eChapters

Introduction
World population is increasing and currently stands at 8.2 Billion as on 2025. Food security of population of any country is becoming a challenging task and the entire population depends on the available national resources. The importance of scientific community in securing foods for everybody was felt necessary and it was expressed that there is a huge herculean task to ensure food for everybody. Farming community and fruit growers across the globe were engaged in serious efforts to produce fruits of good quality. The necessity to develop advanced technologies for nutritious foods was thus given national importance not only for food security but also of nutritional security. The sincere scientific efforts to develop recent innovative technologies to support fruit production even at harsh soils and environmental conditions are praiseworthy. Farmers, stakeholders, policy planners and technology developers have been devoted to achieve the target of Sustainable Developmental Goals. The target of United Nation’s 2030 to eradicate poverty and eradication of malnutrition should be achieved sustainably. People across nations are working devotedly to achieve the target. However, climatic changes have been significantlyaffecting the food production to food security across nations. Decadal information suggested the adverse impact of climates on the fruit production. Recent changes in weather extremisms had also affect harshly on the food production to supply chain. Thus, the role of scientific community to coup up the environmental hazards and to sustain fruit production becomes a reality. In this context, agroadvisory services plays significant role to support farming community and fruit growers to adopt time bound managemental practices. The ultimate aim of these services is to improve the orchard soil and tree health condition, enhance factor productivity vis-à-vis profitability and precise use of available natural resources. Quantification of variability in environmental indicators, soil and tree interactions were felt necessary for formulating effective policy plan (Malhotra, 2017). Adak et al. (2022) advocated for foliage spraying of 1 per cent zinc sulphate on mango cv. Dashehari to enhance yield and nutrient richness in fruit pulp.

A. Beejamruit
Beejamrit is an organic solution primarily used in seed treatment to promote better germination, protect against soil-borne diseases, and enhance plant growth. It is part of traditional agricultural practices in India and is commonly used in organic farming. he preparation of Beejamrit involves simple, locally available ingredients like cow dung, cow urine, lime, water, and a handful of
soil (often sourced from under a banyan tree). The process is straightforward: cow dung is soaked in water overnight, and the mixture is later combined with lime, cow urine, and soil to create the final solution. This solution is then used to coat seeds before planting, providing them with a protective layer that boosts germination and shields them from pathogens. Beejamrit is valued for its low cost and quick preparation compared to chemical treatments. It is rich in beneficial microorganisms that help improve soil health and support plant growth.
The preparation of Beejamrit, a traditional organic solution used for seed treatment, is simple and involves locally available ingredients. Here’s the  process:

When a plant is unable to perform its functions normally, then it is diseased. The two major causes of disease in crops and trees are pathogens and environmental conditions. There are many kinds of disease pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, mycoplasma-like organisms, and parasitic higher plants. Fungal pathogens are the most common type. They cause seed rots, seedling damping-off, root rots, foliage diseases, cankers, vascular wilts, diebacks, galls and tumors, trunk rots, and decay of aging trees. Deterrents to establishment include unfavourable weather and environmental conditions such as Temperature and moisture extremes, high winds and ice may directly injure a tree and predispose the trees to pest attack.
Biodiversity plays multiple roles in development as well as ecological sustainability. It has received increased attention in agricultural ecosystems for the past few years regarding the reduction of plant diseases; however, the knowledge of using biodiversity to manage plant diseases is Still incomplete. For crop diversification, the interaction of genetic diversity per se in host populations with identifiable resistance and other functional traits of component genotypes to mitigate disease epidemics is not well understood, and neither is the best way of structuring mixed populations. The mixing of crop varieties can significantly reduce disease epidemics in the field. To achieve the best disease mitigation, growers should include as many varieties as possible in mixtures or, if only two component mixtures are possible. The many strategies, tactics, and techniques used in disease management can be grouped under very broad principles of action. The differences between these principles are often not clear. The simplest system consists of two principles, prevention (prophylaxis in some early writings) and therapy (treatment or cure). The first principle (prevention) has to do with disease management practices applied before infection-that is, the plant is protected from disease.

