eChapters

Introduction

Fermented meat and fish products have been consumed all over the world since times immemorial and represent one of the most important groups of food. Meat offers its own natural microflora. Hence a wide variety of products have been prepared since ancient times by varying the mixture of meat and salt as well as by the addition of spices and seasonings. Thus, fermented meat products characterize a diversity of flavors and textures and are receiving increased interest from consumers all over the world. Most of these products still depend mainly on local, traditional manufacturing processes since little scientific information is available; but scientific knowledge is very important for consistent production of high quality and safe products.

Meat is an essential part of non-vegetarian diet. It is liked for its unique taste and is a rich source of nutrients like good quality animal proteins, essential amino acids and fatty acids, minerals, trace elements and particularly B-complex vitamins (Singh et al., 2013). The growing concern of consumers regarding health and safety issues has led to the development of functional meat products that promote health and well-being, beyond their nutritional benefits (Grasso, et al., 2014; Tyopponen et al., 2003). This has driven researches in the meat processing sector to increase their efforts in producing such functional meat products, which have incorporated functional ingredients, reduced salt, nitrates/nitrites, cholesterol and fat and modified product fatty acid profiles (Zhang et al., 2010). Fermentation of meat produces a wide range of physical, biochemical and microbial changes in the muscle-based product

1. Fish flesh contains 15-20% protein.

2. Fish meal is a good source of Vitamin B.

3. Fish meal is also a good source of some trace elements which is referred as unknown growth factors.

4. Wet rendering & dry rendering are the methods of preparing fish meal.

5. Moisture level of the wet rendered fish is about 8 + (- 10)%

6. Stick water = 5.6% of fish solids + 94% of water +0.4% of oil.

7. Albumin is also present in stick water.

8. In direct driers = outlet temperature is maintained as 80 - 100 deg * C inlet temperature is maintained as high as 600 - 800 deg * C

9. Dryers typically designed to dry the wet meal to around 9-10% of moisture content.

10. Plastics are chosen for packaging for its oxygen impermeability.

11. Fish protein concentrate is a stable fish protein prepared from whole

Fish are of great economic value for man. In addition to it is an important item of food and provides several important by – products also which are as :

1) Fish oil

The most important fish by product industry is fish oil which acts as a vehicle for fat soluble vitamins i.e. A, D, E and K, and source of essential faty acids.

The oil of fish is categorized into two main types as the fish liver oil and fish body oil.

The oil abstained from the whole body of fish is called as body oil and is poor in vitamin contents.

The oil abstained from the only liver of the fish is called as the liver oil, and is good quantity of vitamins.

The body oil is less valuable as compared to the liver of the fish.

1. Father of caning Nicholas apart

2. Tin canister invented by Peter Durand

3. Father of modern canning Bryon Dorkin

4. Pure food act - 1906

5. Invention of pressure retort-1874

6. Double seaming machine invented in - 1890

7. OTS can invented in 1904

8. The first Indian canning industry was constructed in 1911 at chaliyam, Kerala

9. PH above 5.3 food known as low acid food

10. PH 4.5-5.3-known as medium acid food

Takes clean, washed and edible fish-50-100 g for each method of cooking. And cook the fish according to the methods given table and record the characteristics of cooked fish.

1. In India roughly curing preserves 20% of the fish caught.

2. Salt curing is an important and one of the most widely adopted method of fish preservation.

3. Higher salt content prevents the growth of normal spoilage micro flora in the fish.

4. Salted fish reduced to biscuit cure in drying kilns.

5. Sodium chloride diffuses through the fish flesh by a dialysis mechanism & water will diffuse to the outside due to the osmotic pressure between the brine and fish muscle solution.

6. Gaspe curing is practiced in aboard, originated in eastern Canada.

7. Dry salting ratio is 1:3 to 1:10 (salt: fish).

8. Yield of dry salting is about 35-40%

9. The shelf life of the dry salted fish is about 6-10 weeks.

10. The moisture content of the wet salted fish is about 50-55%.

INTRODUCTION

Ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation are well recognized as essential to human well-being and have become a policy priority. India is gifted with a large coastline and vast stretches of coastal wetlands. The estuaries and back waters which may include mangroves, mud flats, bays etc. extend over a large part of the Indian coasts. The mangrove ecosystem functions as a habitat for nurseries, thus benefiting fishers in the food chain (Mumby et al., 2004; Venkatachalam et al., 2018). Mangrove habitats increase the survival ratio of young fish that migrate to other offshore habitats when they mature, resulting in the enrichment of fish biomass in adjacent mangrove areas (Mumby et al., 2004; Aburto-Oropeza et al., 2008). Mangroves enhance fish production by providing food and shelter to fishery resources. Mangrove forests are highly productive, with average primary productivity level similar to that of tropical terrestrial forests (Alongi, 2009). Therefore, mangrove loss could have a devastating effect on fishery outcomes. The estimated fish catch is up to 70% higher in mangrove areas than in non-mangrove areas (Das, 2017).

NATURE OF MANGROVE FORESTS

Mangroves are amongst the most productive marine ecosystems on the Earth, providing a unique habitat opportunity for many species and key goods and significant services for human beings. They are salt tolerant plants, and are found distributed growing in estuaries, lagoons, backwaters and bays at the land-sea interface in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mangroves thrive on low-oxygen through the breathing roots or pneumatophores that are used for respiration. They need freshwater for their growth and so they live at the sea edge, they must remove the salts from the water that is taken in by the roots.

INTRODUCTION

Fish live in a variety of watery habitats and comprise around 50% of all vertebrate species worldwide. There are approximately 21,723 known living fish species out of a total of 39,900 vertebrate species, with 8,411 found in freshwater habitats and 11,650 in marine environments (Jayaram, 1999). Fish are used as markers of contamination and contribute significantly to the preservation of human history and welfare, either directly or indirectly. According to Mittermeier et al. (1997), India ranks eighth in the world for freshwater biodiversity, making it one of the nations with significant biodiversity. There are over 2,500 fish species in India; roughly 930 of them are found in freshwater environments, and roughly 1570 are found in marine ones (Kar et al., 2006).

