eChapters

10.1. Social value

Ideas which help an individual to discriminate whether a particular object or behaviour is good or bad, desirable or undesirable.

Norms: Times rules which govern the action

Normative behavior: People are expected to behave in accordance with the values held by the individual.

S.C. Dood defined the value as “desiderata” i.e., anything desired or chosen by someone, sometime.

Value may be considered as attitude-related attribute that are projected upon people, objects and situations.

This is a great Hahnemannian anti- psoric. Its action is centrifugal - from within outward - having an elective affinity for the skin, where it produces heat and burning, with itching; made worse by heat of bed. Inertia and relaxation of fibre; hence feebleness of tone chracterizes its symptoms. Ebullitions of heat, dislike of water, dry and hard hair and skin, red orifices, sinking feeling at stomach about 11.00am, cat-nap sleep; always indicate sulphur homoeopathically. Standing is the worst position for sulphur patients it is always uncomfortable. Dirty, filthy people, prone to skin affections. Aversion to being washed. When carefully selected remedies fail to act, especially in acute diseases, it frequently arouses the reactionary powers of the organism. Complaints that relapse. General offensive character of discharge and exhalations. Very red lips and face, flushing easily. Often use in beginning the treatment of chronic cases and in finishing acute ones.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
The effect of can close temperature on the resultant vacuum produced.
Principle

The unfilled volume of the hermetic (air-tight) food container usually referred to as the headspace, is a most important part of the container –contents system. In the majority of canned foods, the headspace consists of air and water vapor. Whereas a canned food would keep for a long time i.e. minimum two years of shelf life, stable, only if a certain degree of vacuum is created inside the can. The degree to which air has been extracted from a hermetic food container is measured by the pressure inside, which is referred to as vacuum. A vacuum of -101 kPa would mean that all of the gas has been expelled from the container; a vacuum of zero would mean that the pressure in the headspace is equal to atmospheric pressure. The difference between the pressure within the container and the air pressure is measured by a vacuum gauge.

What is Plant Disease Resistance and Its Mechanisms

There are two main types of plant disease resistance:

Innate Resistance (Non-Host Resistance): This is a broad-spectrum resistance that prevents most potential pathogens from infecting the plant. It is often due to the lack of essential factors required for the pathogen’s survival or the presence of preformed physical and chemical barriers.Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent or reduce the damage caused by pathogens (disease-causing organisms) like fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. It involves a complex interplay between the plant’s defense mechanisms and the pathogen’s virulence factors.

Precautions to be taken while working in the laboratory for personal safety and to prevent any hazards.
    1.    Be vaccinated against dangerous viruses viz., rabies and hepatitis B as persons can contract infection while working with these organisms.
    2.    Use eye protection viz., goggles, spectacles etc to avoid splashing microbes into the eyes. 
    3.    Do not rub eyes with contaminated hands or objects.
    4.    Do not eat or drink anything in the microbiology laboratory as it will contaminate the laboratory.

1.    The term Horticulture is derived from two Latin words  Hortus meaning = Garden and Cultura meaning = Cultivation.

2.    In ancient days the gardens had protected enclosures with high walls or similar structures surrounding the houses.

3.    The enclosed places were used to grow fruit, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants. Therefore, in original sense “Horticulture refers to cultivation of garden plant within protected enclosures”.

Definition: Horticulture is the branch of science which deals the cultivation, utilization and management of horticultural crops eg. fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantations, medicinal and aromatic plants.

Precise collection and processing of soil sample is the first and foremost step for carrying out any soil study, therefore it is essential to collect the coil sample very accurately keeping in view the variations in slope, colour and texture of the soil management aspects. Soil sampling should be avoided from non-representative sites like recently fertilized plots, bunds, channels, marshy tracts and spots near trees, wells, compost piles etc. It should be kept in mind that erroneous samples will never yield accurate result in spite of very improved method of analysis. The depth of sampling may vary according to the need of soil study and extent of rhizosphere. However, in general the sampling depth for field crops is the plough layer (0 - 15 cm) but it could be up to one meter or as per the purpose of the study. Soil samples in dry farming areas should be taken depth wise as the roots of the crops in this conditions reaches to deeper layers in search of water and nutrients.

Mainly two types of soil samples (disturbed and undisturbed) are used for determining the physical properties of soil. The disturbed soil samples are used for determination of particle size distribution, particle density, aggregation, column studies for diffusion-dispersion coefficients and soil-water diffusivity. Whereas, undisturbed (core) soil samples are used for the estimation of bulk density, porosity, retention and transmission characteristics of air and water.

FOR GROUPED DATA

Objective: The following data shows the marks of students and their frequencies find the standard deviation and its coefficient.

Introduction

Biological nitrification is a two-phase process, which consists of the oxidation of ammonia-nitrogen to nitrite-nitrogen by species of genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira and Nitrosogloea, and the subsequent oxidation of nitrite-nitrogen to nitrate-nitrogen by species of the genera Nitrobacter and Nitrocystis. The following equations explain the reaction.The importance of nitrifying organisms in soil is based on their capacity to produce nitrate, the major source of nitrogen assimilated by higher plants. The rate of nitrification is dependent on such factors as concentration of NH₄+, temperature, moisture, aeration and pH. Bacteria have their optimal activity at an alkaline reaction. Below pH 7.0 the process declines.