shrubs with crops and livestock in ways that create diverse, productive, and sustainable land-use systems. In natural farming, where minimal chemical inputs are used, agroforestry offers numerous environmental and economic benefits, making it a valuable approach for sustainable agriculture.
1. Soil Health and Fertility
Soil health and fertility are the cornerstones of any sustainable agricultural system, particularly in natural farming, where synthetic inputs are minimized or avoided altogether. Agroforestry, an agricultural practice that integrates trees and shrubs into farming systems, plays a key role in maintaining and enhancing soil health and fertility through natural processes. Here’s how agroforestry significantly improves soil conditions and sustains fertility over time. One of the primary ways agroforestry enhances soil fertility is through nutrient cycling. Trees and shrubs shed leaves, twigs, and other organic matter onto the soil surface, forming a layer of mulch. As this organic matter decomposes, it releases essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium back into the soil, which are then available for uptake by crops. This process mimics the natural nutrient recycling seen in forests, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and supporting the goal of low-input natural farming. Some tree species used in agroforestry are nitrogen-fixing, such as certain types of legumes like Gliricidia and Leucaena. These trees form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their root nodules, converting atmospheric nitrogen into forms that plants can use. As a result, these trees contribute nitrogen directly to the soil, boosting its fertility and helping to meet the nitrogen needs of companion crops without synthetic fertilizers. Agroforestry improves soil  structure by encouraging the formation of stable soil aggregates.

The crop production has been found to make wide use of chemicals with hundreds of newly imported molecules. Unnecessary and excessive use of inorganic chemicals have led to an upsurge in the ecosystem and imbalance of nature. Natural enemies and bees get destroyed with chemical pesticides. Other side effects include resurgence of target pests and outbreak of secondary pests. Moreover, the residues of the pesticides in food products and environment have caused grave health issues. The contamination of pesticides into the fruits causes a quality decrease of the fruits, which is widely reported. The best available solution for sustainable agriculture can be the non-chemical organic/ natural farming that does not permit the usage of inorganic and synthetic chemicals for crop cultivation. Natural farming is the ecology-based production management system promoting and It provides biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity. The basic principles of organic/natural farming are materials and practices that enhance the ecological balance of natural systems that integrate parts of the farming system into the ecosystem. The first purpose of natural farming is to improve the health and productivity of interdependent communities of soil life, plants, animals, and people, that is termed as ‘one health concept’.
Natural farming is a system in which laws of nature are applied to agricultural practices. It has an advantage of natural biodiversity on every area of farmed resources; it also fosters the intricacy of living organisms, plant and animal alike, which would form each specific ecosystem to grow in harmony with food crops. Insects are indeed very mobile and well adapted to farm production systems as well as pest control tactics. Organic/natural farms focus on management, not eradication, of these insects. Thus, success in organic/natural farms depends on learning the biological, ecological, and behavioural information of the insects. The biological information as to what the insect needs to survive can be used to determine if insect pests can be deprived of some vital resource. Ecological information can be used to inform how the insect interacts with the environment and other species. shape an environment resistant to pests.

Weed management in natural farming emphasizes natural, chemical-free methods that align with ecological principles. Instead of using herbicides or synthetic chemicals, natural farming promotes approaches that maintain biodiversity, improve soil health, and reduce weed pressure through various cultural, mechanical, and biological methods.
Here are key strategies for weed management in natural farming:
1. Mulching
Mulching is an agricultural and horticultural practice in which organic or inorganic materials are spread over the soil surface to protect and improve soil quality. In natural farming, mulching plays a key role by fostering a healthier ecosystem for plants without synthetic inputs.
Types of Mulch
Mulches are broadly categorized into organic and inorganic types:
• Organic mulch includes materials such as straw, leaves, grass clippings, crop residues, compost, wood chips, and sawdust. These materials decompose over time, enriching the soil with organic matter and nutrients.
• Inorganic mulch consists of materials like plastic sheeting, landscape fabric, and gravel. While these do not decompose, they effectively suppress weeds and retain moisture but do not improve soil fertility.

