eChapters

Food adulteration means anything adding or subtracting with food making it injurious to health. This adulteration may be done intentionally or unintentionally. Intentional adulteration is a criminal act and punishable offense. Or the process of lowering the nutritive value of food either by removing a vital component or by adding substances of inferior quality. Food Safety and Standards Act of India (FSSA) defined “adulterant” as any material which is or could be employed for making the food unsafe or sub-standard or mis-branded or containing extraneous matter”. According to Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), the primary food safety law administered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), food can be declared adulterated if:

1. a substance is added which is injurious to health
2. cheaper or inferior quality item added to food
3. any valuable constituent is extracted from main food article
4. quality of food is below the standards
5. any substance has been added to increase bulk or weight
6. to make it appear more valuable

The proximate system of analysis consists of the analytical determinations of water (moisture), ash, crude fat (ether extract), crude protein and crude fibre. Nitrogen-free extract (NFE), more or less representing sugars and starches, is calculated by difference rather than measured by analysis.

Water

1. Water constitutes about 70 percent of an adult’s body weight and water (moisture) is the predominant constituent in many foods.
2. All foods contain varying amounts of water in the range of 20 to 90%.
3. The hypothalamus is a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temperature, and control of appetite.
4. Moisture content of some foods

1. Sample: One or more units selected from a population of units, or a portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material
2. The Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) should contain full working instructions as well as information on applicability, expected performance, internal quality control (performance verification) requirements and calculation of results. It should also contain information on any hazards arising from the method, from standards or from reagents.
3. Analytical Samples: The quantity of the analytical sample to be used is usually indicated in tests and assays. Unless otherwise specified, the quantity used may deviate by 10% from that stated. All quantitative determinations should be conducted on triplicate test portions and in these cases, the amount actually taken should be accurately weighed or measured and the result of the analysis calculated on this exact quantity. When substances are to be “accurately weighed” in a test or assay, the weighing is to be performed in such manner as to limit the error to ± 0.1% or less. Quantities smaller than 100 mg should be weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg.

Introduction

India has been an agricultural economy since its inception. Several mechanisms are used in agribusiness, such as forward and backward linkages with secondary and tertiary sectors, such as manufacturing and service sectors. Opportunities in agriculture and related sectors can be identified at various stages of the farming process. Generally, agribusiness opportunities exist at the input stage, the farming stage, the value chain, the output processing and marketing stage, and the related services stage. As a result of globalisation and a more interconnected global market, the scope and potential of agribusiness opportunities is expanding. For entrepreneurs, there are numerous potential opportunities. Many different inputs are required in the agricultural process, such as seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, and innovative and localised farm technology. As a result, the aforementioned areas create agribusiness opportunities in developing and producing these inputs.

Introduction

Finance is vital to entrepreneurship. With limited resources starting a business is a challenge. Earlier generations of entrepreneurs establishing a business were different. They first guaranteed that money would be available to start—the business. So, if one wanted to build up a unit for a business, one would undertake market research and then approach the bank. Then activities like product development, ordering equipment, determining the site, acquiring land for the facility, what government policies are applicable etc., were considered. Before starting a business, an entrepreneur considers these factors. That was the old regime.

Introduction

Entrepreneurial and start-up firms share traits but also differ. It takes courage to start a new business, but not always with the latest technology. Founders of new companies, almost always based on new technology, take risks. Both types of firms must overcome limited resources and talent. Both entrepreneurs and start-ups seek to segment and expand markets. Starting a business involves risks, but start-ups face additional risks of innovation. (Rao, 2018).

The project is the very foundation of any business. As a result, the success or failure of a company is primarily determined by the project. In layman’s terms, a project is an idea or plan meant to be carried out. According to the dictionary, a project is a scheme, design, or proposal for something intended or devised to be accomplished. (MANAGE, 2013)

Beginners often wonder where to begin. Some options are obtaining power-water connections, pollution control clearance, approvals of weights and measures/drug control, and registration with sales and income tax departments. But, first, an entrepreneur must set priorities. (IGNOU, 2017).