Fish diversity is particularly rich in the northeastern part of the nation; studies have shown that there are 267 freshwater fish species from 114 genera distributed over 38 families and 10 orders (Mahanta et al., 2003). Fish plays a crucial role in Assam's cuisine, where a wide range of fish species may be found in the region's floodplain wetlands because of the subtropical climate, favorable ecological and topographical circumstances, and inherent capacity for stocking. Assam's waters, including its wetlands, are home to around 217 fish species, representing 104 genera, 37 families, and 10 orders, according to Goswami & Singha (2023). Assam's lakes and marshes are vital for supplying the state's domestic fish needs, fostering economic growth, and giving the general public access to fairly priced food. In Maguri Beel, several fish are in danger of going extinct because of pollution, habitat damage, and the introduction of non-native species, overexploitation and human activity (Moyle & Moyle, 1995; Malakar & Boruah, 2017). The 2020 oil spill incident might have had a major impact on the variety of the ichthyofauna's composition. To address the same, a comparison of the same with earlier research is desperately needed. As a result, the current study intends to examine the fish variety of Maguri Motapung Beel, close to Motapung Village in the Tinsukia region of Assam and Dibru-Saikhowa National Park.

1. Indian Major carps belongs to which family?

 a) Cobitidae

c) Ariidae

b) Cyprinidae

 d) Clupeidae

2. Body of carps is covered by which scales?

 a) Placoid

b) Ganoid

 c) Cycloid

3. Family cyprinidae includes......

 a) Catla catla

c) Cirrhina mrigala

d) Ctenoid

 b) Labeo rohita

 d) All of these

4. Selection criteria for cultivable fish includes .........

 a) It should have a fast growth rate

 b) It should be a hardy and resistant to disease

 c) Its flesh should be tasteful and with high nutritive value

 d) All of these

5. Why carps are suitable for culture?

 a) They can tolerate low oxygen content

 b) They have fast growth rate

 c) They feed on plankton,decaying weeds and debris

 d) All of these

Introduction
Understanding the diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of fish species is crucial for devising effective conservation strategies for fisheries resources. Fish distribution patterns are influenced by factors such as dispersal mechanisms, environmental tolerance, and historical factors, while aquatic organisms are directly impacted by variables like climate, land use, geological features, vegetation, topography, and water chemistry fluctuations (Carter et al., 1980; Wiley et al., 1997). Fish represent the most abundant class of vertebrates, comprising nearly half of all vertebrate species globally, with diverse characteristics in terms of size, biology, morphology, and habitat preferences (Kour et al., 2015). Freshwater ecosystems, which account for 68.7% of the world's cold water fisheries, are particularly significant, especially in regions like the Himalayas, where they support vital aquatic life and offer economic opportunities through aquaculture (Fricke et al., 2023). Cold water fish species, predominantly belonging to the Cyprinidontiformes order, are particularly abundant and important in these ecosystems (Fricke et al., 2023). The biological diversity of the planet, including its freshwater ecosystems, has long been a subject of fascination and study (Joshi et al., 2013). India is ranked ninth in the world for freshwater biodiversity, with over 2,500 fish species, 930 of which are unique to freshwater environments. India has been recognized as one of the mega-diversity countries of the world (Mittemeier and Mittemeier, 1997; Jayaram, 2010). The Himalayan region alone contributes approximately 17% of India's fish population (Ghosh, 1997). This chapter aims to comprehensively understand the diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of fish species in the Kashmir Valley. By examining key factors influencing fish distribution patterns—such as dispersal mechanisms, environmental tolerance, climate, land use, geological features, vegetation, topography, and water chemistry—we seek to develop effective conservation strategies for fisheries resources. Given the significance of freshwater ecosystems, especially in cold-water regions like the Himalayas, this study will shed light on the ecological and economic importance of these habitats. Additionally, by documenting the diversity and distribution of fish species in the Kashmir Valley, this chapter aims to contribute to the broader understanding of freshwater biodiversity, inform conservation policies, and support sustainable management practices for India's rich fisheries resources.

Three years after the establishment of the Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), a global conference was held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for promoting environmentally sustainable development in all spheres of human activity. At this UN Conference on Environment and Development, generally referred to as the Earth Summit, an Agenda 21 was adopted to provide guidelines for mainstreaming ecology in all major research and development programmes. In Agenda 21, pride of place has been given to the management of aquatic resources from both the quantitative and qualitative aspects. 2012 marks the twentieth anniversary of the Rio conference.  It will be useful to prepare a balance sheet indicating where we have succeeded and where we have failed in implementing Agenda 21 in the area of inland and marine fisheries, as well as integrated coastal zone management.

Finfish and aquatic invertebrates are part of Fish Genetic Resources (FiGR) that has actual or potential value for culture and capture fisheries. Fish as a group, have the highest species diversity among all the vertebrate taxa. Out of 62,305 species of vertebrates recognized world over, 32,064 (~ 52%) are valid fish species; of which, the great majority (97%) are bony fishes, mainly teleosts; and the remaining (3%) are cartilaginous fishes (sharks & rays) and jawless fishes (lampreys and hagfishes) (Eschmeyer and Fricke, 2012). India is blessed with vast fishery resources, like exclusive economic zone (2.02 m sq. km), coast line (8,129 km), ponds and tanks (2.254 m ha), beels, ox-bow lakes and swamps (1.3 m ha), reservoirs (2.90 m ha), rivers and canals (173,287 km), brackish water (1.235 m ha) (Ayyappan et al., 2011). The country is fortunate to possess vast and varied fish genetic resources in different aquatic ecosystems and being home to 7.84% of global finfish diversity, with 3535 species of fish, of which 3035 are native species, representing 46 orders, 252 families and 1,018 genera. The 500 exotic fishes are also covered and majority of them are of ornamental fishes. Out of the 3035 native fishes, 1016 are freshwater, 113 are brackish water and 1906 are marine species and at least 258 species are of commercially important (NBFGR, 2016-17). India harbours a rich diversity of fishes and four out of 34 biodiversity hotspot areas of the world. The biodiversity hotspots i.e. the Western Ghats and North East India harbours maximum endemic freshwater fishes. The Western Ghats harboring about 306 finfishes out of which nearly 69% are endemic to the region (Gopalakrishnan and Ponniah, 2000). Likewise North East India, another biodiversity hotspot area, harbors about 240 fin fishes and nearly 40% are endemic to the region (Sarkar et al. 2012). In the past one and half decades more than 50 new species were described from these areas and more than 10 new species were described from the marine environment.