Natural farming is about keeping the long-term health of the soil in mind. Soil health is an active state or condition in which soil functions as a vital living ecosystem, enhancing plant, animal, and human health. Healthy soil has a good balance of minerals, organic matter, and moisture. With life processes occurring constantly, it has many complementary internal resources that allow it to be less reliant on external inputs. Natural farming helps to build this soil health, so that many years down the line, soil is in good health without being weakened by prolonged input redundancy. Regular tillage, which turns the soil over and breaks up the mycorrhizal fungi that connect the plants, is unnecessary in natural farming. We do not till. When we encourage life in the soil, it produces better soil heading towards fertility. Feeding the soil is the goal of natural farming. Ensuring robust health in the soil will, in turn, produce healthy plants, and by extension, a nutritious offering of produce. Soil health is a critical factor for natural farming. In every action we take to improve the health of the soil, we are addressing a component of healthy farming and being kind to the land. Soil health is the foundation of natural farming. The following sections detail the importance of organic matter, the role of microorganisms, water conservation, and preparation of natural inputs. By understanding these facts, we can truly understand soil health. Commercial inputs like pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers cost money. Natural farming aims to avoid the profit-zapping reliance on these costly inputs. Healthy soil produces hardy crops; strong plants do not get sick. Kept at their peak of health, strong, lifefilled soils have a congress of life in their root zones, providing steady food and balance to crops. There are no external inputs constantly taxing the health of these crops. By tending to the farm as a living system, soils and plants are helped to be as healthy as possible, of their own accord.

1. No Tillage (No Ploughing or Turning of the Soil)
• The principle of No Tillage in natural farming refers to the practice of avoiding the mechanical disturbance of the soil, such as ploughing, turning, or tilling. This approach is central to natural farming because it allows the soil to maintain its natural structure, preserves its biodiversity, and enhances its ability to support plant growth sustainably.
• Tillage disrupts the natural layers of the soil. When the soil is left undisturbed, its structure remains intact, allowing for better water infiltration, root penetration, and nutrient availability. A well-structured soil is more resilient to erosion and compaction.
• Soil is home to a vast network of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and earthworms, that play crucial roles in nutrient cycling and plant health. Tilling can destroy these delicate ecosystems, reducing the soil’s fertility. No tillage preserves these beneficial organisms, promoting natural soil regeneration.
• In natural farming, organic matter (like dead plants, mulch, and crop residues) is left on the surface of the soil. As it decomposes, it contributes to the formation of humus, a rich organic material that improves soil fertility and helps retain moisture. Tillage disrupts this process, speeding up the decomposition of organic matter and reducing its long-termbenefits.
• No tillage improves the soil’s ability to absorb and retain water, which reduces the need for irrigation and helps crops withstand drought conditions. Additionally, undisturbed soil is more resistant to erosion because plant roots and soil structure act as a barrier against wind and water erosion.

Value addition refers to the process of increasing the economic value of a product, service, or commodity through various means, such as: Processing: Transforming raw materials into a more refined or finished product.
Enhancement: Improving the quality, appearance, or functionality of a product.
Differentiation: Creating unique features, branding, or packaging to distinguish a product from others.
Innovation: Introducing new or improved products, services, or processes. Value addition in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is essential to enhance their economic value, quality, and marketability. Here are key reasons why value addition is necessary:
Enhanced economic value
Value addition increases the economic value of MAPs, benefiting farmers and stakeholders. Primary processing and value addition are crucial in this regard. For instance, drying, cleaning, grading, and packaging are essential steps in adding value to MAPs.
Improved quality and shelf life Value addition helps preserve the bioactive compounds and aroma of MAPs, extending their shelf life. Techniques such as drying, extraction, and storage in airtight containers are vital in maintaining the quality of MAPs.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) are vital components of traditional medicine, perfumery, and cosmetics. To ensure the quality and sustainability of these plants, it is essential to adopt Good Collection and Agricultural Practices (GCAP). GCAP encompasses a set of guidelines and practices that promote the responsible cultivation, collection, and harvesting of MAPs.
Principles of GCAP
Sustainability: Ensure that the cultivation and collection of MAPs are sustainable and do not harm the environment or deplete natural resources. Quality: Maintain the highest quality standards for MAPs, from cultivation to harvesting and processing.
Traceability: Ensure that MAPs are traceable from the farm to the consumer, to guarantee authenticity and quality.
Fair Trade: Promote fair trade practices, ensuring that farmers and collectors receive fair prices for their products.
Environmental Stewardship: Protect biodiversity, conserve water, and minimize waste and pollution.
Agricultural Practices
Soil Conservation: Implement soil conservation techniques, such as contour farming and mulching, to prevent soil erosion.