Introduction

Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in ensuring our country’s economy as well as social welfare. Entrepreneurs are considered national assets to be motivated, cultivated and remunerated for the greatest possible outcome. It is a fact that our societies today give importance to entrepreneurship and have higher income levels, and are self-reliable. Entrepreneurs have the highest potential to change the way how people work and live on a local and national level. Along with the creation of wealth and entrepreneurial projects, entrepreneurs have the ability to create jobs and employment opportunities which will contribute to the growing economy of India. These reasons it signifies the importance of entrepreneurship. In the current era of science and technology, many youths are not afraid to try out their idea, talents, skills and knowledge to become an entrepreneur. The present entrepreneurs are well established with the recent technologies and are prone to the effects of changes. The majority of society has access to the internet, and the youth are reintegrating their technological powers into their passion for bringing changes into society with entrepreneurship. India is facing a major issue regarding employment generation; however, with its rich, resourceful, distinctive geographic and demographic advantage, it has a major prospective to raise and innovate the entrepreneurs resulting in employment generation and hence contributing to the nation’s economy. 

Introduction

An entrepreneur is someone who starts or runs their own business. By having an equity stake in the company, the entrepreneur can profit greatly if things go well; however, they also take on a great deal of risk-far more than a regular employee of the company. Financial, career, emotional, and overall business risks are all examples of entrepreneurial risk. Because there is so much at stake in starting and growing a successful business, there are very specific skills that an entrepreneur usually requires to be successful. It could be a picture of a talented college dropout or a seasoned business professional with an uncanny ability to predict the next big thing. Replace whoever the persona is with ourselves. A successful entrepreneur does not have a specific demographic or personality profile. We can be entrepreneurs regardless of our age, race, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or upbringing if we have dedication, drive, and essential business skills. Unlike personality traits and demographic information, entrepreneurial skills can be learned and practiced. If we want to pursue entrepreneurship, use this list to assess our strengths and weaknesses and determine which skills we need to develop before launching our venture.

Introduction

India’s change in the economic environment and market-oriented economic reforms can be traced back to the 1990s which led to the growth of the country. There was a clear evident change from the condition it was in the 1970s when it was far behind the other Asian countries. The economic reforms brought by LPG (Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation) model have affected not only international trade but also led to an increase in the competitiveness of the industries. But what triggered these economic reforms? Before 1990, India was in a severe economic crisis condition due to repeated policy failures. India was experiencing a huge fiscal and balance of payment deficit, a high inflation rate and a fall in foreign exchange reserves. This led to the sickening of the public sector units whose prime role was to bring a reduction in inequality and poverty. The self-reliance condition in India was not of much help as there was insignificant trade with the rest of the world. The crisis mainly depicted the mismanagement of the resources. In light of this, this chapter discusses the impact of the economic reforms on agri-enterprises.

Introduction

Entrepreneurship refers to the capability and willingness to develop, establish and run an enterprise and manage uncertainties to profit. It can also be defined as a process concerned with the creation and extraction of economic value. Entrepreneurship is more than just starting a business purely to make money. The person who bears the risk of starting a new enterprise is an entrepreneur. In this chapter, we will discuss entrepreneurship and its development in detail.

Entrepreneurship development is a process involving several phases and steps. The process has been viewed at the level of individual-developing entrepreneurial quality in an individual and the group of community-creating an environment in which entrepreneurship activities can grow.

Introduction

Entrepreneurship has a significant impact on the country’s economic growth and standard of living. As a start-up founder or small business owner, the person contributes not only towards oneself but also towards the local community, state, region, and country. Starting a new venture requires resources and facilities. Small scale enterprises generally find it difficult to have these resources and facilities of their own. Adequate finance is life and blood to start and run enterprises as it facilitates an entrepreneur to have enough funds to procure land, labour, materials, plant, machinery etc. Recognizing it, the government has come forward to support small entrepreneurs by providing them funds and other needed facilities.