1. Genetics is a branch of science which deals with study of heredity variation among related organism.

2. UK established the Institute of the Biotechnology.

3. ICGEB-international center for genetic engineering and biotechnology which has two center India and Italy.

4. When cross is made between two parents differing in two characters known as dihybrid cross.

5. Mendel's first law Law of segregation.

6. Mendel's second law law of independent assortment.

7. When F, cross with its parent it is known as back cross.

8. When F, cross with recessive parent is called as test cross.

9. Monohybrid test cross gives 1:1 phenotype.

10. Dihybrid test cross gives 1:1:1:1 phenotype ratio.

33.1 Introduction

World fisheries face the threats of overfishing and climate change that have resulted in the extinction of genetically unique stocks and loss of genetic diversity. Genomics has brought new tools that can help address fundamental questions in fisheries management such as stock identification, population structure, and adaptive response to environmental change (Bernatchez et al, 2017).

1. Introduction

Starting a fish hatchery has the potential to be a profitable endeavor with substantial income growth. Fish hatcheries are essential to the aquaculture sector because they breed and raise fish for a variety of uses, including commercial operations, recreational fishing, and stocking. This business has numerous advantages such as the opportunity for sustainable production methods, consistent demand for fish products, and very low initial investment expenses. Furthermore, fish hatcheries offer a practical way to address the growing global demand for seafood while also promoting economic development and job creation in nearby communities. The context for discussing the benefits and potential of establishing a fish hatchery as a way to double revenue was established by this introduction. In an established fish hatchery, fish eggs are produced and reared under carefully monitored circumstances in preparation for their eventual release into the wild or transfer to aquaculture farms. The potential of fish hatcheries to double income is examined in this introduction, which also emphasizes important aspects such as market demand, sustainability, technological improvements, and financial feasibility.

Introduction
Fish raised in cold water fisheries are species that flourish in temperatures usually below 20°C. To increase fish production and provide jobs for the local population, cold water fisheries have been established throughout India. One important region in India where cold-water fisheries have been effectively Exclusively Distributed by NIPA GENX Electronic Resources and Solution Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi established is Himachal Pradesh. There are plenty of cold-water rivers and streams in this area that are perfect for fish farming. To encourage cold water fisheries, the state government has launched several programmes, including financing for the construction of fish farms and the purchase of supplies and equipment. The most often farmed fish species in Himachal Pradesh's cold water fisheries are brown trout, rainbow trout, and mahseer (Bhat et al., 2023). India is well known for its cold-water fish, which are highly prized for their flavour. In addition to Himachal Pradesh, other states that have embraced cold-water fisheries include Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. However, obstacles to their growth include restricted market access, a lack of technological know-how, and inadequate infrastructure. The many cold-water fisheries in northern and northeastern India demonstrate the region's enormous potential despite these obstacles (Pandey et al., 2021).
These fisheries support a variety of fish species that have evolved to live in colder waters. With an approximate length of 2,500 km, the Himalayas stretch from Nanga Parbat (8,126 m) in the west to Namcha Barwa (7,756 m) in the east, encompassing an area of 594,400 km². Its western boundary is the high plateau of Tibet; its northern boundary is the Karakoram Mountains; the range's southern and northern limits are separated by 200–400 km. The Siwaliks, the lesser and Greater Himalayas, and the Trans-Himalaya run parallel to each other from south to north and are identified by their physiographic features and geological histories. With a combined catchment area of around 160,000 km², the Indus and Brahmaputra are the longest of the nineteen major rivers that meander through the Himalayas. When these rivers emerge from the mountains; many of them pass through wide valleys. According to Shinn et al. (2015), the distribution of fish species in Himalayan streams is influenced by variables such as flow velocity, substratum type, water temperature, and the availability of food. The intensification of aquaculture systems has resulted in the appearance of new pathogens and a greater dependence on antibiotics and other supplements, which threaten the health of fish, humans, and the environment (Watts et al., 2017). Aquaculture faces a great deal of difficulty due to diseases, which result in large production losses that surpass six billion USD annually (Bhat et al., 2023). According to estimates, 10–50% of aquaculture production expenses are related to disease management (Sahoo et al., 2017). This book chapter provides a brief overview of some prevalent parasite, viral, and bacterial diseases that have been linked to temperate and cold-water aquaculture, along with information on potential remedies and preventative measures. Commonly disease found in fish are presented in (Table 1, 2 and 3).

Ornamental fishes are very prone to diseases due to their captive habitat. Fish health management is an important issue of concern at all the ornamental fish production facility. Proper water quality is required to be maintained in the aquarium for the good health of the fish. However, the chance of infection in these fishes is very high. Many limiting factors viz. water quality, over crowding, nutritionally imbalance food, rapid fluctuation in water temperature, lack of oxygen or poor husbandry practices influence the health status of the stock. The symptoms/signs indicate whether the fish is suffering from a particular disease or not. If the fish are observed to be swimming actively and there is no noticeable abnormality in the behaviour, it means there is nothing to worry about the health of the fish in the aquarium. On the other hand, diseased fish may look off colour, restless and/or behave erratically. In such a situation, the fish should be closely observed for visible infection and remedial measures should be taken immediately. Stock improvement in terms of disease prevention must be a top priority issue. In order to achieve healthy fish species, it is necessary to have a health management protocols in every farming practices.

Introduction

Fisheries play an important role in our national economy by providing a quality source of protein thus ensuring nutritional security of our people, foreign exchange and employment for about 14 million people. The ocean is continuously subjected to enormous stress through utilization of the marine resources and preservation of biodiversity is often ignored. Precautionary use of living aquatic resources in harmony with the environment leads to responsible fisheries and moreover it’s our responsibility to make fishery wealth as perennial as possible and adoption of responsible method of fishing can take us to a prosperous future. Though various fishing techniques are in practice, line fishing using baited hooks or artificial jigs is an effective method to capture predatory fishes. The catch obtained by line fishing is generally of high quality and commercial value with minimal environmental impact. The supply of fish is highly seasonal, leading to price fluctuations across regions and seasons, even within a day and being exploited by middlemen resulting in reduced welfare of fishermen. The existence of traditionally been highly unorganized and unregulated marketing system is the prime reason for its inefficiency. Various attempts have been made to overcome this problem by fishermen group as well as government agencies in India. But, these kinds of efforts have largely been confined to a few small locations and were highly scattered. Unlike poultry or dairy industry, innovations in fish marketing have not been on a macro level (Ganesh, et al., 2008). Against this background, the study has attempted to have a better understanding the innovative fish marketing practices being adopted by people institutions called “Sangams” in Kombuthurai fishing village and to draw lessons for upscaling and to promote such successful institutions in a similar socio-politico-economic scenario in other parts of the country as well for efficient fish marketing system.