Scientific name: Centella asiatica (L) Urban
Fmily: Apiaceae
The plant Centella asiatica belongs to the family Apiaceae. C. asiatica widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Commonly known as Gotu Kola, Indian pennywort or Asiatic pennywort. It has a long history of utilization in Chinese and Ayurvedic traditional medicines since centuries. Leaves are yellowish-green color, thin and edible. The plant
grows horizontally through its stolones which roots in underground. C. asiatica shows a wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, wound healing, anti-psoriatic, anti-convulsant, hepato protective, immuno-stimulant, anti-diabetic, sedative, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, antitumor, cardio protective and anti-oxidant activities.
Origin and distribution
C. asiatica widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. C. asiatica is widely found in Sree Lanka, India, Indonesi, Malaeysia and China. It is especially common in the Indian sub continent. It is also present in Eastern and Northern parts of Australia. It may also found in Tropical parts of Africa and Madagascar. C. asiatica has been introduced and is now cultivated or found in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, The Philippines, Myanmar, and Brazil. Beyond Madagascar it is found in parts of Southern and Central Africa. The plant grows in countries such as Hawaii and Fiji. It is also found in Southern states like Florida.

Scientific name: Pseudarthria viscida L.
Family: Fabaceae
Pseudarthira viscida is an important plant in the Indian conventional system of medicine. It is known as salaparni in Sanskrit, belongs to the Fabaceae family, and is distributed in peninsular India and Srilanka. It is among the dasamoola, a combination of roots of ten medicinal plants. It is used as a medicine for the treatment of various diseases due to its versatile nature and it is also an essential ingredient of various ayurvedic formulations such as Surasadi Thailam,Sudarsanasava, Balajeerakadhi Kashayam,Brihatyadi Kashayam, Surasadi Kashayam,Brahmarasayana. Pseudarthria viscida is a herbal plant that exhibits pharmacological andtherapeutic properties. It is widely used in ayurveda alone or poly-herbal formulations to treat various diseases. The whole plant is known for antipyretic, analgesic, antioxidant and anti-fungal effects. It is commercially and extensively used to treat tuberculosis, hemorrhoids, blood disorders, tumors, diabetes, hyperthermia and bronchitis. The root is the economic part, which alleviates tridoshas, namely vata, pitta, andcoupha. The roots are with thermogenic, astringent, emollient, digestive, febrifuge andcardiotonic. Majorchemical compounds present in the roots aregallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, quercetin, ferulicacid and phenolic compounds and also reported with proteins, flavonoids and leucopelargonidin. Roots are
well known for anthelmintic,anti-diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Decoction of the root used against heart diseases, rheumatism, asthma and piles. Pseudarthria viscida is becoming extinct from nature, and its number has been reduced drastically. Due to the limited availability of Pseudarthria viscida, which is substituted by other leguminous trifoliate plant species such as Desmodiumpulchellum and Uraria rufescens. There for, it is put in the red list category and the plant requires proper management practices to exploit its therapeutic potential in the treatment of various diseases.

Scientific name: Vetiveria zizanioides L.
Family: Poaceae
Vetiver, scientifically known as Vetiveria zizanioides L., is a tropical grass species belonging to the Poaceae family. Native to India and Southeast Asia, Vetiver is a perennial grass that grows up to 2 meters in height, with long, thin leaves and a deep, fibrous root system. Vetiver is highly valued for its essential oil, which is extracted from its roots and used in perfumery, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. The plant is also known for its soil-stabilizing properties, making it an effective tool for erosion control and land conservation.
Origin and distribution
Vetiver is native to the tropical regions of Asia, specifically India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. It is cultivated and produced in many parts of the world, including Tropical Asia, Africa, Australia, Haiti, Indonesia, Guatemala, India, China, and Brazil. Vetiver is also grown in several other countries, such as the Philippines, Japan, Angola, Dominican Republic, Argentina, and Jamaica. The global production of Vetiver is estimated to be around 250 tons per annum. In India, Vetiver grows wild in various states, including Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam.