Introduction

Entrepreneurship assimilates a very decisive dynamic dimension in a modified form through the globalisation progression into the Indian economic system. The core strength of economic development and economic growth in all underdeveloped and developing nations around the world is only due to the presence of entrepreneurial activity. A successful entrepreneurial approach plays a crucial role in the progress of industrial, manufacturing and service sectors and the development of agriculture. The government of most developing countries have invested much effort and resources in the past to enrich entrepreneurship (Oni and Daniya, 2012). According to a recent study, Saudi Arabia has been attempting to build a ten-year innovation and efforts entrepreneurship programme starting the year 2010. Similarly, in Malaysia, the government guided to set up of several technologies through the growth of technological know-how in entrepreneurship.

“Only those who attempt the absurd can achieve the impossible.”

- Albert Einstein

Motivation– An inner state of need or desire that activates an individual to do something that will satisfy that need or desire.

The processes that are responsible for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Key Elements

1. Intensity: how hard a person tries
2. Direction: toward the beneficial goal
3. Persistence: how long a person tries

Introduction

Strategic planning is how an organisation determines how to allocate its resources to pursue its strategy or direction. Based on an assessment of the internal and external environments within which an organisation operates, strategic management is concerned with developing and implementing an organisation’s long-term goals for its stakeholders.

When it comes to strategic planning and management, the SWOT analysis (or SWOT matrix) is a tool that can be used to determine a company’s competitive advantage by analysing its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Situational assessment or situational analysis is another name. TOWS and WOTS-UP are two other acronyms based on the same components.

Development of the country build is upon the aspect of the human measures. Imaginative, inventive, truthful and persevering persons head the nation in the virtuous path and guide to all aspects of growth in every field. Entrepreneurs drive nation’s growth. Entrepreneurs are familiar for their specific features Acknowledging this reality on growth of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is an ingenious and imaginative reaction to the surrounding. The expression “entrepreneurs” normally mention to person who tackle recently developed capabilities that are imaginative and inventive. Analysis towards the entrepreneurial character has manifest that majority of the successful entrepreneurs share a defined category of personality features. This acquires the peculiarity as to. The existing analysis is an effort to inform the main features of entrepreneurs in food processing enterprises of Assam.

Concept of Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is an economic man who seeks to maximize revenues by identifying and adopting innovations. However, entrepreneurs are willing to take risks and create change by organising human efforts. Entrepreneurs are vital to the country’s economic growth. Entrepreneurial development as a component of economic growth has long been acknowledged.

Starting from the basics, etymologically, the word entrepreneur comes from the French word “entreprendre”, which means “to do something”, and, in the Middle Era, it was originally used in the sense of a person who is active, who gets things done. The study of entrepreneurship reaches back to work in the late 17^th and early 18^th centuries of Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon. “Entrepreneur” is a French word that first appeared in the French dictionary entitled Dictionnaire Universel de Commerce, compiled by Jacques des Bruslons and published in 1723. Richard Cantillon’s 1755 work “Essai sur la nature du commerce en general” changed the entrepreneurial concept. Risk has been used to identify entrepreneurs since ancient times. In India, entrepreneurship means Udyog.

Abstract

Omics arise from ome which means complete or totality. It refers to the collection of technologies used to investigate the roles, relationships, and actions of the various types of molecules that make up an organism’s cells. Omics technologies provide the tools required to investigate differences in DNA, RNA, proteins, and other cellular molecules between species and individuals within a species. These technologies comprise, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, ionomics, glycomics, lipomics, cultureomics, pharmacogenomics, metagenomics, foodomics, eigenomics, phenomics, etc. The inclusion of all omics domain is known as multiomics. In this chapter we describe from basic, type structure of omics to all the recent cutting edge technologies in multiomics.