1. Feed costs 40-60% of the operational cost of the aquaculture systems.

2. Nutrition consists of diet (what you take in) and metabolism (what happens to it after it enters your body).

3. Types of nutrients: 6 (water, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamin and minerals).

4. Organic nutrients - Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins and Vitamins.

5. Inorganic nutrients - Minerals.

6. Energy yielding nutrients Protein, Fat and Carbohydrates.

7. Non-Energy yielding nutrients - Vitamin and Mineral.

8. Lower protein requirement - Herbivores and omnivores.

9. Higher protein requirement - Carnivores.

10. Average calorific values for protein-5.65 Kcal/g.

39.1 Introduction

Like all other animals, fish are also subjected to certain diseases. This is one of the most important problems confronting a fish culturist. Diseases at times may take the form of epidemics. The occurrence and magnitude of infections and diseases are closely related to the sanitary conditions prevalent in the water and also the general health of the fish.

1. B / R = Biomass per recruit.

2. CPUE Catch Per Unit Effort.

3. E max = Exploitation level which maximizes Y/R.

4. F = Effort.

5. F = rate of fishing mortality.

6. F max = Fishing Mortality generating maximum yield per recruit.

7. F MSY = Fishing effort generating MSY.

8. H = natural mortality factor in Jone's length based cohort analysis.

9. K = parameter of VBGF.

10. Ln =log e , logarithm of base e; Neperian logarithm.

1. Carotenoid act as antioxidant

2. The energy source for ATP generation in the light muscle is glycogen

3. Dark muscle contain much more mitochondria than the light muscle

4. Phospholipid also called as structural lipid

5. Light muscle mostly generating energy by the anaerobic metabolism

6. The triglyceride are known as the depot fat

7. Cod contain less than 1% lipid

8. Lean fish contain 6% of the cholesterol of the total lipid

9. Squalene also known as diacetyl alkyl glycerol

10. Shark liver oil contain minimum 80% of the lipid as un saponifiable substances

11. In marine fish fatty acid constitute only around 2% of the lipid

7.1 Introduction

Fisheries are emerging as one of the fastest growing food production system all-over the world. The potential for fisheries development world over and especially in India is highly promising in view of physical and biological resources available coupled with technological development. The demand for fish fishery products is ever increasing as the awareness of health benefits are being made available to public at large. The world fish production has not kept pace with demand which means less and less fish is available. Nevertheless, a large fraction of this valuable commodity is wasted due to deterioration after landing or consumer preference. An estimate by FAO [1] indicates nearly 20-25% of the total catches are wasted as postharvest loss. Better utilization of aquatic resources should therefore, aim primarily at reducing this enormous loss by improving preservation of fish and fishery products and upgrading the discarded low value fish to high value fishery products. The processing of fish into different types of products generates considerable waste. Commercially, fish is being processed into fillets, steaks, mince, canned products and a variety of ready-to-eat products. Fish processing plants contributes substantial wastes in the form of skins, bones, offal, exoskeletons from shrimps and nutrients in wash water from surimi plants.

Fish processing waste utilization is an important issue for the seafood industry both from a regulatory standpoint as well as one that has potential economic impacts. It is estimated that only 25-50% of the raw material is utilized for primary products (fillets, canned and stabilized mince production). The remaining 50-75% of the raw material is considered processing waste and is utilized for low-value products or disposed-off at sea. A large volume of solid waste is currently processed into fish meal, fish protein hydrolysates, and fertilizers. A small percentage is processed into higher valued items, such as, seafood flavourants, colourants, chitosan, enzymes, etc.

Introduction

Fish is a renewable natural resource. It is a significant part of the domestic food supply which amount of foreign exchange. Export of fish and fish products has expanded very significantly. Fish earns increasing farming is an important component of India’s rural economy. Inland fisheries including rivers and ponds produce about 35 to 40 percent of the total fish harvest of the country. Fresh water aquaculture belongs to the unorganised traditional sector, which consists of many socio economically weak fishermen and small-scale fish farming units that use traditional methods of fish culture. Fish farming faces dual problem of conservation and development. Conservation may be defined as an approach to resource management that seeks to leave fish resources relatively untouched. Development on the other hand amounts to the use and modification of fish resources. It may involve transformation of fish resources. It is considered as a renewable resources because with proper management it can be made to yield direct services indefinitely into the future. But its renewability does not imply that it is free from pressing problem of over exploitation and total depletion.

1. Protein solubility depends up on the amino acids composition

2. Viscosity is influenced by protein solubility & swelling capacity

3. Thermodynamically unstable mixture of immiscible liquid are called as emulsion

4. Emulsion capacity based on the hydro pobisity charecters of myosin

5. Foam is the analogous to the emulsion

6. Protein solubility is the key requisite for foam formation

7. My of ibrilar are the largest water holding filament

8. Cross linking of protein polymer called Gelation

9. Important key characteristics for gel forming ability is freshness of the fish

10. Margarine produces the golden yellow colour

1. Introduction

Aquaculture is a thriving industry that contributes significantly to the economy by creating employment, sustenance, and nutrition owing to diverse resources and possibilities. Aquaculture is experiencing rapid growth as the swiftest food production sector is expanding, with an annual increase exceeding 8%. Fish production reached an estimated level of 16.25 million metric tons (MMT) (MPEDA). In the dynamic realm of aquaculture, the application of fish therapeutics is important for maintaining the health and productivity of fish populations. As the industry strives to meet the escalating global demand for seafood, understanding the nuances of fish therapeutics is crucial. This article explores the diverse techniques employed in fish health management, delving into their applications and advantages while simultaneously addressing the inherent limitations that pose challenges to sustainable aquaculture practices. Navigating through these complexities is essential to forge a path towards effective, ethical, and environmentally responsible fish therapeutics in the ever-evolving landscape of aquaculture.

