportunities to people worldwide is ornamental fish farming. With over 2 billion live ornamental fish traded globally, the ornamental fish trade has become a very lucrative sector (Das & Biswas, 2016; Katia, 2001) with global net worth of more than 20 billion USD. According to Saxena (1994), the most significant factor influencing an ornamental fish's market value is its vibrant body colouration. Fish are incapable to synthesize carotenoids De novo (Goodwin 1951),and rely on dietary carotenoids for its body pigmentation (Hata and Hata, 1973). So, there is hence a direct correlation between pigmentation and dietary carotenoids(Halten et al., 1995). Aquatic animals' skin, meat, shell, and exoskeleton are coloured red, orange, and yellow due to a class of naturally occurring lipid-soluble organic pigments called carotenoids (Pailanet al., 2012). Fish skin and muscle colour regulation is significantly influenced by dietary carotenoids (Ahilan et al., 2008). The freshwater ornamental fish industry has encountered the issue of fadingfish body colouration, particularly in cases where the fish are reared in captivity for extended periods of time and subjected to rigorous cultivation conditions (Das and Biswas, 2016). According to Das and Biswas (2016), an ornamental fish's food should generally be nutritionally balanced, appetizing, resistant to crumbling, water stable, buoyant, and enhance or retain the fish coloration.

The phenomena of coloration in fish are quite significant and have a direct impact on its aesthetic value. If pigment-enriched feed can be prepared and used to increase coloration, the fish will undoubtedly have better quality and a cheaper price tag. Detailed research on colour enrichment in native ornamental fish using formulated feed is lacking (Das and Biswas, 2016). For the purpose of colour enrichment in fish, native plant sources have been used. Choubert (1979), Boonyaratpalin and Phromkunthong (1986), and Alagappan et al. (2004), utilized spirulina as a source of carotenoid colours for fancy carp and rainbow trout. Enhancement of pigmentation of Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus with microalgal biomass supplementation has demonstrated that Chlorella vulgaris is just as effective as synthetic colours (Gouveia et al., 2003). Alagappan et al. (2004) observed increased body pigmentation in Trichogaster trichopterus using Spirulina sp. algae as a source of carotenoid pigment. The body pigmentation of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.), red swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri), and tiger barb (Puntius tetrazona) was enhanced by feeding with marigold petal diet (Boonyarapatin and Lovell, 1977; Ezhil et al., 2008; Alma et al., 2013). Using natural sources of carotenoid pigments to improve the colour of ornamental fish is a cost-effective and ecofriendly solution. Due to the aforementioned information, the current study was carried out to assess how dietary natural carotenoids from source such broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) effects the development and coloration of Blue Gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus, one of the important ornamental fishes with high market value.

Abstract
 
Different sources of phosphorus along with various amendments were applied with an objective to enhance the availability of P. Maximum yield during 2001 and 2002 was obtained in the trees supplied with super phosphate (SSP), whereas in 2003, the highest yield was recorded in rock phosphate (RP) + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) treated plants. Pooled values for three years showed highest yield per plant (54.17 kg) in SSP which was statistically at par with RP+PSB treated plants. Fruit weight was maximum in RP+PSB treated plants followed by SSP. Annual shoot growth and fruit set were observed to be maximum in plants supplied with SSP in 2002, whereas in 2003, RP+PSB treated plants recorded the highest shoot growth and fruit set. As regards leaf nutrient content, leaf P was found to be maximum in SSP supplied trees in 2002, however in 2003, RP+PSB treated plants recorded the highest leaf P content. Highest cost benefit ratio of 1:2.09 was recorded in plants supplied with SSP which was closely followed by RP+PSB showing cost benefit ratio of 1:200.