Abstract

Synthetic biology is a multidisciplinary field of study that seeks to understand living systems and organisms, and utilizes engineering principles to design and create new biological components, devices, and systems, as well as modify existing natural systems. This chapter provides an introduction to synthetic biology and describes the procedures and methodologies involved in the design and construction of novel biological systems. The applications of synthetic biology are vast and include the development of biosensors, gene circuits, metabolic pathways, and genetically modified organisms for use in a variety of industries, including healthcare, agriculture, energy, and environmental remediation.

Abstract

Systems biology is an interdisciplinary field that combines computer and mathematical analysis with biological research to understand the complex interactions within biological systems. This chapter explores the history and evolution of systems biology and its significant impact on modern biology. Systems biology uses a holistic approach to analyze biological systems at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels, providing a better understanding of biological processes and the interactions between genes, proteins, and other molecules. Systems biology has immense potential in improving human health, agriculture, and the environment, and this chapter explores the ongoing efforts to translate systems biology research into practical applications.

Abstract

Drug design is a complex computational process that involves studying the structural and physicochemical properties of biological moieties in order to identify new chemical or biochemical substances that can be used as drugs with specific pharmacological properties. The drug discovery pipeline is a crucial aspect of drug design that requires a detailed understanding of the various phases involved. In this chapter, we discuss the fundamental principles and phases of drug design. Additionally, we delve into the concept of docking, a critical step in the drug discovery process that involves predicting the orientation and affinity of a ligand binding to a protein target. The use of computational tools and techniques in drug design has revolutionized the field and is essential for the development of safe and effective drugs.

Abstract

Molecular modeling is a computational technique used to simulate the three-dimensional interactions between atoms and molecules. It allows for the visualization, manipulation, and prediction of molecular structures and chemical reactions. In this chapter, we discuss the different types of molecular models used in computational chemistry, including ball-and-stick models, space-filling models, wireframe models, and ribbon models. Ball- and-stick models depict atoms as spheres and bonds as sticks. Molecular modeling has numerous applications in drug discovery, materials science, and other fields of research, making it a valuable tool for computational chemists and molecular biologists. Here, this chapter focuses on different types of molecular models.

Abstract

When only sequence data is available, homology modeling has become a useful tool for predicting protein structure. Protein structure is often more important than sequence data when evaluating protein function. Homology modeling, also known as comparative modeling, is based on the principle that two sequences that exhibit a high degree of identity or similarity will also share similar structures. This chapter explores the steps involved in homology modeling, including template selection, alignment, model building, refinement, and validation. The Ramachandran plot is a valuable tool for assessing the conformation and bond angles in a protein model, and we discuss its significance in the context of homology modeling. Ultimately, homology modeling is an effective method for predicting protein structure and has numerous applications in protein engineering, drug discovery, and other fields.

Abstract

Proteins are complex molecules composed of one or more polypeptide chains made up of amino acid residues. These molecules perform a variety of essential functions in living organisms, including DNA replication, molecule transport, catalyzing metabolic processes, and providing structural support to cells. In this chapter, we explore the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, while secondary structure describes the folding of the chain into alpha-helices, beta-sheets, or other patterns. Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, and quaternary structure refers to the interactions between multiple polypeptide chains to form a larger protein complex. Additionally, this chapter covers various methods used to predict protein structure, including homology modeling, ab initio prediction, and threading algorithms.

Abstract

FASTA, which stands for “Fast All”, is a sequence alignment tool developed by William R. Pearson and David J. Lipman in 1985. It is commonly used to identify similarities between DNA and protein sequences. FASTA employs a “hashing” strategy to locate matches for short stretches of identical residues with a length of k, referred to as k-tuples or k-tups. This method enables FASTA to quickly search large databases for sequence similarities, making it a popular tool for identifying homologous sequences, predicting gene functions, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. This chapter elaborates some basics of FASTA.