Fish-Cattle Integrated Farming blends aquaculture with cattle husbandry, fostering a mutually beneficial system where animal waste supports fish production. This integration increases productivity, cuts costs, and provides diverse income and food sources. Organisms resulting from indirect feeding are protein-rich (50–60% dry weight), so carbohydrate-based agricultural waste like rice bran can serve as direct feed. This blend of indirect and direct feeding—animal manure plus agricultural by-products—enhances fish yields. Jhingran and Khan (1979) found that an initial application of 10,000– 15,000 kg/ha of cow dung is a cost-effective way to fertilize ponds. Staggered applications—10,000 kg/ha 15 days before stocking and 5,000 kg/ha 7 days after— sustain plankton productivity. Adding 1 kg/ha manganese (MnSO?.H?O) following 20 kg/ha P?O? also boosts plankton growth. For nursery ponds, a fertilizer mix includes 150 kg of superphosphate, 50 kg of triple phosphate, 700 kg of cow dung or equivalent, and 700 kg of oilcake, all turned into a paste and spread across the pond. It is then inoculated with 30–50 ml of Daphnia and Moina. Two days after stocking, 350 kg oilcake and 87.5 kg cattle dung/ha are applied. At the Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, rearing ponds were treated with 11,230 kg/ha cow dung 10 days before stocking. A mix of ammonium sulphate, superphosphate, and calcium ammonium nitrate in a ratio of 11:5:1 was applied at 690 kg/ha two months post-stocking. For production ponds, the advised input includes 1000+ kg cattle dung, 560– 1200 kg poultry manure, and 5000 kg green compost/ha. The standard inorganic fertilizer mix is N:P:K = 18:8:4. CIFRI reports good results from combined application of 20,000–25,000 kg cow dung/ha/year (in 7–11 doses) with ammonium sulphate + superphosphate + calcium nitrate (1380–1725 kg/ha/year in 4–10 doses).

Ducks serve as natural or “biological” aerators in integrated farming systems. In India, they are typically raised in inexpensive shelters constructed on the pond embankments. Ducks contribute to aquaculture not only by splashing water with their webbed feet—thus enhancing aeration—but also by controlling aquatic weeds, insects, mollusks, and tadpoles. Their droppings act as organic manure, significantly boosting the pond’s primary productivity. For achieving a targeted production level of over 3,500 kg/ha, a combination of six fish species—Catla (20%), Silver carp (20%), Rohu (20%), Mrigal (15%), Grass carp (10%), and Common carp (15%)—should be stocked at a density of 8,000 to 8,500 fingerlings/ha. This integrated model is suitable for grow-out and stocking ponds where fish are above 12 grams in weight (Figure). The adoption of integrated fish-and-duck farming can significantly boost fish yields in both seasonal and perennial ponds—from an average of 200–500 kg/ ha to 1,000–4,000 kg/ha. For example, this system achieved a fish production of

36.1 Introduction

Migration refers to the long-distance movement of fish from one location to another in search of food or breeding. It involves a temporary or permanent absence from one’s home range and the establishment of a residence in another. It is one of the most remarkable and fascinating characteristics of fish. It is the mass movement of fish from one body of water to another. It entails longer-duration movements of schools of fish than those seen during normal daily activities.

In fish–pig integrated farming, pig manure plays a vital role in enriching pond soil and supplying essential nutrients to fertilize the water. A fish–pig integrated system using 80 pigs and 20,000 fish fingerlings per hectare of water shad achieved a fish yield of approximately 6.8 tons/ha/year. Even with a pig manure application rate of 31.25 kg per day, the pond’s dissolved oxygen levels remained above 3 mg/l, ensuring a healthy aquatic environment. Another report shows a net fish yield of 2.4 tons/ha/year by applying 1,080 cubic meters of liquid pig manure. Over eight months, a single pig contributes approximately 1.2 tons of feces and urine (wet weight), from piglet to adult stage. Indian studies revealed a total fish production of 2,219 kg/ha/year in ponds fertilized with pig manure. Generally, 35–40 pigs are considered adequate to fertilize a 1-hectare pond. Fish yields in such systems typically range between 2,000 to 5,000 kg/ha within a six-month culture period. In integrated pig–fish farming, pigs are raised either in sties built on the pond embankment or close to the pond, allowing pig waste to either drain directly into the water or be manually applied. Pig dung serves as a highly effective organic fertilizer, enhancing pond productivity by boosting biological activity, which in turn increases fish yield. Additionally, fish consume pig excreta directly, as nearly 70% of it remains digestible and nutritionally beneficial to them. This system eliminates the need for supplementary fish feed and external fertilization, which typically make up about 60% of the operational costs in fish farming. As a result, overall expenses are significantly reduced. Fish–pig integration holds particular importance for improving the livelihoods of economically weaker sections, especially rural and tribal communities that traditionally rear pigs.

Poultry–fish integrated farming utilizes poultry droppings—especially from fully built-up litter—as a valuable input for fish culture. In this system, birds like chickens, ducks, or geese are reared in close proximity to or directly above fish ponds, allowing their excreta to either fertilize the water or serve as direct feed for fish. This integration offers multiple advantages. Poultry excreta is nutrient-dense due to the short digestive tract of birds, making it highly efficient as a low-cost fertilizer. Moreover, poultry manure is relatively low in moisture, fiber, and tannins—substances that can otherwise discolor water—thus making it suitable for aquatic environments. Poultry manure acts as both an organic and inorganic fertilizer, significantly enhancing pond productivity. In one case, fish yields of up to 670 kg/ha were achieved over three months without any supplemental feeding by using poultry manure alone. On average, each bird produces around 40 grams of manure per day. Manure from 250–300 laying hens or 150–200 broilers can yield 3–4 tons of fish annually when recycled into a one-hectare pond. The manure helps break down inedible matter into high-quality natural fish feed by stimulating microbial activity in the water and sediment. These microbes, in turn, enhance nutrient cycling and support the production of plankton— primary food sources for fish.
Fresh chicken manure typically contains:
• Nitrogen: 1.6%
• Phosphorus (P?O?): 1.5%
• Potassium (K?O): 0.9%
• Protein content: Approximately 20–30%