ABSTRACT

The Shivalik range of Himalayas, represent the most fragile ecosystem in India. In order to see the impact of land treatment, five hilly micro watersheds typical of the region having catchment area from 0.813 to 4.750 ha were selected for study. All the five watersheds were brought under study during 1966. Temporal changes in water yield from hilly catchments of Shivalik were monitored for twenty eight years (1966-1993). The watersheds were treated with annual burning (LT1), contour trenching +afforestation (LT2), cutting of trees, shrubs and over grazing (LT3) and over grazing alone (LT4). One watershed (LT5) was kept as control without any interference. As a result of burning, cutting and grazing there was significant increase in runoff as well as peak flow in the initial years, however, after increase in vegetation through protection from 1977 onwards resulted in decrease in runoff and soil loss.

Abstract

Field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different mulches and herbicides (oxadiazon, metribuzin, alachlor, oxyfluorfen, atrazine, pendimethalin) on growth, yield and quality of strawberry. Black polythene mulch significantly increased plant height (23.39 and 25.53 cm), number of leaves (23.67 and 25.00), leaf area (119.33 and 125.16 cm²), number of runners (17.67 and 19.33) and number of crowns (4.67 and 5.00) followed by bicoloured polythene mulch, grass mulch, pine needles and pendimethalin 2.0 kg ha-1 as compared to hand weeding during both the years of study. Black polythene mulch produced significantly higher yield (62.19 and 77.16 q ha^-1) having large size fruits with lower acidity and higher TSS, sugars, ascorbic acid, soluble proteins, total phenols and anthocyanin content. 

Abstract

The improvement in the productivity of fruits greatly lies with the use of high density orcharding and successfully practiced in various temperate fruits. This study was carried out to increase fruit yield per unit area in apricot Cv. New Castle. Maximum yield per plant was recorded in planting distance of 5 x 5m while lowest being in 3 x2m plantings. However, calculated yield per hectare basis was maximum in 3 x 2m spacing (1666 plants/ha.) followed by3 x3 m. The girth and spread was maximum under 5 x 5m spacing. Regarding quality parameters the size, weight and volume of fruits were significantly higher under 5 x5 m spacing as compared to fruits under other planting distances. Other parameters were not affected by any of the treatment significantly.

Abstract

Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO₂ are likely to have major physiological consequences for plants, due to the major effects of atmospheric CO₂ on photosynthetic rates and the centrality of photosynthesis to plant metabolism. We review what is known about the effects of growth at elevated levels of CO₂ on the protein and N concentrations of plants in general, and food crops in particular. Growth at elevated CO₂ typically reduces plant tissue N concentrations by 10-15%. The physiological mechanisms behind this decrease in tissue protein and N are likely complex, and include both dilution from increased tissue concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates and decreased root uptake of N.

ABSTRACT

Benthic fishes represent a significant component of riffle communities. Our 10 year study on two benthic fishes, Crossostoma lacustre and Rhinogobius candidianus which are sympatric in Hapen Creek, Northern Taiwan, reveals that these species exhibited mesohabitat overlaps but were segregated at the microhabitat levels. Both species preferred riffles and avoided rocks. Heavy flow (typhoons) had an inhibitory effect on the fish densities. The fishes may not be able to swim against the strong currents and might get carried away downstream. The recovery time (number of days after a peak, when the densities were restored to normalcy) for C. lacustre was = 13 days and for R. candidianus, it was = 16 days. Recovery was faster at the downstream (~13-15 days) as opposed to upstream (~1416 days). Direct estimation of the linkage between the hydrological or geomorphological variables and the well being of fish populations is one of the first steps in formulating an efficient, effective conservation plan or restoration strategy to preserve these species for the future.

Object: Effect of ethylene on regulation of stomata.

Material required: Plant leaves, ethaphon, ACC, double distilled water, measuring cylinder, beaker and electric balance.

Theory: Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates many aspects of growth and development. Despite the well-known association between ethylene and stress signalling, its effects on stomatal movements are largely unexplored. Here, genetic and physiological data are provided that position ethylene into the Arabidopsis guard cell signalling network, and demonstrate a functional link between ethylene and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). In wild-type leaves, ethylene induces stomatal closure that is dependent on H₂O₂ production in guard cells, generated by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase AtrbohF. 