Abstract

The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, or BLAST, is an online tool provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) that allows users to search for matches between their query sequences and the sequences stored in NCBI databases. BLAST can be used to search for nucleotide sequences against nucleotide sequences, protein sequences against protein sequences, and protein sequences against translated nucleotide sequences in the databases. BLAST is widely used to study sequence similarity, identify target sequences, analyze the functional aspects of molecular sequences, and investigate evolutionary relationships. This chapter details on the BLAST and its applications.

Abstract

Real-time PCR, also known as qPCR, is a highly sensitive technique used to determine the real-time amplification of a target DNA sequence. However, the presence of secondary structures or spurious amplicons can distort the results. When using SYBR Green chemistry, the features of qPCR primers differ from those of standard endpoint PCR primers. As a result, designing primers for SYBR Green qPCR requires extra caution and attention. This chapter outlines the essential features and conditions for designing qPCR primers, including primer length, melting temperature, GC content, specificity, and avoiding primer-dimer formation.

Abstract

PCR primer design is a crucial skill for molecular biologists, as it enables the study of gene expression, gene amplification, and molecular markers. Primer3 is an online tool widely used for designing optimal PCR primers, which are pairs of short oligonucleotides that initiate DNA synthesis in vitro using a thermocycler. This tool uses a range of parameters to generate high- quality primers, including target sequence length, melting temperature, GC content, specificity, and product size. Understanding and effectively utilizing these parameters is essential for achieving accurate and reliable PCR results. In this chapter, the practical aspect of primer designing using the online tool Primer3 has been discussed. The parameters and the purpose of their usage have been given in a tabulated manner.

Abstract

Molecular phylogeny is an important method for understanding the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. Molecular phylogeny is based on the idea that organisms that share a more recent common ancestor will have more similarities in their DNA or protein sequences. The chapter seems to cover the basic concepts and terminology used in molecular phylogeny, including the difference between rooted and unrooted trees, as well as various methods used for constructing phylogenetic trees. Further, chapter also covers some common tools and software used for analyzing molecular data and constructing phylogenetic trees. Overall, this chapter provides a useful introduction to molecular phylogeny and the methods used for understanding the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. Understanding these concepts is important for many areas of biological research, including evolutionary biology, ecology, and biotechnology.

Abstract

Sequence alignment is the positioning of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences with each other to identify the regions of identity, which may be the result of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Therefore, sequence alignment is the process of aligning two sequences to achieve the maximum levels of identity and conservation. This chapter deals with the basic concept of sequence alignment and the tools associated with multiple sequence alignment. Further, it describes various matrices used in sequence alignment.

Abstract

Biological databases that are composed of a large collection of digital nucleic acid sequences, protein sequences, or other polymer sequences stored on a computer, which is made available to the research community worldwide using web servers. The vast amount of information generated in molecular biology is analyzed, curated, tabulated, and arranged in databases. There are different types of biological databases, based on their contents. Besides, the database management system, a program to manage the databases, can be of two types: distributed DBMS and relational DBMS. This chapter briefly narrates the importance and purpose of biological databases.

Abstract

The knowledge of programming language(s) is necessary to solve biocomputational problems and also understand the data pattern. Computer programming is used to develop software to extract information from data which is very crucial while practicing bioinformatics. Programming language is a man-made, computer-understandable, artificial language, that is designed to instruct a machine, particularly a computer to get the desired output. This chapter briefly narrates the concept of algorithms, programming languages, and the historical perspective of the same.

Abstract

This chapter provides a brief overview of the key milestones in the development of bioinformatics that would help to understand the historical context and evolution of a subject. As an interdisciplinary field, bioinformatics has grown gradually from molecular biology, with the development of various algorithms, databases, and other important tools that have helped to advance computational biology. Some important events in the history of bioinformatics might include the development of the first algorithms for sequence alignment and comparison, the creation of early databases such as GenBank and Swiss- Prot, and the development of software tools for molecular modeling and drug design. Other key milestones might include the sequencing of the first genomes, the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, and the emergence of new areas of research such as systems biology and synthetic biology. By understanding the historical context of bioinformatics, students and researchers can gain a deeper appreciation for the current state of the field and the ongoing efforts to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie life.