Integrated fish farming involves the simultaneous cultivation of fish alongside other organisms, such as plants or animals, with the primary goal of achieving maximum yield using minimal resources in a shorter period. One notable form of this practice is Rice–Fish farming, which entails raising fish within the same land area used for rice cultivation. This method yields significantly higher productivity compared to rice cultivation alone.
Traditionally, the practice involved digging several small ditches in the rice fields and adding tree branches or bushes to create artificial habitats for wild fish. Occasionally, Carpio fry were stocked. However, the production levels were quite low—around 50 kg per hectare.
Since the 1990s, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have actively promoted Rice–Fish farming, enhancing it to include both nursery-stage and tablesize fish production. Additionally, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawn) is now cultured to increase profits and diversify outputs. Common species used in modern Rice–Fish systems include Labeo rohita (Rui), Catla catla (Catla), Cirrhina mrigala (Mrigel), Cyprinus carpio (both common and mirror carp), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp), Tilapia species, Thai barb (Puntius gonionotus), and M. rosenbergii. Yields have improved significantly under this system, reaching approximately 200 kg per hectare, much higher than in traditional setups.
PADDY-CUM-FISH CULTURE MODELS (SIMULTANEOUS & ROTATIONAL)
In rice fields that remain waterlogged for 3 to 8 months annually, fish often find their way into the waters naturally. This likely led to the practice of intentional stocking and harvesting of fish in paddy fields. The age-old method of trapping fish and prawns using cloths like gamcha or dhoti in fallow fields is still common in India.

Fish–vegetable integrated farming, commonly known as aquaponics, merges aquaculture (fish cultivation) and hydroponics (soilless plant cultivation) into a unified, self-sustaining system. In this closed-loop setup, nutrient-rich water from fish tanks—containing waste primarily in the form of ammonia—is circulated through plant beds. Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates, which are then absorbed by the plants. In turn, the purified water flows back to the fish tanks, creating a balanced environment that reduces waste and supports year-round production of both fish and vegetables. The success of this system depends on maintaining equilibrium between fish density, feed levels, and plant biomass. Common fish choices include tilapia, catfish, carp, and ornamental species, all of which adapt well to variable temperature and pH conditions. Lettuce, leafy vegetables, herbs (such as basil and mint), and vining crops (like tomatoes and cucumbers) flourish in this nutrientrich water. By pairing robust fish with quick-growing, high-value crops, farmers can boost productivity and income. One major benefit of aquaponics is efficient water use. These systems use up to 90% less water compared to traditional soil farming or separate fish ponds. Because the system recirculates water and prevents run-off, losses from evaporation or transpiration are minimized. Additionally, the absence of soil means no exposure to soil-related pests, diseases, or nutrient leaching. Plant roots act as natural filters, helping to remove ammonia, nitrites, and suspended particles, which ensures a healthier environment for fish. These systems are also energy-efficient and scalable. Small-scale units can be installed on rooftops or in backyards to feed households, while larger installations—especially in greenhouses—can support commercial production.

Introduction

Fisheries represent an important and fast growing food production sector in India that contributes more than 1% to the National GDP and 4.7% to the agricultural GDP. With an annual production of about 7 million tonnes from marine and inland waters, the country is the 3rd fish producer in the world and the 2nd largest producer of inland fish, next only to China. With a coastline of 8,129 km and EEZ of 2.02 sq km, our marine fish production is to the tune of 2.95 million tonnes. Similarly, the inland fisheries resources comprising 29,000 km of rivers, 0.3 million ha of estuaries, 0.19 million ha of backwaters and lagoons, 3.15 million ha of reservoirs, 0.2 million ha of floodplain wetlands. 0.72 million ha of upland lakes and 2.34 million ha of ponds and tanks produce 3.76 million tonnes annually. Annual export earnings from fish and shellfish are about Rs.8.357 crore, accounting for nearly 20% of the agricultural export. Fish is a health food that is relatively cheap and affordable to the poor. Fisheries and aquaculture provides income, food and livelihood to more than 14 million people directly or indirectly. The annual per capita availability of fish in the country is 9 kg that sustains the domestic market price of fish and the sector has registered an impressive overall annual growth rate of over 4% over the years, with growth in some farming activities going beyond 5%. However, stagnating growth in marine and inland capture fisheries is a cause of concern.

Key facts

    
•    Fish is an important source of animal protein for billions of people (estimate 2.6 billion people). About 200 million people and their dependants worldwide, mostly in developing countries, live by fishing and aquaculture. 
    
•    Fish living in temperate and Polar Regions could be benefited from climate changes since an increase in water temperature would extend the fish growing season. Moreover, rising temperature could reduce over-wintering stress normally experienced by temperate fishes.
    
•    Rise of temperature may cause a decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) or hypoxic conditions (as temperature and DO are inversely related) and can impair fish reproduction and may cause endocrine disruption in fish (increase incidence of malformations and may alter sex differentiation and sex determination in fish).
    
•    Bioavailability and toxicity of common pollutants such as pesticides and heavy metals may be enhanced with increasing temperatures. Therefore, exposure of toxicants at elevated temperatures may cause a decline in recreational and commercial fisheries.

Introduction

Water resources, both freshwater and marine, are abundant and diverse in our nation, India. The nation is traversed by 14 significant perennial rivers. Our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is 2.02 square kilometers, and our coastline reaches a maximum length of 8129 km. All of this gives us many options to exploit aquatic resources sustainably. In terms of fish production globally, India comes in second. She is ranked second globally in both aquaculture production and inland capture fisheries. Over 1.60 crore people get their livelihood from the fishing industry.

1. Farm is complex structure comprising living and non-living things.

2. The engineering components and structures aqua farm. basic necessities of an

3. Ponds, Water transportation systems - primary structures of an aqua farm.

4. Machineries, builtin structures and other peripheral accessories secondary structuresof an aqua farm.

5. Secondary structures may vary from one pond to another pond based on the

a. Type of culture

b. Method followed

c. Economic status of the farmer.

6. Site selection - Pre-requisites of a successful aquaculture farm.

7. Soil bottom must be impervious to prevent excessive seepage.

8. Fine textured soils - a high clay content.

9. Embankment ponds are also called as Hill/ Water shed ponds.

10. Excavated ponds are principally used for the commercial fish and shrimp production.

1. Luther Gullick denoted the functional elements of the administration POSDCORB.

2. CIFNET Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical Engineering and Training. It was started in 1963. The head quarters situated in cochin.