Scientific name: Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium L.
Family: Asteraceae
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium L.) is a hearty perennial flower that thrives in interesting and challenging environments. It has been used for centuries as a natural insecticide. The pyrethrum daisy was first documented 2000 years ago, during the Chou Dynasty in China.
Origin and distribution
Pyrethrum originated in China over 2000 years ago and was later introduced to East Africa, where it is currently grown in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda. It is also grown in Tasmania, Australia, Ecuador, and Papua New Guinea.
Botany
Pyrethrum is a white flower-headed, tufted perennial herbaceous plant. It possesses deeply lobed leaves and has a numerous and fibrous shallow root system that extends up to 30 cm. The plant features numerous fairly rigid stems that grow up to 50-80 cm in height, accompanied by blue-green, deeply divided leaves. Notably, these leaves are covered on both sides by a dense, woolly material.

Scientific name: Pogostemon cablin Benth.
Family: Lamiaceae
Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) is a perennial herb native to Southeast Asia, commonly found in India, China, and Indonesia. This fragrant herb has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, perfumery, and spiritual practices. Patchouli leaves are ovate-shaped, with a rough texture and a powerful, earthy fragrance. The leaves are steam-distilled to produce a rich, dark green essential oil with a distinctive scent. Patchouli is known for its anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and antifungal properties, making it a popular ingredient in aromatherapy, skincare, and insect repellents. In India, patchouli is considered a sacred herb and is often used in traditional Indian medicine, Ayurveda, and Hindu rituals and ceremonies.
Origin and distribution
Patchouli, a native plant of the Philippines and Indonesia, has been extensively cultivated in various regions. In Indonesia, patchouli cultivation began in Aceh, Sumatra, and later expanded to Java. In India, it is primarily grown in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Assam, and West Bengal.

Scientific name: Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.
Family: Malvaceae
Abelmoschus moschatusMedik., commonly known as ambrette, annual hibiscus, or musk mallow, is a tropical plant species belonging to the Malvaceae family. Native to India, Southeast Asia, and Africa, this herbaceous plant has been cultivated for centuries for its medicinal, culinary, and fragrant properties. It is an annual or biennial plant that grows up to 2 meters in height, with hairy, palmate leaves and showy, yellow flowers with a purple center. The plant's seeds, leaves, and flowers emit a strong, musky fragrance used in perfumery and traditional medicine. Abelmoschus moschatus is a warm-season crop that thrives in tropical and subtropical regions, requiring well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. The plant has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties, and its leaves and flowers are used as a vegetable and in salads. In contrast, the seeds are used as a spice. The plant's essential oil is also used in perfumes, cosmetics, and aromatherapy products, making it a valuable crop for small-scale farmers, providing income through the sale of seeds, leaves, and essential oil.
Origin and distribution
Abelmoschus moschatus, a tropical plant species, is native to India and widely cultivated in Southern China, Vietnam, Nepal, Tropical Asia, South East Asia, and parts of the Pacific. It is also found in the tropical regions of Africa, Australia, and the Americas.