Abstract

Bioinformatics is an important interdisciplinary field that brings together several areas of science, including molecular biology, biostatistics, and computer science (vis-a-vis information technology). With the rapid increase in the sequencing of DNA/RNA/protein molecules, as well as the growing understanding of the interconnections between different areas of biological science, the importance of bioinformatics is only increasing. This chapter seems to provide a thorough introduction to the definition, concept, and importance of bioinformatics. It also appears to highlight the relevance and potential scope of the subject for students interested in pursuing a career in the field. As bioinformatics continues to evolve and expand, it is likely to become an increasingly important area of research and development in the life sciences.

Introduction

Rural development focuses on development of rural man, woman and all things. Rural development influences the growth of economy in rural areas. Rural development mainly depends on agriculture. This agriculture reduces hunger in rural areas and increases food security. Bondad-Reantaso et al., (2009) showed for rural development aquaculture act as a indicator. Brummett and Williams (2000) showed rural development of aquaculture in Africa.

Role of poverty alleviation by aquaculture

(a) Aquaculture creates employment in rural area

(b) Aquaculture gives nutrition to infants and women

(c) Vale of aquaculture is comparatively high.

(d) Rural people may income by selling the fish seed.

(e) Landless people can cage culture, mollusks culture in very short place.

History of human civilization initiated with the struggle against hunger, it flourishes with the fight against poverty and turns oblivious with absence of voices being raised against these two bio-social lethal. If hunger is a pain, poverty is an agony, then, keeping silent against this carcinoma of civilization is no doubt a crime. Is it that poor people are put to an insurmountable silence by the ruthless hegemonies of political economy, or, they are silent, that’s why they remain poor? Silence has been the lethal enzyme in transforming poverty into hunger, and, offers to a socio- chemical bond, poverty-hunger-silence; the bond that remains non-breakable as on date. Economists lament for poverty, nutritionists regret hunger, but the issues of silence and its cohesion to both hunger and poverty has seldom been scholastically delved into or dealt with. We can hope, a desperation of wishful thinking as it may be, shall drench the researchers who think and feel to explore a missing link between hunger and poverty, the silence or the social anemia of voices.

Introduction

A population is the set of all objects we wish to study. A sample is part of the population we study to learn about the population. A census may be defined as an enumeration or evaluation of every member of a population. A parameter is any measurement that describes an entire population. A statistic is any measurement computed from a sample of the individual observations made. As per Best (1977), "Research is considered to be more formal, systematic, and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis."

Introduction

Agriculture and allied sectors contributing significantly to rural employment generation. It also contributes almost 18% of GVA (Gross Value Added) in Indian Economy at current prices (Economic Survey of India 2016-17). It remains sustaining livelihood security with nutritional security and help in social transformation of the country. Second half of 20th century witnessed the change of traditional and subsistence Indian agriculture into a commercial activity. Green revolution of sixties paved the way for entry of agribusiness companies selling seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and farm machineries. Agriculture today faces many challenges which include globalization and market liberalization, food price crises, natural resource depletion, climate change, rapid urbanization, changing production and consumption patterns, demographic changes etc. Market driven agriculture production is need of the hour since marketing has become a challenge for small farmers. Agri- preneurship development can be key in this scenario.

Introduction

Agricultural and Animal husbandry extension continues to be in transition worldwide. Governments and international agencies are advancing structural, financial and managerial reforms to improve extension. Decentralization, pluralism, cost sharing, cost recovery, participation of stakeholders in development initiatives and the decisions and resources that affect them - these are some of the elements in extension’s current transition.