Crop yields and agricultural sustainability are inextricably linked to weather patterns. While optimal weather conditions facilitate robust growth and abundant harvests, extreme weather events pose significant threats, disrupting food systems and impacting livelihoods globally. The chapter, “Effect of Extreme Weather Conditions on Crops,” delves into the multifaceted ways in which deviations from ideal climatic norms compromise agricultural productivity. The Earth’s climate is characterized by increasing variability and the rising frequency and intensity of extreme weather phenomena. These include, but are not limited to, prolonged droughts, severe floods, heat waves, cold snaps, hailstorms, and unseasonal strong winds .Such events can occur suddenly or develop gradually over extended periods, each presenting unique challenges to different crop types at various stages of their life cycle. For instance, a sudden hailstorm can physically destroy crops, while a long-term drought can stunt growth, reduce yield quality, or lead to

Feedback

Feedback’s influence on learning is indisputable and undeniable and feedback’s varying roles in instruction are heavily researched concepts (Mory, 1992). Understanding how feedback facilitates, and, in some cases, hinders transfer of knowledge is essential to creating effective instruction.

Researchers have focused on the many aspects and roles of feedback in hopes of developing some synthesis that will increase learner performance and improve instruction. Researchers such as Bangert - Drowns, Kulik, Kulik and Morgan (1991), Brinko (1993), Clariana, R.B. and Lee, D. (2001), Clariana, R.B., Wagner, D. and Rohrer-Murphy, L.C. (2000), Kulhavy (1976), Kulhavy and Stock (1989), Kulik and Kulik (1988) and Mory (1992) to name only a very few, have sought to discern the complex role feedback plays in learning. While many studies have been convincingly conducted trying to ascertain how feedback best works in certain circumstances, a consensus has yet to be reached in most, if not all, areas and as Clariana (2000) writes, “There are a number of unanswered questions and perhaps even more unquestioned answers”.

Introduction

Abiotic stresses adversely affect growth, productivity and trigger a series of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in plants. Cold stress is a major environmental factor that limits the agricultural productivity of plants in hilly areas. Plants respond and adapt to this stress to survive under stress conditions at the molecular and cellular levels as well as at the physiological and biochemical levels. However, expression of a variety of genes is induced by different stresses in diverse plants.

Abstract

Egg is a nutrient dense food, containing high quality proteins and a wide range of vitamins, minerals, trace elements, PUFA, MUFA etc. Whole egg slices were prepared by boiling in water technique for a predetermined time i.e. 15 min. The egg slices were prepared with spice extract at different levels of 2%, 5%, 7% and 10%, out of which 5% was found acceptable by sensory evaluation. The egg slices with 5% spice extract were then subjected to frying in different oils such as mustard oil, rice bran oil, sunflower oil and soya bean oil. Among all of the fried egg slices and control (without any spice extract and frying), on sensory evaluation, fried egg slices with mustard oil was most preferred. Texture analysis results shows that hardness was increased on frying and highest in fried egg slices with rice bran oil. Also the values for other TPA component viz. adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were increased on frying as compared with control. Among the fried egg slices, highest values for adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess was observed in egg slices with rice bran oil. However, chewiness of fried egg slices with sunflower oil was highest. It can be concluded from present study that the egg slices fried in mustard oil was organoleptically acceptable with good textural properties.

ABSTRACT

Attempts were made to induce variability by irradiation of axillary buds of rose cv. Folklore followed by in vitro culture. Axillary bud explants collected at different growth stages were subjected to gamma irradiation at different doses (20, 30 and 40 Gray). The in vitro induced micro shoots were sub cultured on a rooting medium (M.S. basal medium supplemented with IAA 1.00 mg/l + NAA 1.00 mg/l + activated charcoal 500 mg/l). The rooting percentage was the lowest in explants irradiated with 40 Gy. Rooting efficiency was severely affected when buds were collected at vegetative phase. Significant interaction between bud stages and gamma rays was noticed for days to root initiation and number of roots per culture. Gamma irradiation at 30 and 40 Gy significantly delayed root initiation at all stages of buds exposed. Significant reduction in number of roots/ culture, and root length was observed at higher doses of gamma exposure. The reduced rooting efficiency may be due to inhibition of cell division on account of chromosome damage.