3. CIFNET have two units one Chennai, another one Visag.

4. IFP-integrated fishery project was started in 1952.

5. During 2008 the FPT was renamed as NIFPHTT. It has situated in cochin.

6. FSI-fishery survey of India. It has head quarter in Mumbai.

7. CICEF-Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery. It is situated in Bangalore.

8. CICEF was renamed in 1983 as PISFH-pre investment of fishing harbor

9. NFDB-national fisheries development board.established in 2006. It has head quarters in Hyderabad.

10. CAA-coastal aquaculture authority established in 2005. It has head quarter in Chennai.

11. Coastal zone regulation notification - 1991.

1. The word Extension was first used in U.S.A.

2. The word Extension is derived from Latin meaning out stretching.

3. Extension education = non formal education.

4. Extension work out of school system of education.

5. Learning active process on the part of the learner.

6. Motivation need satisfy goal-seeking behaviour.

7. Steps in extension teaching methods = AIDCAS.

8. Teaching is the process of providing situations in which learning takes place.

9. Learning is the process by which a person becomes changes in his behaviour through self-activity.

10. Lecture is the best method for presenting information to large number of persons in a short period of time.

1. Biotechnology arises from the field of Zymotechnology.

2. The word Biotechnology was coined by Karl ereky in 1919.

3. OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1981).

4. National Biotechnology Board - 1982 by GOI.

5. ICGEB International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Bio-technology (1988).

6. Cohen & Boyer - Recombinant DNA technology (1973).

7. Restriction enzymes are called as Molecular scissors.

8. Frederick Sanger - DNA Sequencing techniques.

9. Modified red glow zebra fish came on to the market in 2004.

10. Tissue culture Osowski 1914.

11. The term molecular biology was used by Warren weaver.

Introduction

S tates/organizations/agencies with statuary powers constitute Legislation, which are directly or indirectly related to their basic needs, smooth functioning of targeted system and to facilitate the safe survival of present as well as future generations of human being under jurisdiction. Legislation is a Latin word and customary that include all law constituted or in the process of constitution by empowered statuary houses/persons/group of people. Such Law has been categorized as Bill, Act, Rules and Regulations etc. Policy is a multipurpose dynamic tool, which activates different levels of administrative mechanism to perform various assignments systematically according to legislation systems. It includes collection of important information and statistics along with usefulness and validity of prevailing system of law. It brings required changes based on authentic and evaluated proper information. Legislation and policy and appropriate administrative mechanism are linked to each other in circular sequence.

Constitution of legal documents and its success is totally linked with administrative mechanism presumed to implement it. Basically administrative mechanism for implementation of legislation and policy is the responsibility of state/government. To devise a good administrative mechanism to implement legislation successfully, is a complicated, dynamic and multidimensional process system which ensure the balance functioning of the different components with automatic feedback of the targeted output and effectiveness of the legislation system in place.

1. A good market always serves to safeguard the interest of the trader and the consumer.

2. The core fish marketing system is classified the three types as market penetration, market development and products development.

3. College of Mangalore developed technology for fish sausages.

4. CIFE Mumbai developed technology to manufacture fish wafers.

5. Mandala committee - Gujarat.

6. Aratdars is commonly called as Commission agent.

7. Selling is also done by contract method.

8. Concentric diversification the products have technological and marketing synergies with the existing fish commodity sale.

9. Horizontal diversification-adding new product to the present products.

10. Conglomerate diversification-it is a firm seeking add new commodities to new classes of customers because this will set some of the deficiencies of old products.

1. Project monitoring is an integral part of project management.

2. Concurrent evaluation is carried out during implementation of the project.

3. Terminal evaluation is undertaken at the time of completion of the project.

4. Ex-post evaluation is also called as impact evaluation.

5. Network techniques are used for minimising cost and time of the project.

6. PERT-Program Evaluation and Review Technique.

7. LOT-Latest Occurrence Time.

8. CPM-Critical Path Method.

9. Project presentation - 30 pages.

10. National level project goal of economic growth.

Introduction

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), fish and fishery products accounts for 17% of the global human consumption of animal protein. Per capita food fish supply has grown to 18.4kg per person, an 8% rise since 2006. Approximately 54% of the seafood protein supply for human consumption comes from wild catch; unfortunately about 30% of the world’s wild-capture fisheries are overexploited and many fisheries are in bad shape and getting worse. Solving this problem will require innovative monitoring and management tools, but we can provide tremendous benefits if we act now to reverse our course. Taking a serious, in-depth look at fisheries could help feed the world’s growing population, and conserve marine species. Humanity is reaching farther and deeper into the oceans and, until recently, there were only anecdotes and guesses about the complete effects of our actions. Recent reports show that some fisheries are being managed sustainably and good progress is being made in reducing exploitation rates and restoring overexploited fish stocks and marine ecosystems.

Sustainable fisheries management is an integrated process that seeks to attain an optimal state that balances ecological, economic, social and cultural objectives for fisheries. It involves information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of resources and formulation and implementation, with enforcement as necessary, which govern fisheries activities to ensure the above mentioned fisheries objectives. A thorough knowledge on the fish resource assessment is of utmost importance for a fishery manager to effectively make decisions and implement it. In this chapter, an attempt is made to briefly explain the basic concepts of fish resource under management, its assessment and techniques to be applied.

1. Taxon names. group of organisms in a classification and given biological

2. Category the level or rank at which the taxon is placed.

3. Systematics is a biological science that discovers names, determines relationships, classifies and studies evolution of living organisms.