Public sector extension was severely attacked in the 1980s for not being relevant, for insufficient impact, for not being adequately effective, for not being efficient and, sometimes, for not pursuing programmes that foster equity. In the context of meeting the holistic needs of increasing agricultural production in a sustainable manner in India, agricultural extension has a crucial role to play. Reforms in the system envisaged an extension service which is more broad-based and holistic in content and scope and beyond agricultural technology transfer.

Any kind of developmental programme needs a proper integration of different parts of the society i.e. stakeholders of that programme. Apart from the nodal body, many implementing agencies take part in the implementation, monitoring of those programmes. Non-Government Organizations are one of those who actively participated in developmental activities not only as an implementing agency but also in mobilizing the resources, proper utilizing that and also effectively utilizing the resource towards development. NonGovernment Organization is an organization that is independent in nature, politically, socially unbiased and has a proper legal stand with developmental orientation.

Introduction

In India, the concept of commercialization of technology from R&D is relatively new in most sectors; especially in agriculture & animal Husbandry. The Government of India has recently announced the “National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy (GOI, 2016a). The policy advocates promotion of a holistic and conducive ecosystem for catalyzing the intellectual property for economic, socio-cultural development and protecting public interest. The policy document put forth seven objectives namely i) IPR awareness: outreach and promotion, ii) generation of IPRs, iii) legal and legislative framework, iv) administrative management, v) commercialization of IPR, vi) enforcement and adjudication and vii) human capital development. The policy aims at strengthening the national initiatives such as- Make in India, Skill India, Startup India, Smart Cities, Digital India (GOI, 2016). The flagship program of the Government like Startup India aims at building a strong ecosystem for nurturing innovations and Start-ups in the country (GOI, 2016). Under this, Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) is the action plan envisaged with the focus on promotion of entrepreneurship and innovation in sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, health and education (GOI, 2016).

Being a Health Extension Practitioner, one should have a clear idea regarding some fundamental aspects like the nature of health, health education, health promotion and some related concepts. This will help them to understand the social, psychological and physical components of health and enable them to be a better health educator by considering these basic ideas while planning and carrying out a health education session.

Definition & concepts of health

As a Health Extension Practitioner, one’s main target will be to prevent health problems in a community rather than to treat them. Malaria, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, pneumonia, HIV/AIDS, substance abuse and many harmful traditional practices are among the different health problems we generally see within our community setting.

Introduction

In agriculture, Knowledge and decision-making capacity determine how production factors like soil water and capital are utilized in judicious manner. Agricultural Extension System remains in central position for formulating and disseminating knowledge including hands on training to the farmers. Realizing the scope and importance of integrated working of inter relationship between research, education and extension functions, the ICAR established a section of extension education at its head quarter in 1971 which was later on strengthen and renamed as Division of Agricultural Extension. Extension Education plays an important role in most of the Agricultural Development project. Moreover, Agricultural Extension is part of system of factors which influence farmer’s decision. It includes agricultural researchers, political authorities, farmer’s organization, non-govt. organizations, farmers training centre and media. These actors assume the functions of research, information dissemination, training and so on. The primary goal of agricultural extension is to assist farming families in adopting their production and marketing strategies to rapidly changing social, political and economic condition so that they can, in the long term, shape their lives according to their personal preferences and those of community.

Miles to go for uplifting the entire population above the poverty line. But the picture was different in ancient times. As life style was simple, all amenities required in daily life were available within the villages. In need social system used to spread its helping hand towards the distressed. But the stability of the system becomes disturbed by invasion of foreigners and exploitation of foreign rulers.

In the British period series of famines from 1875 to 1901, numbering 18 out of a total 3 3 during the whole 19^th Century, the Government was compelled to appoint some Commissions and imposed some acts and established Development Departments like Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary irrigation etc. The journey for rural development stated from here by Government.

Milk, meat, eggs and their products have been the important part of the human diet in almost all countries of the world. These are highly nutritious and provide vital nutrients absent in typical starchy staples which dominate poor people’s diets. On global scale, animal meat, egg and milk provide 80% of animal protein intake.