Introduction Pulses are a vital source of protein (20-25%) in comparison to cereal proteins (10-12%); which cater to the most vegetarian population (Venkidasamy et al., 2019) and other countries which are scarcity of animal protein availability. In the category of pulse crop, chickpea is considered the second utmost significant crop, which is grown in almost 35 countries globally. Chickpea mainly contains carbohydrates, protein, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, folate, β-carotene and health-promoting fatty acids (Badshah et al., 2003; Tosh & Yada, 2010) and consuming these grains will repeatedly help in lowering the risk of chronic diseases (Jukanti, Gaur, Gowda, & Chibbar, 2012). Ozone is often regarded as a potent oxidant capable of penetrating the grain (Tiwari et al., 2010), and it can control the bio-agents such as insects, molds, and mycotoxins (Wang et al., 2016). Due to the fact that ozone gas is unstable, it convert back into oxygen without leaving any residues in short time (McClurkin, & Maier, 2010), so, it can be used as a fumigant without leaving any residue. The Food and Drug Administration (FAO) has approved it for fumigating grains, fruits, and vegetables.

The action of the gonadial hormone is not confined to the growth and development of the sexual organs alone, but the normal body growth as well as the growth of the skeleton are to a great extent influenced by these hormones. Of the female gonadial hormones, the action of estrogen and progesterone on skeletal growth has not been studied in detail. Some reports implicate estrogen deficiency in post menopausal osteoporosis and shows that estrogen replacement therapy can help to prevent that post menopausal stage of accelerated rate of bone loss. It’s reported that the progesterone treatment play a significant role in regulating cortical bone cell activity and as such, suggest that progesterone may play a part in the prevention and slowing down of cortical bone loss in females following menopause or oophorectomy. The effect of gonadotropic hormone on bone healing has not yet been studied in detail. The chapter is thus, undertaken to investigate the effects of gonadotropic hormone (Gn-rh)) on cortical bone healing in female rabbits.

Clinically healthy adult female New Zealand white rabbits (10) are divided equally into groups A and B each consisting of 5 animals. All animals are kept on standard diet and management throughout the experiment. In all animals midshafts simple transverse fracture is created in both the ulnae under thiopental (2.5%) anesthesia. In test group (group A) 0.1 ml of Gn-rh analogue is injected intramuscularly at 3 days interval up to 30 days post operatively.

Lateral and anterio-posterior radiographs are taken on days 0, 10, 20. 30. and 40-post fracture. These radiographs are observed for progress of fracture healing and complication, if any, at different intervals. The specimens for histopathological study are collected from the healed site of test bone immediately after euthanizing the animals on day 40. Every specimen consists of better healing site and adjacent host bone. The bone sections are preserved in 10% formalin for 9 to 10 days and then are decalcified using Goodling and Stewart’s solution (15% formic acid, 5% formalin and 80% distilled water). Completely decalcified bone sections are then processed routinely for H & E staining. These sections are observed for status of healing at fracture site.

Introduction

Oxygen uptake in fishes is affected not only by the abiotic factors of the environment but is also affected due to various biotic factors. Works on fish aggregation reveal that oxygen uptake of a fish is changed by the number of fishes mutually participating in respiration which has been demonstrated by various workers. The variation in oxygen uptake when fishes of either similar or different genera or species are kept in an association is known as the group effect. The variation in oxygen uptake due to the group effect is an established fact.