After independence, the Government of India realized the need of diversification in agriculture during the mid-eighties with an objective to make it more profitable through efficient land use. Due to diverse agro-climatic conditions, rich diversity in genetic resources of horticultural crops, sincere efforts through education and research, implementation of standardized technology by horticulturist in the field has achieved not only the production, productivity and export of horticultural produce but also the food and nutritional security. Such horticulture development in India is proudly said as “Golden Revolution”. Horticulture is also said to be a sunrise industry as it has potential to raise farm income, provide livelihood security and earn foreign exchange through export.

The horticulture industry is now expanding in many commercial sectors such as cultivation, production, post-harvest handling, processing, marketing, etc. Horticulture crops are grown on an area of 10% of India’s gross cropped area, as compared to over 50% of the area under food grains production. 

Estrus is referred to as the period of estrous cycle during which the female animal allows the male for mating. It is the period of estrous cycle during which insemination is done to female animal so that the animal will become pregnant. During estrus, cow usually seeks out the male and ’stands’ for him to mate her. In all domestic species, Ovulation occurs during this phase of the cycle but in case of cow, ovulation occurs about 12 hours after the end of estrus period.

Objective
After performing this experiment you will be able to learn:
Thermal Shock Resistance in Glass.

Principle

Thermal shock occurs when different parts of an object expand at different rates due to a thermal gradient. This differential expansion creates stress or strain within the material. If this stress exceeds the material's strength, it can lead to the formation of cracks. If these cracks are not stopped from propagating, they can cause the material to fail structurally. Thermal shock is quantified by the temperature difference between the heated temperature T1 and the cold water bath temperature T2 to which the object is subsequently exposed, which can reveal any cracks or damage.

Purpose of Thermal Shock Test

Glass items often experience significant temperature changes during normal use, and the thermal shock test is designed to ensure their resistance to such conditions. For example, moving a casserole dish from a hot oven to a cool countertop might be enough to cause it to break. This test evaluates the quality, durability, and strength of glass packaging materials used for both solid and liquid food products.

The history of nanotechnology in the modern world dates back to 1959 when American physicist Richard Feynman inspired the scientific community in his lecture “There is a plenty of rooms at the bottom”. Research on nanosized particles dramatically developed into an important field of modern research with potential effects in electronics to medicine and recently in agriculture and food industry.

Nanoparticles exhibit unique properties in terms of chemical, physical, photoelectrochemical and electronic properties when compared to their respective bulk materials. The applications of these nanosized particles are defined in a bigger ways in the field of Biotechnology. All these applications require custom based synthesis methods for specific applications.

Objective: To check the integrity of isolated RNA on agarose gel.

Background information:

The most common method used to assess the integrity of total RNA is to run RNA sample on agarose gel (denaturing) stained with ethidium bromide (EtBr). While native (non-denaturing) gels can be used, the results can be difficult to interpret. The secondary structure of RNA alters its migration pattern in nativegels so that it will not migrate according to its true size. Nondenaturing conditions also result in bands that are not as sharp, and even multiple bands representing different structures of a single RNA species.

Intact total RNA run on a denaturing gel will have sharp, clear 28S and 18S rRNA bands (eukaryotic samples). The 28S rRNA band should be approximately twice as intense as the 18S rRNA band. This 2:1 ratio (28S:18S) is a good indication that the RNA is completely intact. Partially degraded RNA will have a smeared appearance, will lack the sharp rRNA bands, or will not exhibit the 2:1 ratio of high quality RNA. Completely degraded RNA will appear as a smear (having very low mw). Inclusion of RNA size markers on the gel will determine the band size or smears size and will also serve as a good control for ensuring proper gel run. Note: Poly selected samples will not contain strong rRNA bands and will appear as a smear from approximately 6 kb to 0.5 kb (resulting from the population of mRNAs, and depending on exposure times and conditions), with the area between 1.5 and 2 kb being the most intense (this smear is sometimes apparent in total RNA samples as well).

The various systems of training the vines adopted in the vine-growing centres in India are as follows:

1. Head system
2. Bower system
3. Kniffin system
4. Overhead trellis

COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION:

The most important of all the relative measure of dispersion is the coefficient of variation. This word is variation not variance. There is no such thing as coefficient of variance. The coefficient of variation( C.V.) is defined

Aim

To determine the area of the given field by radiation method using a prismatic compass.

Materials required

Prismatic Compass

Tripod

Measuring tape

Arrows

Ranging Rods

12.1. Women in Agriculture

Women are actively involved in various agricultural activities.

Introduction

Phosphate solubilising microorganisms include different groups of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, which convert insoluble phosphatic compounds into soluble form. The species of Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Penicillium, Fusarium, Sclerotium, Aspergillus and others have been reported to be active in bioconversion. Such bacteria and fungi can grow in media where Ca₃(PO₄) ₂, FePO₄, AlPO₄, apatite, bone meal, rock phosphate or similar insoluble phosphate compounds are the sole source of phosphate. Such microorganisms not only assimilate phosphorus but they also cause a large portion of soluble phosphate to be released in quantities in excess of their own requirements. The solubilisation is not restricted to calcium salts but iron

The profitability of poultry farming primarily depends on reduction in feed cost, which can be achieved by utilizing optimum concentrations of energy and crude protein (CP) from economically viable and nutritionally balanced feed ingredients. Soya bean meal (SBM) is conventionally used as a source of protein in poultry diet. However, the shortage and escalating cost of this prime protein source makes poultry farming uneconomical in many developing countries. Continuous efforts are, therefore, is on in search of viable alternate protein feed ingredients for SBM.