The livestock sector requires a significant amount of natural resources and is responsible for about 14.5% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (7.1 Gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents for the year 2005). Methane, mainly produced by enteric fermentation and manure storage, is a gas which has an effect on global warming 28 times higher than carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide, arising from manure storage and the use of organic/inorganic fertilizers, is a molecule with a global warming potential 265 times higher than carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide equivalent is a standard unit used to account for the global warming potential. Mitigation strategies aimed at reducing emissions of this sector are needed to limit the environmental burden from food production while ensuring a sufficient supply of food for a growing world population.

Executive summary

The ITK system had been developed by the indigenous communities based on their experiences, continuous improvement through informal experimentation and transfer of such knowledge to next generations. The tried and tested rich ITK pertaining to agriculture, livestock and other allied sectors had been interwoven with the socio-cultural and traditional practices followed by them. Since time immemorial indigenous communities had been applying ITK in animal husbandry to increase milk production, fertility, retention of placenta, breeding, prolapsed, care for the young stock and preparation of indigenous livestock products. ITKs are often adapted according to the local culture and traditions, needs, and environment; they are very dynamic and continuously changing, and lay emphasis on minimizing the risks rather than maximizing profits. Indigenous knowledge of livestock rearing is often “tacit” and not necessarily expressed in the conventional form of scientific documentation. The origin and evolution of indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) in India has been reported since time immemorial. Since then, the knowledge, belief, skills and practices pertaining to diagnosis, treatment and management of animal and human diseases are imprinted and carried to future generations. In the light of evolution, the practice has come to limelight as an alternative low cost solution to conventional western medicine and readily practiced by ordinary farmers. 

Value Addition in Livestock Product

Mankind has been utilizing different animal species from the dawn of civilization for a variety of purposes viz. production of milk, meat, wool, egg and leather etc. These products are either useful in raw form or in value added form. Value-addition describes economically adding value to the product by changing its place, time and form to characteristics that are more preferred in the market place. Another way of explaining is that what happens when you take a basic product and increase the value of that product, usually the price by adding extras in the manufacturing process, or by tacking on extra products and/or services.

Introduction

Farmers work hard to earn a living. However, not all farmers make money, especially small family farmers. There is very little leftover after they pay for all their inputs (seeds, livestock breeds, fertilizers, pesticides, energy, feed, labour, etc.). However, the Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) has enabled farmers to develop a framework for an alternative development model to improve the feasibility of small sized farming operations. The ‘’modern’’ technologies have been widely used to enhance the productivity per acre of land to ensure that there is enough food for the increased global population. Due to the indiscriminate and erratic use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, our food and ecosystems have been poisoned. On the contrary, the integrated farming system uses the integrated approach to farming compared to monoculture approaches. It refers to agricultural systems that integrate agriculture with horticulture, livestock, fishery, agro-forestry, etc. and known as integrated bio-systems. In this system, an inter-related set of enterprises is used so that the “waste” from one component becomes an input for another part of the system. This reduces costs and improves production and/or income. 

Homestead is a small scale, supplementary food production system; it has the potential to produce high value crops including various spices condiments by and large for the household members. A typical home garden is an adjunct to the house, where selected trees, shrubs are grown, not only edible fruits / vegetables, but also for medicinal, ornamental, socioeconomic and ecological benefits. Homestead exhibit a multi tired canopy structure somewhat identical to the tropical evergreen forest formations. The vertical stratification provides a gradient in light and relative humidity, which creates different niches for enabling various spices/groups to exploit them .Mostly shade tolerant crops constitute the lower stratum, the shade intolerant trees the layer and spices with varying degree of shade tolerance in the intermediate strata .These multi strata system are structurally and functionally the closest mimics of natural forests yet attained The structural and floristic diversity of tropical home gardens are perhaps aided by the biophysical environment, socio-culture factors and economic consideration.