The investigation and approaches of Allee (1931); Schtefanesku (1958); Malyukina et al, (1962); Grigor’eva (1966); Umezawa and Watannbe (1979), Wares II and Igram (1979), Umezawa et al, (1981) Imabayshi and Takahashi (1987), etc. are worth mentioning and regarded as milestones in this field. Allee (1931), Shlaifer (1938); Geyer and Mann (1939), Job (1955); Delco (1963); Uematsu (1971); Parker (1973), Itazawa et al, (1978); Smatresk and Herreid (1980); Kanda and Itazawa (1981); Singh and Munshi (1985) and Jha (1995) have observed that grouping lowers down the oxygen uptake of fishes but the reverse relationship was also reported by Bowen (1932); Schuett (1934), Brett and Sutherland (1965), Umezawa and Kanikawa (1980), Ghosh et al, (1994), Krause and Ruxton (2002), Pandit and Ghosh (2007), Ward and Webster (2016). In due course, different aspects of grouping have been studied by various workers and many terms are proposed accordingly to explain the phenomenon.

Fracture healing is a specialized type of wound healing response in which the regeneration of bone leads to restoration of skeletal integrity. Though the process of fracture healing is usually considered to be biologically optimum; the healing of 5-10% is delayed or impaired. For management of these types of fractures, use of biological methods for the enhancement of fracture healing is essential. Furthermore, fracture-healing can be modified by almost any endogenous or exogenous factor that has an influence on the metabolic function of cells. These factors include transforming growth factor-beta, bone morphogenetic proteins, hormones, vitamins, prostaglandin and calcium containing feed supplement medicine.

Keeping in view the above, in this chapter, efficacy of herbal product-Magacal in promoting osteogenesis during fracture healing in experimental animals is discussed. Magacal optimizes absorption, bioavailability and utilization of dietary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. It is claimed to have advanced chelating agent to form organic complex chelate with dietary Ca, P and Mg, besides containing natural Vitamin D metabolites in highly bioavailability organic form, naturally protected and stable biotin and modern delivery system for optimum translocation of Ca, P and Mg ions to the sites of requirements.

Clinically healthy, adult New Zealand White rabbits of either sex (10) are divided equally into two groups A and B each consisting of 5 animals. All animals are kept on standard diet and management throughout the experiment. In all animals, midshaft simple transverse fracture is created in both the ulnae under thiopental (2.5%) anaesthesia. In test group (Group A), Magacal is given @5ml/animal/ day, orally from day 5-20 post fracture, whereas, in group B, no drug is given which serve as control. Antibiotic dressing of the skin wound is done daily for one week with povidone iodine and himax ointment. All the animals are administered streptopenicillin @ 0.5 gm/animal/day for 5 days postoperatively. Skin sutures are removed on the10th postoperative day.

Clinically all the animals are observed for inflammation, pain and edema at the fracture site, surgical wound healing, appetite, general health, muscular atrophy of the limb, if any, at different intervals postoperatively.

Investigation of the effect of Various Hormones on Fat Synthesis from 14C Labelled Acetate in Chicken Adipose Tissue

(Method of OMea and Leveille, 1968, Folch, Less and Solane Stanley, 1957 and Vaughan, 1961)

Reagents
    1.    Krebs-Ringer calcium-free bicarbonate buffer 7.4
        100 parts 0.154M NaCI (0.9001 g in 100ml)
        4 parts 0.154M KCI (0.0459 g in 4 ml)
        1 part 0.154M  MgSO₄ (0.0380 g in 1 ml)
        (3 parts 0.110M CaCI₂)
        21 parts 0.100M NaHCO3 buffered to 7.41 by bubbling through CO₂

Nature has bestowed our country with diverse agro climatic and topographic conditions ranging from temperate to humid and from sea bed to snow line. The existing climatic conditions with a plenty of sunshine, nutrient rich soil, abundant water resources and reservoir of trained manpower, enable our country to grow various types of vegetables in tropical, subtropical, temperate, alpine and desert vegetation zones in one or the other seasons during the year.