Scientific name: Mentha spp.
Family: Lamiaceae
Mint belongs to the genus Mentha and is part of the Lamiaceae family, including popular herbs like basil, sage, and rosemary. There are several commercially grown mint species, each with unique chemical compositions, aromas, and uses.
Origin and distribution
Mint originated in the Mediterranean region and spread globally through natural and artificial means. Japanese mint is widely cultivated in Brazil, Paraguay, China, and India, while peppermint is grown in the USA, Morocco, Argentina, and Australia.
Botany
Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) is a perennial, ascending herb that typically grows to a height of 60-80 cm, with the potential to reach up to 100 cm under favorable conditions. This herb is primarily propagated through its stolons, which enable it to spread and establish new plants. The leaves of Japanese mint are lanceolate-oblong in shape, featuring sharp teeth along their edges, and are supported by small petioles approximately 5 mm in length. The leaf lamina itself measures between 5 to 15 cm in length. Notably, the lower surface of the leaves is densely covered with hairy growths of glandular trichomes. The plant produces an abundance of small, purplish flowers in axillary and terminal verticillasters. These flowers are characterized by a corolla measuring 4-5 mm in length and a calyx that is narrowly deltoid and acuminate, measuring 2-3 mm. Japanese mint is sterile and does not produce seeds, relying solely on vegetative means of propagation.

Scientific name: Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
Family: Lamiaceae
Lavender is a small genus of perennial aromatic herbs, semi-shrubs, or shrubs. It comprises approximately 28 species, with three species being extensively utilized for extracting essential oils:
True Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia): One of the most important essential oils used in the perfumery industry.
Spike Lavender (Lavandula latifolia): Yields inferior oil, less fragrant than true lavender and rosemary.
Lavandin (Lavandula hybrida): is a hybrid of true lavender and spike lavender, possessing characteristics of both parents. The essential oil extracted from Lavandin combines the sweet, floral fragrance of true lavender with the camphoraceous harshness of spike lavender. Although Lavandin oil has a unique fragrance profile, it is considered inferior to true lavender oil in terms of quality and finesse.
Origin and distribution
Lavender originates from the Mediterranean basin, typically thriving in rocky, calcareous areas. Its distribution spans North Africa, the Mediterranean, Europe, and Western India. Lavender has been cultivated since ancient times, with the Greeks and Romans being notable cultivators. The name "lavender" is derived from the Latin verb "lavare," meaning "to wash" or "to bathe."

Scientific name: Ocimum sanctum L.
Family: Lamiaceae
The ‘Sacred basil’ or ‘Holy basil’, Ocimum sanctum Linn. a biennial shrub belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is commonly cultivated in gardens. The Hindus of India worship the species and is traditionally grown in courtyards and temples. The aromatic plants belonging to genus Ocimum is popularly known by the name Basil. Basil was derived from Greek word “Basilica” which means royal plant. Among the Ocimum genus Ocimum basilicum is variously known as Sweet basil, French basil or Common basil. Ocimum sanctum is known as sacred basil or Holy basil which is a very sacred plant according to Hindu belief.
Origin and distribution
Ocimum Sanctum has broad distributions, covering the entire Indian subcontinent, ascending up to 1,800 m in the Himalayas and as far as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This plant occupies a wide range of habitats.
Botany
Botanically, Ocimum sanctum is an erect, herbaceous, and softly hairy plant that exhibits extensive branching. It typically grows to a height of 30-75 cm. The leaves are entire, serrate, and pubescent on both sides, while the flowers are characterized by their purplish or crimson hue, arranged in racemes. The fruits of Ocimum sanctum are sub-globose or broadly ellipsoid in shape, slightly compressed, nearly smooth, and exhibit a pale brown or reddish coloration with small black markings. It is a biennial or triennial shrub.

Scientific name: Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit
Family: Geraniaceae
Geranium, scientifically known as Pelargonium graveolens L. Herit, belongs to the Geraniaceae family. This aromatic plant is highly valued for its essential oil, which boasts an intense rose-like fragrance. Geraniol and citronellol are the primary constituents of this oil. There are approximately 600 species within the genus Pelargonium, many of which possess a pleasant odor, although only a few have attained commercial significance.
Types of Geranium
There are two primary types of geranium: Algerian or Tunisian Type: Characterized by slender, erect plants with dark pink flowers. This variety contains 0.3% oil, with 57% 1-citronellol. It is commonly grown in the Nilgiris and is unsuitable for wet conditions. Reunion or Bourbon Type: Produces more bushy growth with light-pink flowers. The oil has a higher 1-citronellol content (59.4%). This variety is grown in the Nilgiris and Anamalais and is more suitable for wet conditions.