4. Alpha taxonomy description of new species.

5. Beta taxonomy relationships are worked outon the species level and on higher categories.

6. Gamma taxonomy studying the intraspecific variations and its evolutionary relationship.

7. Right eye flounders - Pleuronectidae & Soleidae.

8. Left eye flounders - Bothidae & Cyanoglossidae.

9. Cyanoglossidae - Tongue sole (only pelvic fin present and absence of pectoral fins)

10. Morphometric characters are measurable characters

Introduction
The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is blessed with various water resources dispersed over an area of 0.40 lakh hectares due to its distinct terrain and three distinct climatic conditions. There is enormous potential for coldwater, warm-water, reservoir, and sport fishing due to the existence of coldwater streams, rivers, lakes, high-altitude lakes, springs, and sars, among other features (DoF-J&K, 2022). Three-quarters of the cold-water fisheries Exclusively Distributed by NIPA GENX Electronic Resources and Solution Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi are derived from J&K. Still, the UT makes for no more than 1% of the nation's aquaculture output. According to DoF (2020), J&K had 0.21 lakh tonnes of inland fish output in 2019–20. In Kashmir, just 15% of the 70% of people employed in agriculture are fishermen (Qureshi, 2013). Limited infrastructure and connectivity in the highlands are substantial obstacles to the sector's expansion. However, the fishing industry still plays a significant role in the existence of the inhabitants of Kashmir, providing subsistence fishing as a means of nutrition and operating as an affordable and dependable supply of protein in the landlocked area (CMFRI, 2015). Approximately 70% of the entire output comes through the lakes of Dal and Wular, which account for the bulk of the harvest (Qureshi, 2013).
The characteristics of cold-water assets, including creeks and upland streams, contain exceptional transparency, high dissolved oxygen (DO), bedrockboulder- sand substrata, and high flow rates. These natural settings consist of gushing waters, cascades, torrents, and deep pools. The slopes of the Himalayas are home to 272 fish species (Sarma et al., 2018). Elevated heights result in reduced human influence and nutrient-poor water bodies due to catchment features. The glacier lakes are ultra-oligotrophic at relatively high elevations (Gopal, 2012). Fish in these waters develop slowly and only to tiny sizes because of the limited biological production. Large-scale commercial fisheries are therefore not supported by these cold-water resources. Likewise in other areas, human footprints have had a noticeable effect on Kashmir's flora, wildlife, and water sources. Challenges include things like contamination, eutrophication, and the inundation of alien species. Massive sedimentation has been made worse by tourism and growing urbanisation, which has reduced fisheries. Particularly impacted are native fish species, notably those in the Schizothorax genera (Qureshi et al., 2013). The future value of resourcefulness is diminished by this deterioration, which affects regional populations' ability to make a living and provide adequate nutrition. At this stage, the lakes in Kashmir are frequently contaminated, weed-filled, vulnerable to harmful algal blooms, bordered by marshlands (Tahseen et al., 2018). The concern must be addressed, with special attention to the larger context of Kashmir. Under several topics, this section examines the primary human interactions and how they affect the cold-water fishing industry and management.

1. The word "Statistics" derived from the Latin word 'Status' meaning POLITICAL STATE.

2. Statistics are lifeblood of successful commerce.

3. Statistics are not suitable to study the qualitative phenomenon.

4. Statistics laws are not exact.

5. A.L.Bowley "Statistics are numeral statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other".

6. Croxton and Cowden "Statistics may be defined as the science of collection, presentation analysis and interpretation of numerical data from the logical analysis".

7. Alfred Marshall - "Statistics are the straw only which I like every other economist has to make the bricks".

8. Function of statistics

a. Condensation

b. Comparison

c. Forecasting

d. Estimation

e. Tests of hypothesis

9. ANOVA-Analysis of Variance.

10. ANOVA-developed by Prof. R.A. Fisher.

Introduction Technology is the application of knowledge and/or equipment in undertaking and accomplishing certain activity. Fisheries technology is a systematically organized knowledge and materials applicable to production problems to help to boost the present level of fish productivity and or extend the existing range of production. Fisheries technologies are wide range of importance; Technological innovation in aquaculture is leading an evolution in aquaculture practices, thereby reducing losses and increasing efficiency. Technology in aquaculture affects many areas of fishery, such as seed production, feed production and management, pest and diseases management, production, harvesting, marketing, processing, etc. Induced breeding technology in Indian Major Carps transformed the growth of aquaculture sector from traditional to intensive aquaculture practices and led to success of modern aquaculture industry. Mechanization in fishing increased the harvest with less time and minimal human drudgery. Fish processing technologies improved product shelf-life, reduced fish loss and added value to the products.

Introduction Aquaculture is one of the world’s fastest-growing food industries, providing a sustainable source of income for millions of people (Mohanty et al., 2018, Troell et al., 2014; FAO 2018). From the total world’s production around 33% of the all harvested fishes are not only utilized for human utilization for different reasons like size, species, quality, amount, non-accessibility of handling or transportation office. Today, waste generated from fish processing is a major source of pollution in the environment. Even when excellent grade fish is produced, only 50% of it is consumed by humans, with the remainder being discarded as waste. These wastes, which are dumped in an open environment without being treated, produces foul odour, which, as previously said, might be a reason of environmental pollution, water pollution and other municipal difficulties. Fish meal and oil made from low-grade fish and discarded fish parts not only solves many of these health and environmental issues, but also boosts the fishing and fish processing sectors’ overall revenue. With the rapid build-up in yearly extraction since 2000, global usage of natural resources has increased dramatically in recent years, reaching 92.1 billion tonnes and resulting in a 254% rise from 27 billion in the nineteenth century (Coppola et al., 2021). As a result, the research is stepping up its attempts to develop a circular bio-economy that aspires to increase the value of material flows while also achieving sustainable consumption and production. It is a new idea that is gaining traction for the goal of ensuring human quality of life through the effective and sustainable use of resources, energy, and infrastructure.

India is endowed with 8118 kilometers of coastline and access to 5.3 lakh square kilometers of continental shelf to facilitate marine fishing.195210 kilometers long river and canal system, more than 6 million hectares of water bodies under reservoirs, ponds, Fish is an integral part of food and culture in India. Indian coastal region is rich in aquatic bio diversity with various identified fish species and also in aquatic resources. India with its vast and varied marine and inland resources stands third in world total fish production and second in inland fish production. India’s fish production has increased from 5.6 million tonne during 2000-2001 to 6.9 million tonne during 2006-2007. During the year 2006-07, the country witnessed foreign exchange of Rs.8363.53 crore through export of sea food. Fish processing industries in India are gaining importance in recent years due to increase in demand of processed food by the developed countries. In India fishery sector provide livelihood to an estimated 10 million people and the Inland fisheries are of particular importance to the rural poor accounting for about 15% of total global employment (FAO, 2000). Sustainable utilization of available resources with appropriate farming system approaches will increase fish production and also will generate employment opportunities.