Vegetables, the cheapest and nutrient-rich food source within the economic reach of poor man, play a vital role in human diet since they provide carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals, vitamins, fibers and phytochemicals (non-nutrient bioactive compounds), which are essential for making the body immune system strong, detoxifying carcinogens, reducing muscular degeneration and protecting the body from infectious ailments. Vegetables besides having medicinal values also play an important role in nutritional security and national economy of the country since they are quick growing and short duration, and their yield per unit area per unit time is 5-10 times higher than the cereal crops.

Vegetable oils and fats play a very important role in our diet. They provide essential fatty acids which are precursors of important hormones such as prostaglandins. They control many physiological factors such as blood pressure, cholesterol and reproductive system [1]. Coconut oil is a popular vegetable oil obtained from kernel of fruit coconut (Cocos nucifera). It is liquid at room temperature and bland in taste. Coconut oil is extensively used in cooking purpose in coastal tropical regions although it has been used in abundance for its medicinal properties.

Disruption of the cellular or anatomical continuity of the normal organ structure is known as wound. Healing involves migration, infiltration, proliferation and differentiation of several cell types like keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and platelets which are culminate as an inflammatory response, new tissue formation and wound closure. Healing of the wound starts from the moment of the injury and can continue for varying periods of time depending on the extent of wound. The process of wound healing involves coagulation, inflammation, formation of granulation tissue, matrix formation, remodeling of connective tissue, collagenization and acquisition of wound strength.

Chitosan is a -1, 4-linked polymer of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy—D-glucose) and lesser amounts of N-acetylglucosamine. It is a derivative of chitin (poly-Nacetylglucosamine) which is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose. Chitosan is first discovered in 1811 by Henri Braconnota, a French chemist and pharmacist. Later in the century, chitin is found in crustaceans (such as crabs, lobsters, shellfish and shrimp). Chitosan is a biodegradable polymer and it accelerates wound healing. It has been reported that chitosan permits regeneration of tissue elements in skin wounds and has positive application effects on wound healing.

Introdoction

Tillage is a prime activity carried out prior to sowing of a crop with an objective to bring the soil to a favorable tilth to provide a congenial environment for crop growth and yield. The operation of ploughing once and left out for a few weeks followed by a broadcasting of rice seeds by hand and then ploughing and raking together at the same time once gave highly significant rice grain yield (Srisa-ard, 2008). Adoption of the “Sawah” system (bunded, puddle and leveled) in inland valleys in Ghana lead to significant improvement in soil and water management; enhancement in rice grain yield and made sustainable production. Even the practice of Sawah system of cultivation increased local rice production by over 300% because of the mechanisms with intrinsic resistance to erosion (better water control and nutrient management (Buri et al., 2012).

ABSTRACT

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is the major constraint for cultivation of tomato in Kerala. Biocontrol of plant pathogens is becoming an important component of integrated disease management. Among the various antagonists tested against R. solanacearum of tomato, fungi were more effective than bacterial and actinomycetes organisms. Among them, Trichoderma virens, T. viride (Ozhalapathy and Vellanikkara) and T. pseudokoningii were the effective ones, recording the maximum antagonism index (AI) value of 6000 under in vitro condition. They inhibited the pathogen completely by the mechanism of both lysis and overgrowth. In pot culture study, T. viride and T. pseudokoningii and commercial Pseudomonas fluorescens gave maximum protection against wilt incidence. Under field condition, T. viride (Ozh), T. pseudokoningii and P. aeruginosa showed the lowest wilt incidence of 50.0, 58.3 and 58.3 respectively against cent per cent incidence in the control plot.

Experimental mutagenesis is an important unconventional source to produce mutations in high frequencies in cultivated plants. It makes possible the achievement of desired breeding objectives or atleast decisive progress in this direction through selection of mutants. By establishing extensive collection of mutants based on productive varieties excellent sources of valuable material for theoretical studies and for breeding work can be provided. The induced mutagenesis helps in diversifying varieties and in internal rectification. The simultaneous realization of different breeding objectives may be possible through induced mutagenesis especially in leguminous crops.

Stubbe (1959) stated that mutation breeding as a modern method of plant breeding has proved its justification. It mutation breeding, basic information is a prerequisite on the type of spectrum of induced mutations and relative effectiveness and efficiency of different mutagens.

Mould growth in raw materials or finished feeds result in production of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are a large group of toxic chemicals causing wide range of pathological and physiological effects in animals. Symptoms depend on the amount of toxin present in the feed, the period for which the feed is ingested, the nutritional status of the feed and the susceptibility of the animal. Feed efficiency, growth rate and production are affected in animals consuming sub-acute doses.

Ruminants are generally considered less susceptible to mycotoxins than monogastric animals because of degradation of mycotoxin in rumen by rumen microorganism. However, certain mycotoxins resist rumen degradation and cause clinical mycotoxicosis. In high yielding dairy animals, during transition period, animals who are in negative energy balance (NEB), low body condition score and decreased resistance to infectious agents cause adverse effects in animal health with exposure of mycotoxins present in animal diet.

Effect of mycotoxin in ruminants

In cattle during metabolism, mycotoxin present in stored or ensiled feeds produce microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) which are responsible for mouldy odour, reduced feed intake and increased feeding times. This insufficient feed intake further produces negative energy balance (NEB).

The ingestion of mycotoxin-contaminated feedstuffs by animals leads to adverse effect on animal health and the effects are more serious in monogastric animals depending on the species and the susceptibility to toxins within the species. Ruminants are less susceptible to mycotoxins than monogastric animals because of biotransformation of mycotoxins to non-toxic metabolites in rumen by rumen microbiota (Fink-Gremmels, 2008).

4.1 Introduction

More and more industrial applications require self cleaned surfaces, water repellent, anti-dirt pickup and many other specific surface requirements. Introduction of nanotechnology has changed the coating scenario drastically. Hard, anti-scratch, hydrophobic coatings are achieved by the addition of small amounts of nano-pigments which help in creating hydrophobic surface. It is also possible to grow certain nano-fibers which on chemical treatment give surfaces which can either attract water or repel it. It is also possible now to create self healing coatings which can repair surface once they are damaged by scratch. Capacitance coupler pads have been devised to reach those corroding areas which are not covered by other corrosion protection methods. Stringent requirements of many modern industrial application resulted in developing coatings which can give special surface properties such as high hardness, scratch resistance, hydrophobicity, anti-dirt pickup etc.  This brief article presents a few new researches which provide one or more special properties to the surface.

Standard postoperative management of animals with fractures includes the use of nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drug inhibits inflammatory responses by blocking prostaglandin (PG) synthesis via the Cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. However, PG is important factor in early phase of bone healing. A local increase of PG concentration is a response of bone to trauma and PG (particularly PG₂) may stimulate differentiation and proliferation of osteoprogenitor cells during early bone healing. It has been reported that NSAID, such as Diclofenac acid, ibuprofen, indomethacin, aspirin, salicylic acid decreased ingrowths of bone into porous coated implants and decreased mineral content in rabbits. In view of the above fact, this chapter is undertaken to investigate the effects of one potent NSAID (Flunixin Meglumine) on fracture healing.

The study is conducted in ten clinically healthy adult New Zealand White rabbits of either sex divided into two groups (A and B) consisting of five animals each. In all animals, mid-shaft simple transverse fracture is created in both the ulnae under thiopental (2.5%) anaesthesia. In animals of group A, 0.25ml (12.5 mg) Flunixin Meglumine (Ilium Flunixil) is injected intramuscularly on alternate days from day 5-20 postoperatively whereas, in group B no drug is given. Lateral and anterio-posterior radiographs are taken on day 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 post-fracture. The radiographs are observed for progress of fracture healing and complication, if any, at different interval. The specimen for histopathological study is collected from the healed site of test bones immediately after euthanizing the animals on day 40. Every specimen is consisted of both healing and adjacent host bone. The bone sections are preserved in 10% formalin for 9-10 days and then are decalcified using Goodling and Stewart’s solution (15% formic acid, 5% formalin and 80% distilled water). Completely decalcified sections are then processed routinely for H&E staining. These sections are observed for the status of healing at the fracture site, at cellular level.

Introduction

The water potential plays an important role on growth of bacteria. If the medium has higher concentration of solute, it is said to be hypertonic. Due to this, the cytoplasm dehydrates and shrinks, resulting in inhibition of growth of bacteria. If solute concentration is less, the medium is hypotonic and hence maximum osmotic pressure on the cell.

Requirements

1. Cultures of E.coli and Bacillus
2. Nutrient agar
3. Sodium Chloride (stock solution at 5 M concentration)
4. Inoculating loop
5. BOD incubator

Procedure

Abstract

The study with different inorganic phosphorus doses and their combination with phosphorus solublizing microbes (PSM) had significant effect on growth, total microbial population of the soil and leaf nutrient status of Walnut cv. Govind. The treatment T₁₁ consisting of 84.37g P₂O₅ + PSM (80g culture) had maximum growth (16.87 cm) and also have a significant improvement in total microbial count (12,126) of the soil and leaf nutrient status of Walnut cv Govind.

Abstract

The effects of packaging materials, temperature and dressers on onion (Allium cepa, L.) seed storage, at the end of 24 months, revealed maximum test weight (3.67 g) in poly jar x refrigerator x cow dung. Maximum seed germination was observed in cloth bag x refrigerator x thiram. Maximum germination of 87.33 per cent at the end of 21 months was recorded in poly bag x room temperature x thiram which declind to 77.33 per cent by the end of 24 months. Similarly (seed vigour) SV-I, SV-II (up to 21 months) and stress test (up to 18 months) were maximum which showed a declining trend after this period. It can be inferred that the onion seed germination and vigour can be maintained for 21 months when packed in poly jar, stored in deep freezer (-20°C) after treating with thiram (0.3%).

Abstract

The effects of packaging materials, temperature and dressers on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum, L.) seed storage, at the end of 24 months, revealed maximum test weight (5.15 g) in poly jar x refrigerator x cow dung. Maximum seed germination was observed in polythene bag x refrigerator x thiram. This combination resulted in slow but gradual decrease in germination from 3rd month (95.33%) to 24th month (75.33%). The same combination of treatments also extrapolated maximum SV-I (15-24 months) and  (Seed Vigour)SV-II (18-24 months). Stress test was maximum (50.01%) in poly jar x refrigerator x thiram. Thus, it was inferred that bell-pepper seed germination and vigour can be maintained for 24 months after treating the seeds with thiram, packing in polythene bag and then storing in refrigerator, after harvesting the crop.

For most people in their right mind, parasites are disgusting little creatures. The mention of them evokes images of tiny crawlers entering the body of innocent victims by devious means, encrusting themselves within various organs (often with very unpleasant effects), living off their host’s tissues, and then exiting the body, sometimes through scatological avenues, leaving behind hosts that are incapacitated, if not mere shells of their former selves (as is literally the case for some insects). The true facts are not always that gruesome (after all, parasites that have to spend a long time inside a host do not benefit if this host kicks the bucket, because then they die as well) but often enough parasitic reality is not pretty. Ask biology students about their parasitology course, and they will tell you that attending class is like visiting a little shop of horrors. I, for one, came out of my parasitology course with newly developed phobias (mercifully temporary) of such innocuous activities as eating meat and bathing in streams – they represent ways of transmission for some parasites. But students will also tell you that parasites are fascinating because of the complexity of their life cycles and the intricate ways in which they complete these cycles. So fascinating, in fact, that many students eventually become parasitologists and devote their entire lives to studying the little critters. Most of these people work with parasites of livestock or humans, but a few with an equal taste for ethology and ichthyology pursue the more esoteric questions that occupy this page: how fishes avoid getting parasitized, and how fishes alter their behaviour once they get parasitized (Barber et al., 2000)